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CAESAR: THE GALLIC WAR, BOOKS I-VII. Edited by
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GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR - "

(From the bust in the British Museum, London)

Pacmtilatt's Hatin Series

C A E S A R

THE GALLIC WAR

,

BOOKS I-VII

EDITED BY

ARCHIBALD LIVINGSTON HODGES

INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN IN THE WADLEIGH HIGH

t

SCHOOL, NEW YORK CITY

THE ' MAGMILL'AN COMPANY

1909

All rights reserved

GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR
(From the bust in the British Museum, London)

ffiacmtllan's Hatitt

C A E S A R

THE GALLIC WAR

BOOKS I-VII

EDITED BY

ARCHIBALD LIVINGSTON HODGES

INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN IN THE WADLEIGH HIGH

/

SCHOOL, NEW YORK CITY

gorfe

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1909

All rights reserved

t , t e '

c

X

I
t . t

, c

COPYRIGHT, 1909,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published September, 1909.

J. S. Gushing Co. Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

.2517

PREFACE

IN spite of the attempts which have been made to
find a substitute, most students of Latin still read Caesar,
and read him as their first Latin author. In the opinion
of many teachers there are good reasons why this should
be so. Caesar's style is direct, even if not particularly
simple ; his story is interesting in itself, and especially
interesting when put in its proper setting and made
a part of the larger story of the development of Rome
and of Europe ; his vocabulary is pure, concrete, and
not excessively copious ; last but not least, he furnishes
an admirable drill-book for training in syntax, that is
to say in linguistic logic. To help the student avail
himself as fully as possible of the advantages which the
study of Caesar offers is the purpose of this book.

The text is, in the main, Meusel's. It varies from
his somewhat in the treatment of assimilation in com-
pounds (Hale and Buck's grammar has been followed
here) and in the spelling of certain words. Further-
more, some passages regarded by Meusel as probably
spurious have been retained, not to do too great violence
to the traditional text. But aside from these variations
this text differs from Meusel's in not more than three
or four places.

In the marking of hidden quantities Bennett's Latin
Language has been followed in almost all cases, but
the vowel before gn in dignus and its derivatives has

vi PREFACE

been marked. Vowels standing before /-consonant
have been marked, because there is no simple way of
indicating the diphthongal sound which appears to have
existed there, and because it was believed that a more
nearly correct pronunciation would be secured by mark-
ing them than by leaving them unmarked. For the
quantity of vowels in Celtic names Holder has been
the authority chiefly used.

The notes on Book II have been made full and com-
plete in themselves, that those teachers who so desire
may begin with that book. The notes contain, of
necessity, much grammatical explanation and many
references to the grammars; but both notes and intro-
duction aim to furnish material which may lead the
student to appreciate the narrative as a piece of his-
torical literature, important in itself and in its bearings.
In the treatment of topography and military operations
Holmes' s great works have been constantly consulted,
as well as earlier authorities on the same subjects. A
portion of the text has been edited for sight-reading,
with brief foot-notes.

Walde's Lateinisches Etymologisches Wb'rterbuch has
been of great assistance in the preparation of the word-
groups. These are not exhaustive, but are intended
to assist the student in gaining a knowledge of Latin
words. To further the same end, the words chosen by
Professor Gonzalez Lodge as the ones to be learned
by the time the student finishes the reading of Caesar
have been marked with an asterisk in the vocabulary.
I am greatly indebted to Professor Lodge for permission
to use the list contained in his Vocabulary of High
School Latin. The meanings of a few Celtic proper

PREFACE vii

names have been given, but only the more important
ones, or those that seemed to invite comparison with
roots appearing in Latin words.

The campaign-maps are on the same scale as the
general map of Gaul, being, in fact, portions of the
latter, with necessary additions. All modern names
have been rigorously excluded from maps and battle-
plans, in the belief that they tend only to confuse the
young student. To compensate for this omission, a
modern map has been added. This does not profess
to be a complete map of the territory included in it, but
is practically a copy of the ancient map, showing modern
instead of ancient names, and generally only names
mentioned in the introduction, notes, and vocabulary.
It is hoped that it will enable the student to orient him-
self as he reads, and gain an appreciation of the fact
that Gaul was the country which is now France.

So many people have helped me, either by actual
assistance rendered or by encouragement, that it is
impossible to mention them all by name. But I must
acknowledge the kindness of Mr. St. George Stock in
allowing me to make use of the material contained in
the introduction to his edition of Caesar; of Professor
Charles E. Bennett, who provided me with proof-sheets
of his Latin Language in advance of its publication;
of the officials of the Astor, Columbia, and Harvard
libraries; of the late Mr. Richard A. von Minckwitz
of the De Witt Clinton High School, Miss Anna Pearl
MacVay of the Wadleigh High School, and Mr.
William F. Abbot of the Worcester Classical High
School, in reading and criticising the introduction;
especially of Miss Caroline P. Townsend of the Worces-

vfii PREFACE

ter Classical High School, whose counsel and assist-
ance have been freely placed at my disposal in the prep-
aration of all parts of the work. Lastly, it is a pleasure
to acknowledge my deep obligations to the editor-in-
chief of this series, Professor John C. Kirtland, to whose
accurate scholarship and cordial cooperation a great
part of whatever merit the book may possess is due.

ARCHIBALD L. HODGES.
NEW YORK CITY,

July 20, 1909.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PAGE

GALLIC WARS BEFORE 58 B.C i

THE LIFE OF CAESAR .....- 8
CAESAR'S FIELD OF MILITARY OPERATIONS . . .21
ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION IN CAESAR'S TIME . 31
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE AND READING . . . 52

TEXT

BOOK I. The Geography of Gaul . . . -55

The Helvetian War . . . . -55

The Campaign against Ariovistus . . 72

BOOK II. The War with the Belgae .... go

BOOK III. Trouble in the Alps 109

The Campaign against the Veneti and Other

Maritime Tribes . . . . .112
The Campaign in Aquitania . . .119
A Short Campaign against the Morini and

Menapii . . . " . . . .122

BOOK IV. The War against the Usipetes and Tencteri,

and Caesar 'j Passage of the Rhine . .124
Caesar's First Expedition to Britain . .134

BOOK V. Caesar's Second Expedition to Britain . . 145
Uprisings in Northern Gaul . . .156

BOOK VI. Operations tn Northern Gaul and the Second

Passage of the Rhine . . . . . 174
Gaul and Germany Described and Compared 179
ix

x CONTENTS

SIGHT-READING

PAGE

BOOK VI. The War tipon Ambiorix and the Eburoms 187

BOOK VII. A General Uprising of Gaul . . . 199

NOTES 255

WORD-GROUPS 403

VOCABULARY .

419

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR Frontispiece

PAGE

MAP OF GAUL (colored) Before . i

MODERN MAP (colored) ..... Before 21

A COIN OF CAESAR 21

A GALLIC CHIEF 22

GALLIC HOUSES 25

A GALLIC SOLDIER . . . . . . . . 26

CAESAR AS IMPERATOR . Facing 32

* J. I^fJTi. O O^)

GLADIUS AND VAGINA . . . . , . . .36

CASSIS 37

VEXILLUM : . .39

CORNU 39

TUBA . . . -39

LITUUS . 39

TABERNACULA 41

CASTRA 42

'TRIPLEX ACIES 44

ARRANGEMENT OF A COHORT 44

VINEA 47

PLUTEI. . . 47

TURRIS 48

ARIES AND TESTUDO 49

FALX .... Crt

. ^o

xi

xii MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

CATAPULTA 50

BALLISTA 50

PROW OF BlREME 51

STERN OF TRIREME 51

THE CAMPAIGN OF 58 B.C. (colored} . . . Facing 55

COINS OF ORGETORIX AND DUMNORIX 56

CARRUS 58

CAESAR'S INTRENCHMENTS ALONG THE RHONE (colored) . 59

A ROMAN CAVALRYMAN 63

THE DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII (colored} .... 70

PLAN OF VESONTIO 77

A ROMAN LEGIONARY 81

THE DEFEAT OF ARIOVISTUS (colored} .... 87

THE CAMPAIGN OF 57 B.C. (colored} . . . Facing 91

TESTUDO .......... 93

SAGITTARIUS 93

THE BATTLE ON THE AXONA (colored} .... 95

SOLDIERS BUILDING AN AGGER . ^ 97

ROMAN SOLDIERS ON THE MARCH 99

THE BATTLE ON THE SABIS (colored} 102

CASTELLUM AND SIGNAL-TOWER 107

A BATTLE in

SOLDIERS BURNING A BARBARIAN VILLAGE . . . 123

A HORSE WITH EPHIPPIUM .125

CAESAR'S BRIDGE OVER THE RHINE .... 132

ROMAN SOLDIERS CROSSING A BRIDGE . . . 133

ROMAN SHIPS , . 136

AQUILIFER 138

A ROMAN COIN SHOWING AN ESSEDUM .... 142

THE CAMPAIGN OF 54 B.C. (colored) . . . Facing 145

BRITAIN ACCORDING TO CAESAR'S DESCRIPTION . . . 152

TRAGULA AND AMENTUM 168

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS xiii

PAGE

VERCINGETORIX . . . . . . . . .198

A COIN OF VERCINGETORIX . . . .. . . .201

THE CAMPAIGN OF 52 B.C. (colored} . . . Facing 203
PLAN OF AVARICUM . . . . . . . 207

THE ROMAN WORKS AT AVARICUM 209

A GALLIC WALL . . . . . . . . .214

THE BATTLE AT GERGOVTA (colored} 228

THE EXPEDITION OF LABIENUS (colored} .... 234
THE INVESTMENT OF ALESIA (colored} . 240

THE ROMAN WORKS AT ALESIA . 243

^>- ^ Bratuspantiu

Vellaunqflunuin \

* V \L C A E

Longitude West 2" from Greenwich 0'

^varicW

Vo TBi

INTRODUCTION

GALLIC WARS BEFORE 58 B.C.

THE history of Rome down to the Christian era is largely the importance,
record of her struggles with the peoples whom she was bringing
under her dominion. Of these the Gauls were the most formi-
dable. At various times the fear of a Gallic war or, worse still,
the stern reality engaged the skill and courage of the wisest
statesmen and bravest generals of Rome. The struggle con-
tinued for hundreds of years, with alternating periods of war
and peace. The subjugation of the Transalpine Gauls by Cae-
sar, an account of which is to be read in this book, was but the
closing scene in a long and bloody drama.

The story of the struggle resembles in many respects that of A parallel,
the wars between the settlers of America and the American In-
dians. The Gauls, like the Indians, were divided into tribes
more or less independent of one another. In both cases lack
of proper organization and of unity of purpose put the savage
or partially civilized tribes at a disadvantage with their more
civilized opponents. In both contests the attitude of those
destined to become the conquerors was gradually changed from
defense to open aggressiveness. In both stories the romantic
element is very prominent, and it is not always easy to disen-
tangle the truth from the interwoven, fiction.

Wars in Cisalpine Gaul. The historian Livy tells us that at
the time of Tarquinius Priscus, about the beginning of the sixth
century before Christ, Transalpine Gaul, the country north and
west of the Alps, was full to overflowing of a seething mass of
B r

INTRODUCTION

Cisalpine
Gaul.

humanity. By command of the aged king of the Bituriges, who
Settlement of were then the leading people of the Celtae, 1 the surplus of six
tribes, among them the Bituriges, the Arverni, and the Haedui,
set out for other lands. Having crossed the Alps they came
into northern Italy, where, in the fertile country between the
mountains and the Eo, they formed settlements, with Mediola-
num (Milan) for their chief town. Soon other tribes came,
among them the Boii and Lingones, who crossed the Po and
made settlements between that river and the Apennines.

The Senones came later. They pushed farther south and
attacked the town of Clusium in Etruria. Here three brothers
named Fabius, who had been sent by the Roman senate to
treat with the Gauls on behalf of Clusium, forgot their sacred
character as ambassadors and fought with the Clusines against
the Gauls. This breach of the law of nations highly exasper-
ated the barbarians, and only the counsels of the older men
prevented them from seeking immediate vengeance. Soon,
however, when all negotiations failed, they marched for Rome.
The Romans met them at the Allia, a small stream flowing into
the Tiber a few miles north of the city, and suffered a complete
defeat. Rome was captured and laid in ashes. The date of
this event is usually given as 390 B.C.

The main points of this narrative are very likely true, but
the account is embellished in the pages of Livy with stories as
plainly fabulous as those told of the battle of Lake Regillus.
The legends of Camillus and of Brennus, of the aged nobles
calmly sitting on their chairs of state awaiting death, of Marcus
Manlius and the geese which by their cackling saved the Capi-
tol may be read in most Roman histories and need not be
given here.

The capture of Rome was only a temporary reverse, and she
soon recovered from its effects and continued her career of
conquest. Gradually her power was extended and confirmed.
The Senones at times gave trouble, but in 289 B.C. a colony

B.C. i. I.

Capture and
burning of
Rome.

GALLIC WARS BEFORE 58 B.C. 3

was planted in their territory, at Sena Gallica. This was the Roman coio-
first Roman colony on Gallic soil. A few years later the Sen- es * n C 1 isal "

plUG vaUi.

ones were completely subdued and almost annihilated. Thus
after more than a century the burning of Rome was avenged.
Soon after this the Boii were defeated with great slaughter,
and a colony was established fifty miles beyond Sena Gallica, at
Ariminum.

After the war with Pyrrhus, which made Rome mistress of
southern Italy, and the First Panic War, which gave her com-
mand of the sea and freed her temporarily from the fear of
Carthage, the Romans turned their attention again to the Gauls.
In 223 B.C. for the first time a Roman army crossed the Po.
The following year the Romans defeated the Insubres and took Conquest of
their chief city, Mediolanum. The consul Marcus Claudius the Insubres -
Marcellus slew with his own hand the Insubrian chieftain and
thus won the spolia opima. Two more colonies were founded,
and Cisalpine Gaul began to be regarded as a dependency of
Rome.

In 218 B.C. Hannibal, with his Carthaginian army, started Second Punic
from Spain to invade Italy. The Romans hoped that the Gauls War -
might be induced to offer opposition to his progress, but in this
they were disappointed. Some of the Transalpine Gauls did,
it is true, come out in defense of their own homes ; but when
Hannibal reached Cisalpine Gaul, he found many of the inhab-
itants ready to rally around his standard. The defeat of Scipio
on the Ticinus gave courage to those who wavered, and
throughout the Hannibalian war Gauls were generally to be
found fighting on the side of the Carthaginians. The conclusion
of peace after the defeat, of Hannibal at Zama left the Romans
free to chastise his allies in the north. This they did with com-
pleteness, though the operation was protracted. By 191 B.C.,
however, the consul was able to boast that of the Boii he had
left only old men and children alive. Thenceforth, beyond
an occasional minor insurrection, there was quiet submission
from the Gauls dwelling south of the Alps.

4 INTRODUCTION

Operations in Transalpine Gaul. Not until considerably
later did the Romans carry war across the Alps. In the inter-
val the Gallic name did not drop out of sight entirely, for even
in Asia Minor Roman armies had to contend with Gauls. Up
to the middle of the second century before Christ the relations
between Rome and Transalpine Gaul seem to have been not
unfriendly.

Massiiia. Massilia (the modern Marseilles), in southern Gaul, was

founded about six hundred years before the Christian era by
Greeks from the Ionian city of Phocaea. They brought with
them to their Gallic home Greek customs and letters. Other
Greeks, too, settled along the coast of the Mediterranean, and
hence a flavor -of Greek culture pervaded the life of this
region and gradually spread into the interior. In 154 B.C.
Massilia and two of her dependent cities found themselves
threatened by neighboring Ligurian tribes. Massilia had been
a steadfast friend of Rome, and in her distress she asked aid of
the Romans. This was promptly granted, and an army was
sent, which defeated the Ligurians and relieved the depend-
encies of Massilia. It is rather surprising that a pretext had
not been found before this for the invasion of Transalpine
Gaul, for Spain had been subject to Rome for half a century,
and the direct road to Spain led through southern Gaul. But
in spite of this, Rome does not seem to have profited very
much from this first victory.

In 125 B.C. Massilia again asked help, which was again

Roman coio- granted. In 122 B.C. the first Roman settlement in Transalpine

nies m Trans- Q au \ was m ade at Aquae Sextiae (Aix). Roman armies defeated
alpine Gaul. ^

the powerful Arverni and Allobroges, and in 118 B.C. the consul

Quintus Marcius Rex extended the conquests of Rome so that
the road through southern Gaul to the Pyrenees was completely
opened. In the same year the important colony of Narbo
Martius (Narbonne) was established.

The Cimbri A strange, fierce enemy soon brought terror to Gauls and
and Teuton!. R omans a iik e< Vast hordes of barbarians, the Cimbri and

GALLIC WARS BEFORE 58 B.C. 5

Teutoni, suddenly appeared on the very borders of civilization.
The Cimbri are thought to have dwelt in Jutland, and it was
said they had been driven from their home by an inundation.
The Teutoni perhaps lived somewhat farther south. The
Roman _consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo first met the barbarians
in Noricum, in 113 B.C. He was defeated, and his army barely
escaped annihilation. Later the Cimbri and Teutoni overran
Gaul. 1 The people were shut up in their towns and compelled
to sustain life by the most direful means. 2 The Belgae alone TheAtuatucL
succeeded in protecting their own domains, though the barba-
rians left among them their heavy belongings with a guard of
six thousand men. These, Caesar tells us, 3 held their own
against the surrounding peoples for many years ; but when the
main forces of the Cimbri and Teutoni had been destroyed,
they finally consented to lay down their arms and to join them-
selves with the Belgae under the name Atuatuci.

The . Romans were long unable to make headway against the
Cimbri and Teutoni. Some of the tribes of Gaul joined
forces with the invaders. The Helvetii were a rich, powerful,
and peaceful tribe. Excited, however, by cupidity, two of
their four cantons, the Tigurini and the Tougeni, took up arms
in the hope of plunder. In 107 B.C. they defeated and killed Roman
the Roman consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, slaughtered a con-
siderable part of his army, and sent the rest under the yoke. In
this battle was slain the legatits Lucius Piso, great-grandfather
of Calpurnia, whom Caesar married just before entering upon
the governorship of Gaul. 4 But a more fearful disaster was to
come. In 105 B.C. the Cimbri and their allies defeated two
Roman armies, killing, it is said, eighty thousand soldiers and
half as many camp-followers. Great was the alarm at Rome.

Gaius Marius was now the idol of the Roman people. He GaiusMarius.
was rough and uncouth, but had displayed great qualities as a
strategist and a fighter. He had just vanquished Jugurtha, and
the people insisted on making him consul for 104 B.C., to end

a Cf.AC.i. 33. 2 Cf. B. G. 7. 77. 8^.6.2.29. 4 Cf. B.C. i. 7 and 12.

6 INTRODUCTION

the war against the Cimbri and Teutoni. These, however, in-
stead of invading Italy, turned aside to Spain, where they re-
mained two years. Marius was reflected for 103 B.C., and
again for 102. In the latter year the barbarians returned from
Spain. Marius was on the watch for them, and at Aquae
Sextiae met the Teutoni as they passed through southern Gaul,
inflicting a crushing defeat upon them. But the Cimbri
reached Cisalpine Gaul by another route. In 101 B.C. Marius,
consul for the fifth time, and Quintus Lutatius Catulus gained a
complete victory over them at Vercellae. 1

From this time on there was comparative peace in Gaul for

many years. The war with Sertorius in Spain affected Gaul

somewhat, but Pompey allayed all disaffection. In 63 B.C., at

Envoys of the the time of the conspiracy of Catiline, envoys of the Allobroges

Allobroges in were at R ome seeking redress for official abuses in their own
Rome.

land. The conspirators tried to involve them in the conspiracy,

but without success. It was through them that Cicero obtained
the final proofs convicting Lentulus and other associates of
Catiline. A grateful senate thanked the envoys but did not
correct the abuses. The Allobroges rose in revolt. Though

they were subdued, they long remained restive. 2

i

Extent of RO- Gaul just before Caesar's Governorship. Roman power about

man power in 6o B>c> exten ded to Lake Geneva, and from the Rhone to the

Transalpine

Gaul. Alps. Farther west it covered the southern coast of Gaul and the

country for a considerable distance inland. The simple name

provincia (modern Provence) is used by Caesar to designate this

province. The governor of Cisalpine Gaul seems sometimes

to have had jurisdiction over the Transalpine province also.

TWO factions Outside the province there had long been two factions in

in aui. Gaul. 3 The leading place in oqe was held by the Haedui, and

the Sequani and Arverni led the other. The Haedui and Sequani

dwelt on opposite sides of the Arar (Saone) and quarreled with

each other for the control of the river and the tolls of the traffic

1 Cf. B. G. I. 40. 2 Cf. B.C. i. 6 and 44. 3 Cf. B.G. I. 31 and 6. 12.

GALLIC WARS BEFORE 58 B.C. 7

upon it. The Haedui were allies of the Roman people, and
were strong from their military valor and numerous depend-
encies. When the Arverni and Sequani were unable to hold
their own against the Haedui, they invited the Suebi to come
across the Rhine from Germany to assist them. 1 At first only
a few came, but soon others followed, until there were in Gaul
a hundred and twenty thousand Germans. Ariovistus, king
and general- in-chief of the allies, defeated the Haedui at Mage- The Haedui

tobriga, probably in the year 60 B.C. He compelled the aefeated/>y
' r J J r Ariovistus.

Haedui to swear never to ask aid of the Roman people. The

druid Diviciacus, who alone did not suffer himself to be bound
by this oath, went to Rome to ask aid, but without success.
Ariovistus proved a hard master to the Sequani, whom he had
come to assist. They were first deprived of a third of their lands,
and afterwards another third was demanded. If the Romans
had not finally interfered, all Gaul might have become Ger-
manized, with results impossible to calculate.

In the year 61 B.C. the Helvetii, a large tribe inhabiting a The Helvetia

district having nearly the boundaries of modern Switzerland, prepare to

. migrate,

determined to migrate from home and settle in the southwestern

part of Gaul. 2 The smallness of their country was the reason
assigned, and the coming of so many Germans into Gaul no
doubt was another reason for their determination. The de-
parture was set for the spring of 58 B.C., and the intervening
time was to be spent in preparation. Alarming reports of the
threatening danger reached Rome. A new Gallic war was
feared, but the successes of Ariovistus calmed this fear to some
extent. As yet, the peril from the presence of the German
hordes in Gaul was thought to be distinctly less than that from
some great movement of the Gauls themselves. In spite of
the alliance between the Haedui and Rome, Caesar during his
consulship, in 59 B.C., caused the senate to address Ariovistus
as "king and friend." 3 In this year by the Lex Vatinia the p^ t " d a ^ v .
Roman people gave Caesar, as proconsul, the provinces of emorofGaui
1 Cf. B.C. i. 31. 2 Cf . BmGm I 2> 3 C f. B.C. i. 35. ' -

8 INTRODUCTION

Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricura and granted him an army of
three legions. To this the senate added Transalpine Gaul and
a fourth legion.

THE LIFE OF CAESAR

Birth, The First Period. Julius Caesar (Gains lulius Caesar) was

loo [102 j . . k onlj accorc ii n g to the common account, July 12, 100 B.C.,
though some put the date two years earlier. He was of a noble
family, several members of which, but not his father or grand-
father, had held the consulship. The name lulius was sup-
posed to be derived from that of the son of Aeneas, lulus, who
was the reputed founder of the Julian house. Thus the lineage

Family. of the family was traced back to the gods ; for Aeneas was the

son of Venus, /and grandson of Jove. Through his father's
mother Caesar claimed descent from King Ancus.

The family, though noble, was allied with the democracy.
Marius, who conquered Jugurtha and the Cimbri and Teutoni,
and who, though he became seven times consul, was yet a man
of the people, had married the sister of Caesar's father. Thus
connected with the populares, the party of the people, as well
as with the optimates, the party of the aristocracy or senatorial
nobility, Caesar favored the former. His uncle Marius became
his model, though he tried to avoid the coarseness and brutality
which disfigured the life of the other. By his words in the
fortieth chapter of the first book of the Gallic War he seems
to suggest a comparison between himself and his uncle.

Youth and Caesar's youth was passed in troublous times. The Social

early \y ar an ^ tne first Civil War early inured him to the sight and

training.

thought of bloodshed. Little is known of his boyhood. He
lost his father at an early age, and much of his training was in
the hands of his mother. He probably studied with the best
teachers to be had at Rome. The name of one is given,
Gnipho, a native of Cisalpine Gaul, who was a grammarian and
rhetorician of repute.

THE LIFE OF CAESAR 9

In 87 B.C., when Caesar was only thirteen (or fifteen, if we namen Diaiis,
accept the earlier date for his birth), Marius caused him to be 87 ' c '
appointed flamen Diaiis, or priest of Jupiter. This position
gave dignity, but little else. The next year Marius died. Sulla
was now the leader of the optimates. After the death of Marius
this party gained the ascendancy, and Sulla made Caesar an
object of persecution. In 83 B.C. the latter married Cornelia,
the daughter of Cinna, who had been a friend of Marius and
his colleague in the consulship. Sulla ordered him to divorce his Persecuted
wife. Pompey obeyed a similar order, but Caesar refused to b y Sulla -
obey, and preferred to be outlawed and to lose priesthood and
possessions. For some time he wandered a fugitive among the
Sabine mountains. Sulla finally yielded to entreaty and par-
doned him, remarking at the same time that the youth would
one day be the ruin of the optimates, for there was many a
Marius in him.

Caesar saw some military service in Asia, and in 80 B.C. First miii-
won a 'civic crown' of oak leaves by saving the life of a tary service -
Roman citizen. Two years later he returned to Rome. Sulla
was dead, and no doubt Caesar expected, in the party strife
likely to follow, a favorable opportunity to enter public life.
None appearing, he adopted a common device for attracting
public notice. He brought against Gnaeus JDolabella, who
had governed Macedonia as proconsul, a charge of extortion
in his province, in a speech which was greatly admired, though
the influence of the optimates was sufficient to secure the
acquittal of the accused. A hint from the optimates that his
absence from Rome for a time would be desirable perhaps
strengthened in Caesar's mind, if it did not actually awaken, a
desire to study oratory abroad under a great teacher, Molo of Foreign
Rhodes. On the way to Rhodes, so the story goes, he was
captured by pirates and held until a ransom should be paid.
He was very friendly with the pirates, informing them, how-
ever, that when liberated he should return and crucify them
all. The pirates enjoyed the joke hugely, but Caesar kept his

10

INTRODUCTION

Beginning of
political
career, 68 B.C.

Aedile,
65 B.C.

Conspiracy
of Catiline,
63 B.C.

Pontifex
inaximus.

word. During his absence from Rome he raised troops, though
he held no military commission, and succeeded in maintaining
the authority of Rome in certain cities of Asia Minor which
Mithridates was trying to win over.

Having returned to Rome, Caesar was military tribune in
74 B.C. In 68 B.C. he was one of the quaestors, or state
treasurers. During this year his wife, Cornelia, and his aunt
Julia, widow of Marius, died, and he pronounced funeral
orations over both. Afterwards his duties as quaestor took
him to Farther Spain. In 65 B.C. he was aedile. The aediles
had charge of the public buildings and superintendence of
public games and festivals. The state granted to them for
expenses a certain sum of money, to -which they themselves
usually added large amounts. By his unprecedented lavish-
ness of expenditure Caesar completely won the favor of the
masses. He exhibited so many gladiators in the games that
the senate through fear set a limit to the number of slaves
which .might be thus employed. Caesar left the aedileship
owing enormous sums of money.

In 63 B.C. occurred the conspiracy of Catiline. Lucius
Sergius Catilina, represented by Roman writers as a brave but

*

totally unprincipled man, had planned with others to massacre
the leaders of the optimates, pillage Rome, and seize the
government. The plot was thwarted by Cicero, who had the
previous year defeated Catiline in his candidacy for the consul-
ship. Caesar was thought by many to have been implicated
in this conspiracy, and some modern scholars have even be-
lieved that Catiline was a mere tool in his hands. The truth
cannot now be known, but Cicero, in his fourth oration against
Catiline, manifests considerable anxiety to gain the good will of
Caesar, evidently feeling that he is a man to be reckoned with.
In this year Caesar was elected pontifex maximus, official
head of the state religion, in spite of the utmost efforts of the
optimates to elect their candidate. This election quieted for a
time his creditors. He held the priesthood as long as he lived.

THE LIFE OF CAESAR 1 1

In 62 B.C. Caesar was praetor. The next year he was Praetor,
governor of Farther Spain, where he gained some military 62BiC -
successes and accumulated a large amount of money, which
enabled him to pay his debts. In the following year he be-
came a candidate for the consulship. The most prominent
man in Rome at this time was Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey).
Recent successful military operations in Asia had given him
unbounded popularity, and although he had adhered to the
aristocratic party during the struggle between Marius and Sulla,
he had for some time been coquetting with the populares.
Crassus was the wealthiest man in Rome. He had political
ambitions, and was in close relations with Caesar, to whom he
had lent money. These three men formed a political league,
generally known in history as the First Triumvirate. Each The First
of the three no doubt expected to use the others for his own ad- Trium -viratt

60 B.C.

vantage, but the sequel showed the prestige of Pompey and
the wealth of Crassus unequally matched against the brains of
Caesar.

Caesar was consul in 59 B.C. Supported by the influence consul,
of Pompey and Crassus, he conducted affairs with vigor and 59B - C -
ability, securing the passage of some really excellent laws. He
received, as proconsul, according to custom, a provincial gov- Appointed
ernorship. His province included Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine sovernor

01 (jcLlU.

Gaul, and Illyricum, and the appointment was for five years.
The friendship between Pompey and Caesar was strengthened
by the marriage of Caesar's daughter Julia to Pompey. Caesar,
whose second wife had been divorced by him, married Cal-
purnia, daughter of Lucius Calpurnius Piso, one of the consuls
of the year 58 B.C.

The governorship of Gaul afforded Caesar the opportunity Anadvan-
which he wished. The province was near enough to Rome to
allow him to keep in close touch with the political life of the
capital, especially since he usually spent his winters in Cisalpine
Gaul and Illyricum. Transalpine Gaul gave him a field for
military action, allowed him to train an army, and furnished

12 INTRODUCTION

him the money which he needed to further his ambitions.
It is altogether probable that Caesar conceived at the outset
the intention of conquering that portion of Gaul which still
remained free, and that he hoped and expected to become
the first power in the Roman world ; but it is by no means
certain, perhaps is improbable, that he then aimed at the
subversion of the republican constitution and the overthrow
of the power of the senate which he afterwards accomplished.

The Period of the Gallic War. Caesar spent the first three
58 B.C. months of the year 58 B.C. near Rome. There were prepara-

tions to be made. Besides, he had to defend himself against
charges of maladministration in his consulship, the usual lot of
an ex-consul. Meanwhile disquieting rumors came to Rome.
It was reported that the Helvetii were to assemble March 28
at the bank of the Rhone, to begin the migration for which
they had been preparing. Caesar recognized that" this move-
ment must be stopped, and accordingly he started for his
province, arriving on the farther side of the Alps in April.
Soon after he was in Geneva and saw how matters stood.
By midsummer he had checked the migration, killing, accord-
ing to his own story, more than two thirds of the Helvetii and
their allies, and compelling the rest to return to the lands
from which they had come. He then turned his attention to
Ariovistus and the Germans, who were in Gaul ostensibly for
the purpose of protecting certain Gallic states against others.
By the end of the campaign of this year he had freed Gaul
from the German invaders.

In 57 B.C. an uprising took place among the Belgae, who
dwelt in the northern part of Gaul. They felt sure that Cae-
sar's coming boded no good to themselves, or to Gaul in gen-
eral. Caesar defeated them in two pitched battles and several
smaller engagements and broke their military prestige. During
B. G. HI, 1-6. the winter of 57-56 B.C. Servius Galba, who was quartered with
a part of the army among the tribes near the Alps, was at-

THE LIFE OF CAESAR 13

tacked by the natives, and, though he extricated himself, yet
thought it better to move his winter quarters into a more .
friendly region.

In the spring of 56 B.C. Caesar met Pompey and Crassus 56 B.C.
at Luca in Etruria. It was agreed that at the expiration of
Caesar's term as governor his command should be extended for
five years more. He would then again be eligible to the con-
sulship. Pompey and Crassus were to hold the consulship in
55 B.C., and then to receive five-year terms as governors of
provinces, Crassus in Syria and Pompey in Spain. After this
conference Caesar went back to his province and conducted a
successful naval campaign against some of the tribes of the 5.6.111,7-29
western coast. Labienus, Caesar's legatus, held in check the
Belgae ; Sabinus, another legatus, defeated the Venelli and
allied tribes ; while Publius Crassus, son of *the triumvir, who
was serving with Caesar, received the submission of the greater
part of Aquitania.

In the year 55 B.C. the Usipetes and Tencteri, German 55 B.C.,
tribes, crossed the Rhine and established themselves on the B - G - IV -
Gallic side of the river. It was contrary to Caesar's policy
to allow them to remain there, and so he marched against
them. He had no great difficulty in defeating them, and
determined to follow up his advantage by crossing the Rhine.
Accordingly he built a bridge over the river and led his army
across. He did not remain long, however, but returned after
ravaging the country. Though summer was well advanced, he
then crossed over into Britain. His purpose in so doing was
to reconnoiter the country and, if time permitted, to punish
the Britons, who had repeatedly aided the Gauls in their con-
flicts with the Romans. Only the first part of his purpose was
accomplished, but the knowledge gained proved useful in the
following year.

The earlier part of the year 154 B.C. was devoted to a second 54 BC

B P V

expedition to Britain. Caesar crossed the channel with five
legions and half of his cavalry. A storm destroyed a part of

|i 14 INTRODUCTION

I his ships, which were lying at anchor, so that he thought it

I . best to beach those which were left. He then proceeded

'I towards the interior of the island and crossed the River

;|

Thames. After some fighting, and partial submission on the
part of the Britons, the Romans returned to Gaul. The legions
were placed in several camps for the winter. The division
under command of Sabinus and Cotta was attacked by the
Eburones under Ambiorix and practically annihilated. An-
other division, commanded by Quintus Cicero, brother of the
orator, was also attacked, but defended itself heroically until
it was relieved by Caesar's arrival.

53 B.C., At the opening of 53 B.C. the situation in Gaul was threaten-

B. G. vi. - n g^ -pj^ B e ig ae were disaffected and were intriguing with the

Germans. Caesar ravaged the country of the Nervii. His
great purpose this year was to take vengeance on the Eburones
and Ambiorix for their acts of the previous year. Ambiorix
contrived to elude him, but the Eburones were destroyed.
Labienus defeated the Treveri, and Caesar, to frighten the
Germans who had assisted the Treveri, crossed the Rhine a
second time.

52 B.C., The next year, 5 2 B.C., saw the culmination of the war. The

B. G. vii. Roman government was thrown into confusion early in the year
by the murder of Clodius, a disreputable leader of the popular
party and the bitter enemy of Cicero. The Gauls thought this
a favorable opportunity to strike a supreme blow for liberty.
A leader arose in Vercingetorix, who, had he appeared at an
earlier period in the war, might have rendered more difficult,
if not impossible, the task of subjugation which Caesar carried
through. "The seventh book is a tragedy, with the revolt of
Gaul for its subject and for its hero Vercingetorix." The Gauls
planned to prevent Caesar from joining his army, which could
thus be more easily dealt with ; but Caesar, as usual, was too
quick for them. He traveled secretly from Cisalpine Gaul and
arrived before his enemies were aware of his approach. Now
began the great final struggle. With the exception of the

THE LIFE OF CAESAR 15

peoples of Aquitania, barely three or four tribes in all Gaul held
aloof from the movement. The struggle ended at Alesia ; the
gallant leader surrendered, and Gaul was Caesar's.

The next two years, 51 and 50 B.C., were spent in calming
minor disturbances and conquering the few tribes which still fi - G - vm -
held out. By the capture of Uxellodunum the conquest of the
country was completed.

The Period of the Civil War. The compact of Luca had
been all but carried out. Crassus had gone to his province in
54 B.C. and had been killed there. Pompey governed Spain
through a deputy, remaining himself near Rome. The con- Relations of

trol of the Roman world lay in the hands of Caesar and Pom- Caesa * and

J Pompey.

pey. Between these two, of whom a writer has said that Caesar
could not brook a superior, Pompey an equal, a breach was
sure to come. Pompey was becoming jealous of Caesar's
great popularity and influence, and was being led to identify
himself more and more with the senatorial, or aristocratic,
party. The death, in 54 B.C., of Caesar's daughter Julia, wife
of Pompey, to whom both her husband and her father were
devotedly attached, severed a strong bond of union between
the two men.

An event which served to hasten the rupture occurred in
52 B.C. This was the murder of Clodius, mentioned above.
Owing to the bitterness of feeling which led to this murder,
and which was raised to a high pitch after it, the capital was
rilled for a time with anarchy and tumult. Order was not
restored until the appointment of Pompey as consul without
colleague. This appointment marked the end of Pompey's
nominal alliance with the popular party and the beginning of
his real alliance with the senatorial party. The senate, though
corrupt, was yet the guardian of the constitution, and was
determined to curb the growing power of Caesar and prevent,
if possible, the fulfilment of his further ambitions. Pompey
had a supreme confidence that his military renown and present

i6

INTRODUCTION

The imme-
diate causes
of the war.

The senate's
ultimatum.

The begin-
ning of the
struggle,
49 B.C.

power would prove an overmatch for Caesar's strength and
reputation resulting from the Gallic War.

Caesar knew that if he were to become a private citizen,
he would quickly be put at the mercy of his enemies. While
in office, he could not be impeached, but many were lying in
wait to attack him the moment the shield of official position
should be removed. Accordingly he wished to become a
candidate for the consulship of 48 B.C., since his term of office
as governor of Gaul would expire in 49 B.C. This had, indeed,
been a part of the program arranged at Luca. But he could
not legally become a candidate unless actually in Rome, nor
could he legally come to Rome so long as he retained the gov-
ernorship. Caesar's enemies insisted on the strict application
of the laws to his case, while he wished to be elected to the
consulship in his absence. The senate tried by various ex-
pedients to shorten his term of office and weaken his army.
Caesar proposed concessions, even offering to resign his com-
mand if Pompey would do the same. This Pompey refused
to do. Finally the senate voted that Caesar should disband
his army before a certain day, 1 or be regarded a public enemy.
The consuls were invested with dictatorial power, and Pompey
was placed in command of the senatorial army.

War thus became inevitable. Caesar crossed the Rubicon,
which formed the boundary line between his province and
Italy, and marched southward. City after city surrendered
to him as he advanced. Pompey fell back to Brundisium,
whither Caesar followed him. Pompey then abandoned
Italy and crossed over to Greece. This left Caesar master of
Rome and Italy less than three months after the beginning of
the war. But though he commanded Italy, Pompey was
in Greece and a powerful army under Pompey's generals
held Spain. Sicily, Sardinia, and Africa were also occupied

1 Whether Caesar's term was legally to expire March i, 49 B.C., or was
to continue to the end of the year, he had counted on remaining in office
until the beginning of 48.

THE LIFE OF CAESAR 17

by adherents of the senatorial party. Sending some of his
generals against these, Caesar himself set out for Spain. On
the way, as Massilia refused to submit to him, he laid siege
to the town. Not being immediately successful, he left a force
to continue the siege and proceeded to Spain. In a little
more than a month he defeated the Pompeians there, and
returning through Gaul found Massilia just on the point of sur-
rendering. After its surrender he returned to Rome and
assumed the office of dictator, to which he had been appointed Dictator,
in his absence. He laid down this office after eleven days,
but not before he had caused some important laws to be
passed, and had held an election in which he was chosen for
the consulship of the next year.

He now turned his attention to Pompey, who was still in
Greece and had greatly enlarged his army by recruits from
Greece and the East. After a vigorous campaign of more
than six months he defeated this army in the decisive battle
of Pharsaius, in August, 48 B.C. Pompey in despair crossed Pharsaius,
over into Egypt, where he asked the protection of Ptolemy, 48 B.C.
the king ; but he was treacherously murdered by order of the Murder of
king's advisers. Caesar is said to have shed tears on learning pom P e 7-
of the death of his rival.

After Pompey's death Caesar became involved in wars in
Egypt and Asia Minor. When these had been successfully
finished, he returned to Rome, but soon set out for Africa,
where there was still a senatorial army. In April, 46 B.C., he
defeated this army in the battle of Thapsus, and all northern Thapsus,
Africa submitted to his authority. He returned to Rome again 46B - C -
and celebrated magnificent triumphs, though not for his victo-
ries over Roman citizens. The half- forgotten Gallic hero Ver-
cingetorix was dragged from the Roman dungeon where he had
lain for six years, led in Caesar's triumphal procession, and then
solemnly beheaded at the foot of the Capitol as a warning to Execution
'traitors.' Public thanksgivings of unprecedented length were
decreed, and honors of all sorts were showered upon the con-

orix.

i8

INTRODUCTION

Dictator for
ten years.

Munda,
45 B.C.

Imperator.

queror. He seemed to win all hearts by his clemency. He
was created dictator for ten years (afterwards for life) and
made guardian of the public morals. He was already pontifex
maxim us, and in these several capacities he made many whole-
some laws and reforms, one of the most important being the
reform of the calendar, which had come to vary greatly from
the solar year. In commemoration of this reform the name
July (inensis Julius) was given to the month Quinctilis, in which
he was born, and the calendar established by him, slightly
changed, is the one we still use.

In 45 B.C. fighting was resumed, this time in Spain, but after
a vigorous campaign the final victory was won at Munda, and
Caesar was master of the Roman world. .He was now hardly
past the prime of life, and could apparently look forward to
many years of power. The senate conferred upon him the title
imperator (military head of the state), which was to be held
for life and was probably intended to be hereditary. This made
him practically the first of a line of monarchs, though lacking
the title of king. Probably this title too would have been given
him but for the deep hatred which the Romans had for the
kingly name. But he was hailed as pater patriae, and his por-
trait was placed on Roman coins. As head of the state he
took to himself the prerogatives, if not the name, of royalty.
He maintained a splendid court, and undertook to reward his
friends and adherents in right princely fashion. He planned
great public works, such as the establishment of a library and
the digging of a canal through the isthmus of Corinth. More
and greater than this, he began to make extensive and far-
reaching changes in the Roman constitution, looking toward
the reorganization of the government of the whole empire.

Not all Romans were content with things as they were and
with the prospects for the future. There were men who looked
with disfavor on the honors and power conferred upon Caesar.
As early as the beginning of 44 B.C. a conspiracy was begun,
which had for its object the killing of the 'tyrant' and the res-

LIFE OF CAESAR 19

toration of the republic. Some of the conspirators were actu-
ated by patriotic motives, while others were Caesar's personal
enemies. The assassination took place on the Ides of March, Death,
as planned, but the reestablishment of the republic was impos- . March J 5

44 " , \j j.

sible. Caesar's death plunged the state into anarchy and
confusion, from which it was not rescued until his successor
Augustus was firmly established upon the imperial throne.

Caesar, the Man. For details regarding Caesar's personal Physical

appearance we have to depend on the gossip of later writers,
since none of the many existing statues and busts is known to
have been taken from life, or to represent the man as he actu-
ally was. Suetonius says that he was tall and slender, with a
fair complexion and bright, black eyes. His health was gener-
ally good, and he was capable of great endurance. He seemed
never to feel fatigue, and could travel night and day, sleeping
in his carriage. Late in life, however, he became subject to
epilepsy. He was very fastidious in dress, and received with
delight the honor bestowed by the senate in authorizing him to
wear in public a crown of bay, because thereby he could hide
his growing baldness.

Caesar was a man of remarkable mental strength and Moral
unbounded confidence in himself and in his destiny. Ambition Qualities.
was his ruling passion, and to that everything else was subordi-
nate. He seems to have been by nature kind-hearted and
generous, and he boasts of his clemency ; yet his cruelties in his
Gallic campaigns are appalling. He tells of them himself, how-
ever, apparently with perfect frankness. In the Civil War and
afterward his forbearance toward the vanquished was politic
and most admirable. In the use of money he was lavish and
altogether unscrupulous. Bribery, direct and indirect, was one
of his chief methods of attracting support, at least in his earlier
career. But no one was more faithful to a friend than he, and
he had warm friends in all ranks of life. The soldiers of his
army were devoted to him. So were many of his personal

20

INTRODUCTION

Varied
activities.

De Bella
Gallico.

friends ; yet some of his greatest troubles, and at last his death,
came from the treachery of men in whose friendship he had
confided.

Caesar's ability manifested itself in everything which he under-
took, and in many different ways. Though in early life he had
comparatively little military experience, yet after the age of
forty he became one of the world's greatest generals. His en-
gineering works were worthy of one bred to the life of an engi-
neer. As an orator the Romans ranked him second to Cicero
only. As a writer he cultivated the fields of poetry, history, sci-
ence, philosophy, and all of them with success. His work as a
statesman gave definite shape to the subsequent history of Rome,
and through her strongly influenced the destinies of mankind.

Caesar's Commentaries. Besides some fragments, the only
writings of Caesar which have been preserved, to us are the
Commentaries on the Gallic War and the Commentaries on the
Civil War. The style of these is direct and, for the most part,
clear. The work on the Civil War is in three books, with con-
tinuations in three books by other hands.

Caesar's account of the Gallic War is in seven books, to
which an eighth was added by another writer, probably Hirtius,
one of Caesar's officers. The events are narrated by years, each
year usually occupying a book. Caesar speaks of himself in
the third person. The general trustworthiness of the account
seems fairly well established, though Caesar represents his own
motives in the most favorable light, and very likely sometimes
suppresses troublesome facts. Minor discrepancies between
different parts of the work are no doubt due to haste of compo-
sition, or to the fact that the different parts were composed at
different times. Some mistakes may be due to corruptions
which crept in while the text was transmitted in handwritten
copies during the centuries before the invention of printing.

The Commentaries on the Gallic War give us many curious
facts about the world outside of Rome. Almost our earliest

oa .

/ Mont Bquvray /
Toulon-sur-Arroux

Longitude "West 2 from Greenwich

MODERN MAP

50

T E R

-

ie East from Greenwich 8

* MAP

Rouen Beauvais Berif-au-Bac

Longitude "West 2 from Greenwich

4 Longitude East

MODERN' MAP

50

jittide East G from Greenwich 8

12

:RN T MAP

CAESAR'S FIELD OF OPERATIONS

21

trustworthy information regarding Britain, Germany, and Gaul Interest and
comes from them. Caesar was a close observer; though he
was sometimes imposed upon by false information, yet modern
investigation verifies many of his seemingly improbable state-
ments. These lands were to the Romans the home of the wild,
the strange, and the impossible, and far more extravagant stories

than Caesar tells would readily
have been believed of them.
Caesar himself was the ex-
plorer, conqueror, and histo-
rian of this strange world. A
halo of romance crowns the
hero who carries his country's
arms into an unknown land,

far more than him whose deeds are done in the plain sight of his
countrymen. Moreover, Caesar's deeds in Gaul were by no
means insignificant in themselves. In ten years, according to
Plutarch, he took more than eight hundred towns, conquered
three hundred tribes, and fought with three millions of men,
killing one million and capturing another. Besides, he freed
Rome from a fear which had haunted her for centuries, and
opened a new world to the Romans for colonization and
occupation.

A COIN OF CAESAR

CAESAR'S FIELD OF MILITARY OPERA-
TIONS

Gaul. Gaul in Caesar's time included Gallia Cisalpina Divisions
('Gaul this side the Alps,' i.e. northern Italy) and Gallia ofGaul -
Transalpine!, ('Gaul across the Alps'). Gallia Cisalpina was
also called Gallia Citerior ('Hither Gaul'). It came to be
regarded as an integral part of Italy, and Caesar sometimes
says Italia when he refers to Cisalpine Gaul. 1 Gallia Transal-

1 E.g. B. G. i. 10.

A GALLIC CHIEF

22

' CAESAR'S FIELD OF OPERATIONS

pina, or Gallia Ulterior ('Farther Gaul'), included modern
France, the most of Switzerland, Germany west of the Rhine,
Belgium, and a part of Holland. The Roman province (Gallia
provincia, sometimes called simply provincia) occupied the
southeastern part of this region. The rest of Transalpine
Gaul was divided, Caesar tells us, 1 into three parts, inhabited
respectively by the Belgae, the Aquitani, and the Celtae, or
Galli proper. Caesar sometimes uses' the name Gallia to
designate the division inhabited by the Celtae ; elsewhere by
Gallia he generally means Transalpine Gaul exclusive of the
province.

The soil of Gaul was fertile, producing cereals and timber, Soil, climate
and supporting large numbers of cattle and swine. The climate P roductlons -
seems to have been somewhat colder than that of the same
regions to-day, though the valley of the Rhone closely resem-
bled Italy in climate and products. Minerals gold, silver,
iron, and copper were found in different parts of the coun-
try, and the Aquitani especially were skilled in mining and
quarrying.

Caesar's division of the inhabitants of Gaul into Belgae, inhabitants.
Aquitani, and Celtae, though not strictly scientific, is con-
venient for understanding his narrative of the Gallic War. In
reality no one of these peoples was homogeneous. Modern
researches show that each included more than one race, or
type. A part of the Aquitani seem to have been akin to the Aquitani.
Iberians of Spain; but along with them dwelt another race,
very likely belonging to the Ligurian stock, which we know
inhabited other parts of southern Gaul. The relation between
these two races and the modern Basques, who dwell among the
Pyrenees, has not been determined with certainty.

In sharp contrast to the Aquitani stood the Belgae and Belgae and
Celtae. The Aquitani were a small, dark people. The Gauls, Celtae>
or Celts, are represented by ancient writers as tall and large,
with fair complexion, red or yellowish hair, and fierce blue

1 E.G. i. i.

INTRODUCTION

Language.

Character,
civilization,
and mode
of life.

eyes. Long before Caesar's time a people having these char-
acteristics had invaded and conquered Gaul with the exception
of Aquitania. The mixture, or partial amalgamation, of these
invaders with the aboriginal race or races of central Gaul con-
stituted Caesar's Celtae. The invaders of the north may have
differed slightly from those farther south, though essentially the
same race. These northern invaders were the Belgae, who
were perhaps more or less mixed with Germans. According
to a statement reported by Caesar as made to him by Belgian
chiefs, the most of the Belgae were of German origin. 1

Caesar speaks of a difference in language between the Belgae
and the Celtae, but this difference was probably only slight.
The languages of both belonged, of course, to the Celtic family,
living members of which are still found in Ireland, Scotland,
Wales, and elsewhere. The languages of the Celtic group
closely resemble those of the Italic group, of which Latin is one.
Of the Celtic of Caesar's time no texts are preserved, but there
are numerous proper names and a few other words. The lan-
guage of the Belgae may have had some German admixture.

The Gauls were a lively race, fond of boasting, curious, quick
to learn, quarrelsome among themselves, but generous and
sympathetic. Caesar often speaks of their changeableness.
They were prone to excess in eating and drinking. They loved
to deck themselves out with golden ornaments. Their ordi-
nary clothing consisted of a woolen shirt or tunic, trousers,
and a colored cloak, probably somewhat like a Scottish plaid.
Their houses were generally of timber or wattlework, round, and
covered with thatch. They had some skill in mechanic arts,
such as bridge-building and other kinds of engineering. They
had passed so far from the barbarian stage that they even had
a crude literature, art, and philosophy of their own. The Celtae
were more civilized than the Belgae. The Aquitani were com-
paratively unimportant, and less is known of them than of the
other Gauls.

* B.G. 2. 4.

CAESAR'S FIELD OF OPERATIONS

The Gauls were brave in battle. The Belgae especially had Military
great repute among the other Gauls for military prowess, be- , spirit -
cause they alone had successfully resisted the invasion of the
Cimbri and Teutoni. 1 The Gauls were full of fiery impetuosity,
but lacked endurance, and hence were at a disadvantage with
the smaller and more wiry Romans. Their weapons were huge

GALLIC HOUSES

swords and lances, and they made comparatively little use of
defensive armor. Cavalry formed a large part of their fighting
strength. The time had been when they carried their arms
across the Rhine into Germany, but in the first century before
Christ the tide of invasion was running the other way. There
had been a marked decline of martial spirit, due partly to the
corrupting influences coming from the Roman province. The

1 Cf. B. G. 2. 4.

A GALLIC SOLDIER
26

CAESAR'S FIELD OF OPERATIONS 27

Greek culture which at an early period pervaded southern Gaul
from Massilia and the other Greek settlements had been par-
tially replaced by a vicious sort of Roman culture.

The population of Gaul was very numerous. Napoleon III Population,
estimated that in Caesar's time the country had more than seven
million inhabitants. They were divided into many tribes,
sixty, according to one authority, over three hundred, accord-
ing to another. The apparent discrepancy is due to the fact
that some tribes were subdivided, and the name of a large tribe
often covered smaller dependent tribes.

There was no national unity, though some of the larger Political
tribes exercised a virtual sovereignty over others. Each tribe C(mditl<m -
seems earlier to have had its king and its council of elders,
which Caesar calls a senate ; but at the time of which Caesar
writes most tribes had deposed their kings and were governed
by elective magistrates. The government was, however, oligar-
chical rather than democratic, and the deposed kings or their
descendants always stood ready to seize any opportunity of re-
covering the throne. Hence the states were rent continually
by party spirit. Caesar often found this circumstance favorable
to his own purposes, since by espousing the cause of one party
he could use it in gaining control of the state.

Caesar speaks of three classes among the Gauls, the druids, Classes,
the knights, and the common people. 1 The last were of small
account politically, being in general little better than serfs.
The knights, equites, formed a military class, a kind of order of
nobility. The druids had charge of religious matters.

Of the religion, druidism, not much is known in detail.' A Druidism.
long and severe course of training, sometimes lasting twenty
years, was required of those who would become druids. 2 A
great part of the training consisted in committing to memory
verses containing the ethical and theological precepts of the
religion. The druids taught the doctrine of the immortality of
the soul and its passage from one body to another. Magic
1 B.C. 6. 13. 2 Cf. B.C. 6. 13 and 14.

28 INTRODUCTION

and human sacrifices formed a part of their ritual. The power
of the druids, even in temporal matters, was very great. They
acted as judges, and their decisions, enforced by the prestige
of religion, were almost universally obeyed. In the determin-
ing of political movements, too, it was natural that their influ-
ence should be strong. Caesar found the help of the druid
Diviciacus of great value to him, but more often, no doubt,
druidical influences worked against the Romans. In fact, in
this state religion rested the germ which under more favorable
conditions might have developed into a form of national unity.

We learn from other writers that there were three orders of
druids : the minstrels, who celebrated in verse the heroes of
the race ; the diviners, whose function it was to penetrate into
the future and to interpret the mysteries of nature ; the druids
proper, who busied themselves with the higher philosophy and
ethics of their religion. The strong arm of the Roman gov-
ernment diminished the power of the druids, changed many
features of druidism, and put an end to human sacrifice. Yet
traces and reminders of old forms and ceremonies long re-
mained, and perhaps have never wholly disappeared.

The story of Caesar's conquest of Gaul must have had for his

countrymen an interest very similar to that the Spaniards felt,

and we still feel, in reading of the conquest of Mexico by Cortez

Effects of or that of Peru by Pizarro. The effects of the conquest of

Caesar's Gaul were far greater than those of these latter-day con-
!{; conquest.
i; quests. It formed a step in the Romanization of southern and

I western Europe, which had already begun. After Caesar's time

j Transalpine Gaul remained generally peaceful. From 27 B.C.

I it embraced four provinces: the southern part, Gallia Narbo-

I nensis ; the central part, Gallia Ltigdunensis ; the northern and

i northeastern part, Belgica ; the southwestern part, as far north

\ as the Loire, Aquitania. Gradually Latin became the language

I of the country. As the power of Rome became firmly fixed

T

i and Roman settlers arrived in great numbers, Roman forms of

i local government, Roman art, science, and literature became

CAESAR'S FIELD OF OPERATIONS

established. New cities were founded, and those already exist-
ing were more or less completely transformed. Military roads
traversed the country, and bridges spanned the streams. Aque-
ducts, arches, and temples were built on Roman models.
Later, when Christianity became the religion of Rome, it ex-
tended itself to Gaul as well as to other parts of the Roman
world. As time passed on, the Latin language developed
into French, and mingled Gauls and Romans became the
French people. Though France is still Gallic in many of its
habits and ways of thinking, it is essentially a ' Latin nation.'

Britain. To the early Greeks and Romans the existence
of Britain was unknown. Even down to Caesar's time little
was known of it except its name and, rather vaguely, its situa-
tion. Caesar is the first ancient writer who gives us any defi-
nite information regarding the land and its people.

Some of the inhabitants of Britain were Celts, but there were The people
also non-Celtic inhabitants. The Britons were rather less civi- of
lized than the Gauls, and the tribes of the interior and the
north were nearer a savage state than those of the southern
coast. They practised a rude kind of agriculture, and knew
something of boat-building and navigation. Mining was car-
ried on, and tin was one of the principal articles of export.
The chief fighting strength of the country lay in men trained
to use war-chariots. The Britons dyed their bodies with woad,
which produced a blue color, making them more fear-inspiring
in battle and taking to some extent the place of clothing. The
country was thickly populated, and the houses were similar to
those of Gaul. Caesar tells us that the ' towns ' of the Britons
were mere walled spaces in the forest, into which they were
accustomed to betake themselves to escape the invading en-
emy. 1 The morals of the people were in a rather primitive
state, and cannibalism is said to have been not unknown.
The religion of the country was druidism, and here, as in

1 B.C. 5. 21.

INTRODUCTION

Gaul, druids played a prominent part in the life of the people.
The Gauls believed that druidism had been brought to their
country from Britain. 1

Caesar's expeditions to Britain were barren of immediate
results. Not until a century later did the Romans again in-
vade the island. They finally succeeded in conquering the
greater part of it, and the country remained a Roman province
for about four hundred years ; but Roman influence was never
so strong in Britain as in Gaul, and when it was removed, its
effects in large measure disappeared from the life of the people.

Germany. Germany lay just across the Rhine from Gaul.

Its boundaries towards the east were to the Romans altogether

The indefinite. In earlier times no distinction had been made by

Germanic Greek and Roman writers between the Gauls and the Germans.

race.

In Caesar's time the German was regarded as a kind of exag-
gerated Gaul, being bigger, fiercer, and more warlike than the
latter. In reality the Germanic race and language differed much
from the Celtic, though they had a certain kinship with each other.

German Some of the Germans had advanced beyond barbarism, and

civilization p rac ti s ed agriculture and the raising of cattle. Private owner-
and customs. c

ship of land was, however, unknown, and Caesar tells us that

none were allowed to dwell longer than one year in the same
place. 2 The Germans lived largely on milk and the flesh of
cattle, and were clothed chiefly in garments made of skins.
They were a virtuous and a hospitable people, but given to
excess in eating and drinking. They were brave in battle and,
like the Gauls, relied on the effect of a fierce attack. A dis-
tinctive feature of their military organization was their system
of mingling cavalry and infantry. Caesar speaks with admira-
tion of this system, 3 and made some use of it in his own army. 4
Political The Germans were divided into tribes, some of them having

condition. kj n g s or princes. Local authority was administered in districts

iCf. B.C. 6. 13. * E.G. 1.48.

2 B. G. 4. i and 6. 22. 4 Cf. B. G.-J.IT, and 65.

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION 31

(pagt) by local magistrates. The germs of democratic govern-
ment may be traced in a council of chiefs and. a council of the
people.

According to Caesar, the religion of the Germans was not Religion,
druidism. He says that they worshiped only such divinities
as could be apprehended by the senses, or those from which
they received aid, as the Sun, Fire, the Moon. 1 According to
Tacitus and other writers, the Germans were a very religious
people and their priests were very powerful.

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION IN
CAESAR'S TIME

The Army. The original Roman army was the legion Theiegiw
(legio), consisting, according to tradition, of three thousand
men. As the power of Rome increased, the number of her
soldiers increased, and the army came to be made up of sev-
eral legions.

The constitution of the legion in Caesar's time appears in
the following table :

2 centuries = i maniple (jnanipulits).

3 maniples = i cohort (cohors).
10 cohorts = i legion.

The century (centuria., ordo) ought by the derivation of the The centi
word (centum, 'hundred') to have contained 100 men. That
was the original number, and may have been looked upon as
the normal number. Thus the legion would contain 6000 men.
But Caesar's legions were smaller than this. They appear
seldom to have numbered more than 4000 men, often less.
Perhaps we may estimate the average century at 60 men.

The regular commander of an army in Italy was one of the
consuls. The governor of a province naturally would command

1 E.G. 6. 21.

32 INTRODUCTION

the army in that province. As possessor of the imperium, the
imperator. specially conferred authority to command, the commander of
an army was imperator ; but it was not customary, perhaps not
strictly legal, for him to assume that title as a mark of honor
until after an important victory. After his defeat of the
Helvetii Caesar was regularly styled imperator. Only the
commander-in-chief could be imperator. He wore a purple
cloak called paludamentum.

Next in rank to the governor, though a civil, not a military
Quaestor. officer, was the quaestor. Several quaestores were elected each
year at Rome, and each governor of a province was accompanied
by one of them. The quaestor had charge of the finances of
the province and army, discharging the duties of a treasurer
and a quarter master- general. Caesar occasionally assigned his
quaestor to a military command.

Legati. The military officers next to the general were called legati.

Legatits is commonly translated ' lieutenant,' but the legates were
very different from lieutenants in modern armies. They were
assistants to the general, a sort of staff, and might be assigned
to specific duties, to the command of a legion or of a number
of legions, but had no independent authority. The legates were
often men ^considerable military ability and experience. The
number which a general might have was fixed by the senate,
which also had the appointment of -them, though usually the
wishes of the general himself were respected in the appoint-
ment. In the latter part of the Gallic War Caesar had. ten
legates. Several of these gained distinction in the field.
Labienus was the most able and trusted of all, though he
abandoned Caesar when the latter declared war against
the senate. Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator, Lucius
Aurunculeius Cotta, and others are mentioned by Caesar w^h
commendation. Caesar apparently originated the custom of
assigning a legate to each legion, at first merely as his personal
representative, but later as commander of the legion. The
legates were regularly of senatorial rank.

CAESAR AS IMPERATOR
(From the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservator!, Rome)

3 2

INTRODUCTION

the army in that province. As possessor of the imperium, the
tmperator. specially conferred authority to command, the commander of
an army was impcrator ; but it was not customary, perhaps not
strictly legal, for him to assume that title as a mark of honor
until after an important victory. After his defeat of the
Helvetii Caesar was regularly styled imperator. Only the
commander-in-chief could be impcrator. He wore a purple
cloak called paliidamcntum.

Next in rank to the governor, though a civil, not a military
Quaestor. officer, was the quaestor. Several quacstorcs were elected each
year at Rome, and each governor of a province was accompanied
by one of them. The quaestor had charge of the finances of
the province and army, discharging the duties of a treasurer
and a quartermaster-general. Caesar occasionally assigned his
quaestor to a military command.

Legati. The military officers next to the general were called legati.

Lcgatus is commonly translated ' lieutenant,' but the legates were
very different from lieutenants in modern armies. They were
assistants to the general, a sort of staff, and might be assigned
to specific duties, to the command of a legion or of a number
of legions, but had no independent authority. The legates were
often men oPconsiderable military ability and experience. The
number which a general might have was fixed by the senate,
which also had the appointment of them, though usually the
wishes of the general himself were respected in the appoint-
ment. In the latter part of the Gallic War Caesar had ten
legates. Several of these gained distinction in the field.
Labienus was the most able and trusted of all, though he
abandoned Caesar when the latter declared war against
the senate. Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator, Lucius
Aurunculeius Cotta. and others are mentioned by Caesar wjjth
commendation. Caesar apparently originated the custom of
assigning a legate to each legion, at first merely as his personal
representative, but later as commander of the legion. The
legates were regularly of senatorial rank.

CAESAR AS IMPERATOR
(From the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservator!, Rome)

ROMAN 'MILITARY ORGANIZATION

The tribunes of the soldiers (tribuni milituni) seem usually
to have been of equestrian rank. They were appointed in part m ' litum -
by the general, in part by the people. Appointments were
often made for political reasons, reasons of friendship, and the
like. A general might pay a delicate compliment to his cred-
itor, and incidentally perhaps secure an extension of credit, by
giving a tribuneship to the creditor's son. Hence many trib-
unes proved, of no great service in war, and in times of actual
danger some were worse than useless. 1 Each legion had six
tribunes. They looked after arms and equipments ; they pre-
sided over trials for military offenses ; they saw to the selection
of suitable places for camps and. to the building of these ; they
formed a medium of communication between the general and
his soldiers ; sometimes they commanded cohorts or groups of
cohorts. In earlier times the tribunes had more power, but as
appointments came to depend on politics or favoritism, their
more important duties were transferred to the legates.

Of great importance from a military point of view were the The
centurions (centuriones). These were soldiers who had especially centtiri011 '
distinguished themselves and therefore had been selected for
command. Strength and stature were required in a centurion,
bravery and sobriety, as well as skill in fighting and ability to
enforce discipline. Each maniple, containing two centuries,
had two centurions. Of these, one ranked higher than the
other and in effect commanded the entire maniple. In case
of his death or disability the maniple still had a commander in
the person of the other centurion.

Appointment to a centurionship was a reward of merit, and Promotion of
centurions were advanced according to a regular system of centurions -
promotion. What the system was is uncertain ; but just as
soldiers passed from lower to higher cohorts until they reached
the first cohort, which thus contained the best troops in the
legion, so centurions passed in some order from lower to higher
cohorts, and from lower to higher maniples within the cohort.

iCf. E.G. i. 39.

D

34

INTRODUCTION

Primi ordines.

Primipilus.

Praefeoti.

The legion-
ary soldier.

Evocati.

Training.

Clothing- and
armor.

The six centurions of the first cohort probably constituted the
primi ordines, or centuriones primorum ordinum, frequently
mentioned. The first centurion of the first maniple of this
cohort was called primipilus, and he sometimes virtually com-
manded the legion in action. With the position of primipilus
the promotion of the centurion regularly ended. He was not
fitted by birth or education for the positions of tribune and
legate.

The praefecti did not belong to any of the foregoing classes
of officers. The term is sometimes loosely used to denote sub-
ordinate officers appointed to special commands. By Caesar it
is generally applied to the officers of the auxiliary troops or of
the cavalry.

The regular soldier (miles legionarius) was always a Roman
citizen, though Caesar enrolled in his armies some who did not
become citizens until after enlistment. In early times soldiers
were enrolled for short periods or for special emergencies.
Later, military service came to be regarded as a special trade
or occupation. Twenty years was set as the limit of service,
though this term was often exceeded under the empire. After
the expiration of his term a soldier sometimes reentered the
service as an evocatus on the invitation of the general. Evo-
cati had many privileges and immunities, being generally ex-
empt from all duties except actual fighting.

The training of the Roman soldier was severe. .He was
obliged to become as proficient in the use of his ax and shovel
as in that of his sword and javelin. The simpler building and
engineering tools were familiar to him. Though serving on
foot, he could at a pinch acquit himself creditably on horse-
back. This versatility, controlled by a considerable rigidity of
discipline, made Roman legions a match for armies much supe-
rior to them in numbers and composed of soldiers surpassing
in both size and strength their Roman opponents.

The soldier wore a coarse, sleeveless tunic, and had a
woolen cloak (sagum} to protect him from cold and wet. On

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION

fl

his feet were heavy sandals (caligae) . Breeches were worn in

{the first century after Christ, but
probably not in Caesar's time. The
lorica, a jacket made in early times
of leather, afterwards of iron rings
like a coat of mail, protected the
soldier's body. He probably wore a
metal greave (pcred) on his right shin.
His head was protected in battle by a
helmet (ga/ea) of leather strengthened
with metal, and provided with a device
(insigne) which could easily be put on
when battle was about to begin. The
shield (scutum) was made of wood,
and was generally rectangular, but with
a slightly cylindrical curvature. It
was covered with leather or with iron
plates and strengthened with iron at
top and bottom. At the middle of
the outside surface was an iron boss
(iimbo) which made the shield stronger
and served to turn aside blows fall-
ing upon it. The soldier's offensive
weapons were javelin and sword. The
javelin {pilum) had a round or square
wooden shaft four to four and one
half feet long, with an iron head and
neck projecting two feet or more
beyond the shaft. The neck was of
soft iron, so that it bent easily, render-
ing the weapon useless for a return
throw. The weight of this weapon
PILA was considerable. The sword (gladius)

was short and pointed, and was used chiefly for stabbing,
though it had two cutting edges. It hung usually at the right

Arms*

INTRODUCTION

Fay and
rations.

side, suspended by a leather strap (balteus) passing over the
left shoulder.

Shortly before the Civil War Caesar raised the pay of his
soldiers to 225 denarii (about $40) per year. Previously
it had been about half this sum. From the soldier's pay
was deducted the cost of rations, clothing, and equipments.
The ration was four modii (about a bushel) of grain (frumen-
tuni) per month. The grain was usually wheat, sometimes bar-
ley. It was ground in a hand-mill and either baked into bread
or boiled into a sort of paste by the soldier himself. Other ar-
ticles could be obtained by foraging, and luxuries could be

Caesar's
legions.

N..'.x_^s-./ fvX

GLADIUS AND VAGINA

purchased of traders following the army. Prices were low, and
the soldier, if he chose, could no doubt save a considerable
part of his pay. Gifts and plunder increased his remuneration,
and when his term of service expired, a soldier usually received
a grant of land or money, or both. The pay of a centurion
was double that of a common soldier.

On his arrival in Transalpine Gaul Caesar found there one
legion. Three others were wintering at Aquileia in the nearer
province. These four were numbered VII, VIII, IX, and X.
He brought the three from Aquileia and levied two more, XI
and XII, in Cisalpine Gaul. After the campaigns of the first
year he levied two more legions, XIII and XIV. These eight
legions made up his army until 54 B.C., when probably x another
legion, XV, was enrolled. In the winter of this year one legion

1 See notes on E.G. 5. 24.

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION 37

and five cohorts were annihilated, and five cohorts were prob-
ably used to fill gaps in the remaining legions. The legion
entirely destroyed appears to have been XV, and the ten co-
horts to have formed XIV. After this disaster Caesar borrowed
a legion from Pompey and raised two others. The new ofres
were no doubt numbered XIV and XV; the borrowed legion
was numbered I in Pompey's army, but was very likely iden-
tical with Caesar's VI, mentioned by the author of the eighth
book. Thus in the last years of the war Caesar had ten legions
(eleven, if I and VI were not the same).

CASSIS

Besides the legions, the army contained auxiliary troops and Auxiliary
cavalry. The auxiliaries (auxilia, alarii) were mostly Gauls, tro<
some furnished by allied Gallic states, others raised by the gen-
eral himself in the province. They were light-armed troops carry-
ing a small, round shield (parma) instead of the scutum. Caesar
had also mercenary troops skilled in the use of special weapons,
as bowmen from Crete and slingers from the Balearic Isles.
The cavalry (equitatus, equites] was composed mostly of Gauls,
with some Spanish and German mercenaries. Caesar had
sometimes as many as 5000 horsemen. They appear to have
worn on their heads regularly a metal helmet (cassis), instead

38 INTRODUCTION

of the ga/ea, and they carried one or more light spears (hastae).
Like the light-armed infantry, they carried parmae. They
were organized in turmae, each turma containing about thirty
men. Smaller divisions were decuriae, of ten men each, com-
manded by decuriones. The senior decurion commanded the
whole turma. In the eighth book Gaius Volusenus Quadratus
is called praefectus equitum, meaning perhaps ' commander-in-
chief of the cavalry.' But the term praefectus equitum was
usually applied to the commander of an ala, which consisted
of ten or twelve turmae. The commander-in-chief of the cav-
alry was usually a Roman, 1 but many of the subordinate officers
were natives. Caesar regularly dismissed a part of his cavalry
in the fall, to reassemble in the spring.

There were numerous non-combatants in the army, servants

combatants. (c a i ones ^^ drivers, etc. Traders (inercatores) followed the
army to buy the booty and to sell to the soldiers articles not
provided by the military authorities. A corps of smiths, car-
penters, and engineers distinct from the legions seems not to
have existed in Caesar's army.

Signa. The standard (signuni) of the legion was an eagle, usually of

silver, mounted on a staff. It was in charge of the primipilus,
but was usually carried by a soldier specially appointed for the
purpose (aquilifer). Other sigria were of various shapes. A
favorite device was the representation of a human hand.
Often streamers, metallic decorations, or small 1 banners were
added. The bearers of these signa were called signiferi. The
maniple had a signum, but there seems, at least in Caesar's
army, to have been no separate standard for the cohort. The
standard of the first maniple of the cohort probably served as
a standard for the whole cohort. When the army was en-
camped, the signa were kept in a special place, and were
objects of veneration, almost of worship, to the soldiers. The
loss of a signum in battle was a great disgrace as well as a
misfortune. The importance of the standard is indicated by

J Cf. B.C. i. 52.

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION

39

the numerous phrases in which signum occurs : for example,

signa inferre (' advance to the attack '), signa constiticere
(' halt '), signa convertere (' wheel '), a signis
discedere ('leave the ranks').

The vexillum was a flag, or banner. The rais- Vexiiia.
ing of a red vexillum at the general's tent was the
signal to arm for battle. Small bodies of troops
sent on an expedition followed a vexillum, and
vexilla were used by auxiliaries and cavalry.
Sometimes a vexillum was used which had
the general's name inscribed on it in purple
letters.

As in modern times, signals were given by Music,
wind-instruments of brass. There were several
kinds of these instruments. The horn (cormi)
was curved, the trumpet (tuba) straight. They
signaled the advance or the retreat. The bucina
was curved, and was' used especially to signal
the change of watches (pigiliae). The litieus,

straight, but with a crook at the end, gave shrill notes for

cavalry signals.

VEXILLUM

CORNU

TUBA

LITUUS

4 o

INTRODUCTION

Length of
inarch.

Order of
march.

Impedimenta.

Sarcinae.

The crossing
of rivers.

The Army on the March. The march ordinarily began early
in the morning and ended shortly after noon. A regular day's
march was about fifteen miles, but in an emergency an army could
accomplish double that distance. Forced marches (inagna iti-
nerd) are often mentioned by Caesar. He tells us 1 that his usual
marching column was formed with legions and baggage alter-
nating. In the vicinity of an enemy this order was changed ; 2
several legions marched in front, then the baggage of the whole
army followed, and a strong guard brought up the rear. Over
short distances, when approaching the enemy, the army was
sometimes led in battle array. The army on the march was
technically called agmen, when drawn up in battle array acies.
The rear of the marching column was called novissimum agmen,
the van primum agmen. Cavalry or light-armed infantry were
often sent On in advance to reconnoiter.

The heavy baggage (impedimenta) was carried on wagons or
by pack-animals. It consisted of tents, artillery (tormenta),
and articles not belonging to the soldier's personal baggage.
The term impedimenta also included the means of transporta-
tion, animals and wagons, and is occasionally used as equivalent
to 'beasts of burden.' 3 The soldiers' packs (sarcinae) were
usually carried suspended from forked sticks. A pack some-
times weighed fifty or sixty pounds. Besides armor, arms, and
clothing, the soldier carried his own rations, his hatchet and
spade, his cooking-utensils, one or more stakes (valli) for the
fortification of the camp, and numerous smaller articles. The
soldier with his pack was said to be impeditus. When he laid it
down for the battle, or when he was marching without it, as
sometimes happened in the immediate vicinity of the enemy,
he was said to be expedites.

Rivers not more than four or five feet deep could be forded.
Deeper rivers were usually bridged. Caesar twice bridged the
Rhine, and his bridges, if not perfect models, seem to have
served admirably the purpose for which they were built.
1 B.C. 2. 17. 2 Cf. B.C. 2. 19. 3 E.g. B.C. 7. 45.

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION

The Camp. When the march of the army began in the
morning, a detachment was sent in advance to select a suitable
place (locum idoneum castris deligere] and lay out a camp
(castra metari). When the army arrived at the spot selected,
usually about noon or somewhat later, the soldiers proceeded

TABERNACULA

at once to the work of fortification (castra munire). The place
desired was a gently rising slope in the vicinity of water, fuel,
and fodder. The camp faced down the slope, and its rear was
usually on the summit or near it.

The shape of the camp was necessarily somewhat dependent Form of the
on the nature of the ground, but the usual form was oblong or cam P-
square. Two lines extending through the camp and intersect-
ing each other at right angles gave, where they crossed the

INTRODUCTION

walls, the four principal gates of the camp. The front gate,
in the middle of the wall facing the enemy, was the porta
praetoria; the one opposite, the porta decumana. On the
right and left as one faced the porta praetoria were the porta
prindpalis dextra and the porta principalis sinistra. These

Stationes

CASTRA

were connected by a street 100 feet wide, via prindpalis.
There were other streets, broad and narrow. A street started
from the porta praetoria in the direction of \heporta decumana,
but it was interrupted by the praetorium.

ri^rior ar- The praetorium, the general's headquarters, was near the
rear of the camp, and close by were an altar and the sug->
gestus, a platform or mound from which the general addressed
his soldiers assembled in the forum. Around the wall, on the
inside, a space of two hundred feet was left clear, that there

of the camp.

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION

43

might be room for necessary movements of troops within the
camp, and that missiles from without might not reach the
soldiers in their tents. The tents (tabernacula) were usually
of leather or skins (pelles}. Ten soldiers occupied a tent to-
gether, constituting a mess (contuberniuni) . The details of
arrangement of Caesar's camps are unknown, but the accom-
panying illustration probably represents them approximately.

The fortifications of the camp consisted of a rampart Fortifica-
(vallum, agger) and a trench (fossa} outside the wall. Accord- tion of the
ing to a late Roman writer the normal width of the trench was
twelve feet, and the depth nine feet. This, if correct in the
main, was of course constantly varied. Caesar often gives one
dimension of his trenches, without specifying which one. In
these cases width at the top is meant. The depth was less im-
portant, and probably bore a fixed ratio to the width. These
trenches were not ordinarily filled with water. The earth re-
moved in excavation was used in building the rampart. This
was often strengthened by sods on the outside, and by logs or
brushwood imbedded in the rampart itself. Obviously the size
of the rampart would vary with the depth and width of the
trench. No doubt it was usually at least six feet in height.
The top was made flat, and wide enough to give firm footing
for a row of soldiers. Often a parapet (lorica) of stakes (valli)
was placed along the outer edge, to serve as a protection for
the soldiers in case of an attack upon the camp. Wooden
towers were sometimes built at intervals along the wall and
connected by gangways or bridges (pontes). The gates were
protected by earthworks so built that those entering must
expose their right sides, which were unprotected by shields, to
the defenders. Winter camps (Jiiberna) differed from summer Winter
camps chiefly in being more strongly fortified and in having uarters -
wooden barracks in place of tents. 1

Pickets (stationes) were thrown forward outside the gates in Guards,
sufficient numbers to provide against surprise. Sometimes

1 Cf. B. G. 3. 29.

44

INTRODUCTION

the picket consisted of a single cohort and some cavalry. In
times of great danger this force was largely increased. At
Avaricum 1 two- legions were quartered before the camp. Senti-
nels (vigiliae), who were relieved at regular intervals of three
hours (hence the use of vigilia as a measure of time), kept
guard during the night.

J

10

L

J

TRIPLEX AC IBS

The Army in Action. The usual formation for battle was
Triplex acies. a triple line (triplex acies]. When a legion was arranged in
triple line, four cohorts stood in the front row, three in the sec-
ond, and three in the third. The three maniples of a cohort
were probably stationed side by side, the first centuries ahead of
the second. If the century contained sixty men, the arrange-
ment was very likely fifteen front and four deep. Thus each co-

Manip. Ill

Manip. II

Manip. I

ARRANGEMENT OF A COHORT

hort would have a depth of eight men and a front of forty-five.
According to a late writer each soldier had a right-and-left space
of three feet in the rank, and the ranks were six feet apart.
So, if we allow seven or eight feet between the maniples and
a few feet between the centuries of a maniple, a cohort would
occupy a rectangle about one hundred and fifty feet by forty-five
feet. The space between cohorts may have been equal -to the

1 Cf. B. G. 7. 24.

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION 45

width of a cohort. If so, the legion would occupy a space of
more than one thousand feet from right to left. In action the
soldiers doubtless moved farther apart, filling the space between
the cohorts and presenting an unbroken front to the enemy.

When the army joined battle with the enemy, the soldiers in The battle,
the first line discharged their pila. Then they rushed for-
ward and with swords drawn continued the battle. The char-
acter of the weapons used rendered it necessary that fight-
ing should be at close range ; in fact, a battle consisted
largely of single combats. When the soldiers of the first line
became weary, they fell back, and the soldiers of the second
line came forward through the intervals. Thus the two lines
alternated, while the third line in the rear acted as a reserve
ready to come up at the critical moment. The new recruits
usually made up the third line, and thus had an opportunity to
become accustomed to battle gradually without being put at
first in positions of great danger or responsibility. The stand-
ards (signa) served as rallying-places for the soldiers. Their
position during battle is not known, but probably it was a little
behind the first line of cohorts.

The battle was won not so much by brute force as by well or-
ganized, persistent attack. When an army was once defeated,
especially an army of barbarians, it was seldom necessary to
defeat the same soldiers again. When the enemy fled, the
light-armed infantry and the cavalry, who formed the wings of
the army, started in pursuit. Usually most of the defeated
were cut down or captured. Those captured were sometimes
paroled, but more often they were either killed or sold as slaves.

Different formations were adopted to meet various emergen- other
cies. The wedge (cunens) was used to make an irresistible attack ormatlons -
on a particular spot, or to divide the enemy's line. The orbis
was formed when an army, or a part of one, was attacked on
the march. It was easy to change from the order of march usual
in the vicinity of an enemy 1 to a condensed mass, circle or square,

1 See p. 40.

46 INTRODUCTION

offering equal resistance on all sides. The testudo, an arrange-
ment in which the soldiers held their shields overlapped above
their heads, was of use chiefly in advancing to attack fortified
places, where missiles were likely to be received from overhead.
The favorite battle-ground of the Romans was the slope of a
hill, where they could rush down upon the enemy and throw
their pila downward, thus increasing their force. As already
stated, camps were usually located in places which gave this
advantage of position in case of attack.

Operations against Fortified Towns. Many of Caesar's
military movements were directed against fortified towns.
There were several ways of proceeding against such towns.
If the attempt seemed likely to be successful, a sudden attack

The assault, (oppugnatio repentina) was made. While the wall was kept clear
of defenders by light-armed troops, archers and slingers, and
by the use of tormenta, other parts of the attacking army tried
to force an entrance into the town by filling up the moats,
breaking through the gates, undermining or pulling down the
wall, or even sometimes by climbing over it. The attempt was
often made before a camp was constructed by the attacking
army (ex itinere oppugnare)}

The siege. If the place was of considerable strength, a siege (pbsidio,

obsessio] might be begun. This often meant starving out the
besieged, unless they surrendered before they were reduced to
extremities. The town was first surrounded with a series of
redoubts (castella) connected by lines of intrenchments (inuni-
tiones). Such a series of works is called in modern times a
contravallation. Outside of these works were the forces of the
besiegers, sometimes divided up among several camps, to ward
off sallies against different points in the line. Sometimes an-
other line of intrenchments was drawn around the outside, to
keep off assistance coming to the besieged from without. Thus
it was at Alesia. 2

1 Cf. B. G. 2.12. 2 Cf. B. G. 7. 74.

.ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION

47

A third method of procedure was by special siege-works of The attack

attack. This was used against places strongly fortified or diffi- by s ^ e "
cult of access, and was often combined with the siege proper.
The important feature of this method was the building of the

VINEA

agger. In its usual form this. was an elevated -roadway, built Agger.
chiefly of logs. It was begun out of reach of missiles from
the wall of the town, and then carried toward the wall, usually
at a right angle to it, though sometimes it turned as it ap-

PLUTEI

preached the wall and ran for some distance parallel to the lat-
ter. As the building of the agger progressed, rows of sheds
(vineae) open at the ends were placed end to end on the com- vineae.
pleted portion, forming a covered passage along which material
could be brought. In front of those engaged in the work were

INTRODUCTION

PluteL

Turn's.

Testudines,
musculi.

plutei, shield-like protections or screens, made of planks or of
woven branches and mounted on wheels or rollers. These, as
well as the vineae, were often covered with skins, to protect
them from fire. As the agger was constructed chiefly of wood,
it also might be set on fire ; accordingly the exposed portions
were faced with stone or earth, or covered with skins or wet

i

cloths.

The height and general
shape of the agger varied
of course with the condi-
tions. Usually its upper
surface formed a plane
leading directly toward
the base of the wall. If
the town was much ele-
vated above the surround-
ing country, this plane
must have had a consider-
able upward slope. Some-
times, however, it appears
that the upper surface

of the agger was horizon- TURRIS

tal, or nearly so. On it

was built a tower (turris), which might be thirty or forty feet
square or even larger. This was very solidly made of timber,
and was pushed forward on rollers as the agger was completed.
The tower was built up in stories until it was as high as the wall.
In the top of it were soldiers, whose duty it was to clear the
wall of defenders, while their companions below filled up the
moat and tried to breach the wall. Men working near the wall
were protected by strongly timbered sheds (testudines, musculi}.
If the town was on level ground and not difficult of access,
sometimes no agger was built, but two towers were moved
toward the wall on the surface of the ground itself, while be-
tween them the soldiers worked to make a breach. On the

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION

49

agger, or between these towers if no agger was built, the soldiers
massed, after the breach was made, to deliver the assault.

Some think that the agger was made as high as the top of Different
the wall of the town, its purpose being to give a passage for an
assaulting column, which might pass from it upon the wall by
drawbridges or similar means. Undoubtedly the agger was
sometimes as high as the wall. It might even carry more than
one tower, and have soldiers stationed on it. There may have
been a form of agger which was built parallel to the wall and
carried several towers. But it is not certain that the purpose
of these forms was different from that of the form first described.
The whole subject is one about which greats uncertainty and
difference of opinion exist.

ARIES AND TESTUDO

In breaching the wall various instruments and devices might
be used. The battering-ram (aries) consisted of a heavy log Aries.
provided with a metallic head, often shaped like a ram's head.
It was suspended horizontally by the middle in the interior of
a tower or inside a testudo or musculus. The ram was swung
backward and forward to strike the wall with its head. Its
length was sometimes more than one hundred feet, and a large
number of men were required to work it. Thejfo/# was some- Faix.
what similar, except that instead of a solid head it had a hook
to pull off stones from the wall. Walls were often undermined,
and sometimes, where the situation permitted, gates were set
on fire by the besiegers.

5

INTRODUCTION

Means and Various means were used by the besieged to counteract the
resistance e ff rts of the attacking army. Bags of straw or wool were low-
ered from the wall to deaden the blows of the ram. Great

FALX.

rocks were rolled down upon the soldiers and their implements.
Nooses or huge tongs were let down to catch the aries and the
falx, and either turn them aside or draw them up. Fire-balls,

Tormenta.

CATAPULT A

BALLISTA

burning pitch and suet, and blazing arrows were discharged at
the agger and turris. Above all, a continuous shower of mis-
siles was rained upon the attackers.

Both besieged and besiegers were often provided with instru-
ments (tormcnta) for hurling heavy missiles. These consisted
of heavy crossbows with highly elastic strings of sinew or hair.

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION

5 1

The catapulta discharged huge arrows, either horizontally or
with a slight elevation. The scorpio was a smaller weapon of a
similar kind. The ballista threw large stones or beams at a
considerable angle. Caesar had tormenta, but the Gauls with
whom he fought probably did not have them.

PROW OF BIREME

STERN OF TRIREME

The Navy. Ships of war (naves longae) were long and nar-
row. They were propelled chiefly by oars, though sails also
were used. The trireme was the usual type of war-vessel. It
had three banks, or rows, of oars, one above another. The
ships were steered by rudders (gubernacula), huge paddles on
either side of the stern. At the prow was the beak (rostrum),
a piece of timber tipped with bronze or iron, projecting forward
near the water-line or sometimes below it. The object of this
was to ram the enemy's ship and sink it. Towers were often
erected on deck and manned with soldiers in time of battle,
and tormenta were used. The fighters were regular legionary
soldiers temporarily on board. A favorite manceuver was to
catch the enemy's ship with grappling-irons, let down a gang-
way, and board the ship. The fighting then was hand-to-hand,
just as in a land-battle.

The
trireme.

5

INTRODUCTION

Means and Various means were used by the besieged to counteract the
resistance en " orts f the attacking army. Bags of straw or wool were low-
ered from the wall to deaden the blows of the ram. Great

FALX

rocks were rolled down upon the soldiers and their implements.
Nooses or huge tongs were let down to catch the (tries and the
falx, and either turn them aside or draw them up. Fire-balls,

CATAPULT A

BALLISTA

Tormenta.

burning pitch and suet, and blazing arrows were discharged at
the agger and turns. Above all, a continuous shower of mis-
siles was rained upon the attackers.

Both besieged and besiegers were often provided with instru-
ments (tormcnfa] for hurling heavy missiles. These consisted
of heavy crossbows with highly elastic strings of sinew or hair.

ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION

The catapulta discharged huge arrows, either horizontally or
with a slight elevation. The scorpio was a smaller weapon of a
similar kind. The ballista threw large stones or beams at a
considerable angle. Caesar had tormenta, but the Gauls with
whom he fought probably did not have them.

~-J!

PROW OF 151REME

STERN OF TRIRKME

The Navy. Ships of war (naves longae] were long and nar-
row. They were propelled chiefly by oars, though sails also
were used. The trireme was the usual type of war-vessel. It
had three banks, or rows, of oars, one above another. The
ships were steered by rudders (_gubernacula\ huge paddles on
either side of the stern. At the prow was the beak (rostrum},
a piece of timber tipped with bronze or iron, projecting forward
near the water-line or sometimes below it. The object of this
was to ram the enemy's ship and sink it. Towers were often
erected on deck and manned with soldiers in time of battle,
and tormenta were used. The fighters were regular legionary
soldiers temporarily on board. A favorite manceuver was to
catch the enemy's ship with grappling-irons, let down a gang-
way, and board the ship. The righting then was hand-to-hand,
just as in a land-battle.

The
trireme.

52 INTRODUCTION

other kinds Transports (naves onerariae) were wider and shorter than
of ships. ships of war. Naves actuariae were vessels propelled by both
oars and sails. Navigia speculatoria were small, swift vessels
used for reconnoitering. Some of the larger ships were com-
pletely decked over, but many were open, or decked only at
-prow and stern.

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE AND READING

General Histories of Rome

Any standard history covering the period of Caesar's life
may be consulted. The following are especially valuable :

APPIAN : Roman History, translated by White.

ARNOLD : History of the Later Roman Commonwealth.

DURUY : History of Rome and of the Roman People.

FERRERO : Greatness and Decline of Rome.

How- LEIGH : History of Rome to the Death of Caesar.

IHNE : History of Rome.

LIDDELL : History of Rome to the Establishment of the Empire.

LONG : Decline of the Roman Republic.

MERIVALE : Fall of the Roman Republic.

MERIVALE : General History of Rome.

MERIVALE : History of the Romans under the Empire.

MOMMSEN : History of Rome.

PELHAM : Outlines of Roman History.

SHUCKBURGH : History of Rome to the Battle of Actium.

TAYLOR : Constitutional and Political History of Rome.

Histories of Countries Other than Rome

CHURCH : Story of Early Britain.
GUIZOT : History of France.
HUG-STEAD : Story of Switzerland.

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE AND READING 53

MONTGOMERY : Leading Facts of French History.
SCARTH : Roman Britain.
TAYLOR : History of Germany.

BiograpJiies and Special Histories

ALLCROFT : The Making of the Monarchy.

BARING- GOULD : The Tragedy of the Caesars.

BOISSIER : Cicero and His Friends.

CAESAR : Civil War, translated by Long.

DE QUINCEY : The Caesars.

DODGE : Caesar.

FORSYTH : Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero.

FOWLER : Julius Caesar and the Foundation of the Roman
Imperial System.

FROUDE : Caesar, a Sketch.

HOLMES : Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Caesar.

HOLMES : Caesar's Conquest of Gaul.

LIDDELL : Life of Julius Caesar.

MERIVALE : The Roman Triumvirates.

NAPOLEON III : History of Julius Caesar.

OMAN : Seven Roman Statesmen of tfie Later Republic.

PLUTARCH : Lives of Illustrious Men : Caesar.

STRACHAN-DAVIDSON : Cicero and the Fall of the Roman
Republic.

SUETONIUS : Lives of the Twelve Caesars, translated by Thom-
son and Forester.

TACITUS : Germania and Agricola, translated by Church and
Brodribb.

TROLLOPE : The Commentaries of Caesar.

TROLLOPE : Life of Cicero.

Maps and Illustrations

BAUMEISTER : Bilder aus dem Griechischen und Romischen
Altertitm.

54 INTRODUCTION

GURLITT : Anschauungstafeln zu Caesars Bellum Gallicum.

HILL : Illustrations of School Classics.

KAMPEN : Quindecim ad Caesaris de Bella Gallico Commen-

tarios Tabulae.
KIEPERT : Atlas Antiquus.

OEHLER : Bilder- Atlas zu Caesars Buchern de Bella Gallico.
RHEINHARD : Album des Classischen Altertums.
SCHREIBER : Atlas of Classical Antiquities.

Histories of Roman Literature

BROWNE : History of Roman Classical Literature.
CRUTTWELL : History of Roman Literature.
MACKAIL : Latin Literature.
SIMCOX : History of Latin Literature.
TEUFFEL-SCHWABE : History of Roman Literature.

Miscellaneous

APPACH : C. Julius Caesars British Expeditions.
CHAPMAN : Caesar and Pompey.
CHURCH : Roman Life in the Days of Cicero.
DAVIS : A Friend of Caesar.
Gow: Companion to School Classics..
GUHL-KONER : The Life of the Greeks and Romans.
HARRINGTON : Helps to the Intelligent Study of College Prepara-
tory Latin.

JUDSON : Caesar's Army.
LUCAN : Pharsalia, translated by Ridley.
MIDDLETON-MILLS : Studenf s Companion to Latin Authors.
MONTESQUIEU : Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans.
Scon': Portraitures of Julius Caesar.
SEELEY : Roman Imperialism.
SHAKSPERE : Julius Caesar.
VINE : Caesar in Kent.
WILLARD : Julius Caesar, an Historical Tragedy.

rn^" Wiio^=^: K XT* VSR-V r^-rcjiixA

b f lva ^3^- v .-- *5T /^ '

Bfito-vac/oJ;> > ^i>jjiESs ^ "V-v ^.yl ^ V p, rP Ws

JiituspaffUu^ ,%V oJ^-^-i v\=, ^f I \ AEMEfEb

. o X ^C__xt>i'n i\ Ua. =V \._.V

4 Loogitudo East from Greenwich 8

THE CAMPAIGN OF 58 B.C.

BOOK I

THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAUL

I. Gallia est omnis dlvisa in partis tris ; quarum unam
incolunt Belgae, aliam AqmtanI, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua
Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, mstitutls,
legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aqmtanis Garumna
flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum om- 5
nium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque
humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos
mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos
animos pertinent important; proximique sunt Germams, qui
trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. 10
Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute prae-
cedunt, quod fere cottidianis proelils cum Germams con-
tendunt, cum aut suls flnibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum
finibus bellum gerunt. \ Eorum una pars, quam Gallos ob-
tinere dictum est, initium capit aflumine Rhodano ; continetur-is
Garumna flumine, Oceano, fmibus Belgarum ; attingit etiam
ab Sequanis et Helvetils flumen Rhenum ; vergit ad septem-
triones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent
ad Inferiorem partem fluminis RhenT, spectant in septem-
trionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad 20
Pyrenaeos mentis et earn partem Ocean! quae est ad His-
paniam pertinet ; spectat inter occasum solis et septemtriones. \

THE HELVETIAN WAR

The Helvetii, influenced by Orgetorix, prepare to migrate. Orgetorix

forms a conspiracy.

II. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus
Orgetorix. Is M. Messala et M. PIsone consulibus regm

55

THE GALLIC WAR

cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit, et civitati
persuasit ut de finibus siris cum omnibus copiis exirentj
perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totlus Galliae
imperio potlri. Id hoc facilius ils persuasit, quod undique
5 loci natura Helvetii continentur : una ex parte flumine Rheno
latissimo atque altissimo, qul agrum Helvetium a Germanis
dlvidit ; altera ex parte monte lura altissimo, qui est inter
Sequanos et Helvetios ; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine
Rhodano, qul provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dlvidit. His

10 rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile fmi-
timls bellum Inferre possent ; qua ex parte homines bellandi
cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem
hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se
finis habere arbitrabantur, qul in longitudinem milia passuum

15 CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.

III. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti
constituerunt ea quae ad proficlscendum pertinerent com-
parare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum
coemere, sementls quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia

20 f rumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et ami-
citiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi
satis esse duxerunt ; in tertium annum profectionem lege
conflrmant. Orgetorix dux deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad
civitates suscipit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Cataman-

25 taloedis fllio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequams multos
annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Roman! amlcus appellatus
erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante

COINS OF ORGETORIX AND DUMNORIX

habuerat; itemque Dumnongi Haeduo, fratn Dlviciaci, qui
eo tempore prlncipatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 57

acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet, eique filiam suam
in matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illls probat conata
perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obten-
turus esset; non esse dubium quln totius Galliae plurimum
Helvetii possent ; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illls regna 5
conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem
et ius iurandum dant, et regno occupato per trls potentissimos
ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse spirant.

Orgetorix is accused of treason; his death.

IV. Ea res est Helvetils per indicium enuntiata. Moribus
suis Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt ; dam- 10
natum poenam sequi oportebat ut Tgni cremaretur. Die
constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem
suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et
omms clientis obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum
habebat, eodem conduxit ; per eos ne causam diceret se 15
eripuit. Cum clvitas ob earn rein incitata armis ius suum
exsequi conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex agrls magis-
tratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est ; neque abest suspicio,
ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quln ipse sibi mortem consciverit.

Preparations for migration go on. Routes by which the Helvetii

may leave their home.

V. Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod con- 20
stituerant facere conantur, ut e fmibus suis exeant. Ubi iam
se ad earn rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia,
numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata
aedificia incendunt ; frumentum omne, praeter quod secum
portaturl erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata25
paratiores ad omnia perlcula subeunda essent ; trium mensium
molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent
Rauracis et Tulingis et LatobrigTs finitimis uti eodem iisi
consilio, oppidis suls viclsque exustls, una cum ils proficis-
cantur ; Boiosque, qm trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum 30

THE GALLIC WAR

Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad

se socios sibi asciscunt.

VI. Erant ommno itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo

exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile,
sinter montem luram et fluinen Rhodanum, vix qua singull

earn ducerentur (mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile

perpauci prohibere possent);

alterum per provinciam nos-

tram, multo facilius atque
10 expeditius, propterea quod

inter finis Helvetiorum et

Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati

erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque

non nullis locis vado trans-
is Itur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est, proximumque

Helvetiorum finibus, Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Hel-

vetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod

nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, ex-

Istiinabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos finis eos ire pate-
aorentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatls diem

dicunt, qua die ad rlpam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is

dies erat ante diem quantum Kalendas Aprilis L. Pisone, A.

Gablnio consulibus.

CARRUS

Caesar builds fortifications along the Rhone, and prevents the Helvetii

from crossing the river.

VII. Caesarl cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam

25 nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficlsci et quam

maximls potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et

ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam maximum potest

militum numerum imperat (erat ornnlno in Gallia ulteriore

legio una), pontem qui erat ad Genavam iubet rescind!. Ubi

30 de eius adventu Helvetii certiores fact! sunt, legatos ad eum

mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legation is Nammeius et

Verucloetius prmcipem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi'

THE HELVETIAN WAR

59

esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere,
propterea quod alind iter haberent nullum ; rogare ut eius
voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar quod memoria tenebat
L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetils
pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; 5
neque homines inimico animo data facilitate per provinciam
itineris faciendi temperatures ab iniuria et maleficio exlsti-
mabat. Tamen, ut spatimn intercedere posset dum milites
quos imperaverat convenlrent, legatis respondit diem se ad
dellberandum sumpturum ; si quid vellent, ad Idus AprilTs 10
reverterentur.

VIII. Interea ea legione quam secum habebat mllitibtisque
qui ex provincia convenerant a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen
Rhodanum influit, ad montem luram, qui finis Sequanorum
ab HelvetiTs dividit, milia passuum xvim inurum in altitu-i5
dinem pedum .sedecim fossamque perducit. E6 opere per-
fecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se
imito transire conarentur, prohibere posset. Ubi ea dies

^ / \

nurus fogsaque >,
castcllfini - ^>-

Section of v/all
and trench

BORUAY EN6RAVINS CO.,N.Y.

CAESAR'S INTRENCHMENTS. ALONG THE RHONE

quam constituerat cum legatis venit, et legatT ad eum rever-
terunt, negat se more et exemplo populi Roman! posse iter 20
ulli per provinciam dare ; et si vim facere conentur, prohi^
biturum ostendit. Helvetii ea spe deiecti navibus iunctis

THE GALLIC WAR

Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad

se socios sibi asciscunt.

VI. Erant oirmmo itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo

exire possent : unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile^
5 inter montem luram et flumen Rhoclanum, vix qua singuli

earn ducerentur (mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile

perpauci prohibere possent);

alterum per provinciam nos-

tram, multo facilius atque
loexpeditius, propterea quod

inter finis Helvetiorum et

Allobrogum, qm nuper pacati

erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque

non nullls locls vado trans-
isitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est, proximumque

Helvetiorum fmibus, Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Hel-

vetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasiiros, quod

nondum bond animo in populum Romanum viderentur, ex-

Istimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos finis eos Ire pate-
aorentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatls diem

clicunt, qua die ad rip am Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is

dies erat ante diem qulntum Kalendas Aprilis L. Pisone, A.

Gabinio consnlibus.

CARRUS

Caesar builds fortifications along the Rhone, and prevents the Helvetii

from crossing the river.

VII. Caesar! cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam

25 nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam

maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et

ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam maximum potest

militum numerum iinperat (erat omnlno in Gallia ulteriore

legio una), pontem qul erat ad Genavam iubet rescind!. Ubi

30 de eius adventu Helvetii certiores fact! sunt, legates ad eum

mittunt nobilissimos clvitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et

w.

Verucloetius pnncipem locum obtinebant, qul dicerent sibi

THE HELVETIAN WAR

59

esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere,
propterea quod aliud iter haberent nulluin ; rogare ut eius
voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar quod memoria tenebat
L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetils
pulsum et sub iugum missum, conceclendum non putabat; 5
neque homines inimico animo data facilitate per provinciam
itineris faciendi temperatures ab iniuria et maleficio existi-
mabat. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum mllites
quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad
deliberandum siimpturum ; si quid vellent, ad Idus ApnlTs 10
reverterentur.

A^III. Interea ea legione quam secum habebat mllitibusque
qm ex provincia convenerant a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen
Rhodanum Influit, ad montem lurain, qui finis Sequanorum
ab Helvetils dlvidit, mllia passuum xvim murum in altitu-i5
dinem pedum .sedecim. fossamque perducit. Eo opere per-
fecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se
in\ito transire conarentur, prohibere posset. Ubi ea dies

OOBMAY ENGRAVINS CO.,N.Y.

CAESAR'S INTRENCHMENTS. ALONG THE RHONE

quam constituerat cum legatls venit, et legatl ad eum rever-
terunt, negat se more et exemplo popull Roman! posse iter 20
ullT per provinciam dare ; et sT vim facere conentur, prohi-
biturum ostenclit. Helvetil ea spe deiecti navibus iiinctis

60 THE GALLIC WAR I

ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodam, qua minima
altitude fluminis erat, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu,
si perrumpere possent conatl, operis munitione et mllitum
concursu et tells repulsl hoc conatu destiterunt.

The Helvetii obtain permission to pass through the country of the
Sequani. Cassar hurriedly raises an army.

5 IX. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis in-
vitis propter angustias ire non poterant. His cum sua sponte
persuadere non possent, legates ad Dumnorigem Haeduum
mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dum-
norix gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat,

10 et Helvetils erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam
in matrimonium duxerat ; et cupiditate regni adductus novis
rebus studebat et quam plurimas civitates suo beneficio habere
obstrictas volebat. Itaque . rem suscipit, et a Sequanis im-
petrat ut per finis suos Helvistios Ire patiantur, obsidesque

15 uti inter sese dent perficit, Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios
prohibeant; Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et iniuria transeant.

X. Caesari nuntiatur Helvetils esse in animo per agrum
Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum finis facere,
qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas est

20 in provincia. Id si fieret, intellegebat magno cum penculo
provinciae futurum ut homines bellicos5s, populi R5mani
inimicos, locis patentibus maximeqne frumentariis finitimos
haberet. Ob eas causas el munitioni quam fecerat T. Labie-
num legatum praeficit ; ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus .

25 contendit duasque ibi legiones conscrlbit, et tns quae circum
Aquileiam hiemabant ex hibernls educit, et qua proximum
iter in ulteriorem Galliam per AlpTs erat cum his qulnque
legionibus Ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et
Caturiges locis superioribus occupatls itinere exercitum pro-

3ohibere conantur. Compluribus his proeliis pulsis, ab Ocelo,'
quod est oppidum citerioris provinciae extremum, in finis
Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo pervenit; inde

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 6 1

in Allobrogum finis, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum
ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi.

The Haedui, Ambarri, and Allobroges ask for help.

XI. Helvetii iam per angustias et finis Sequanorum suas
copias traduxerant et in Haeduorum finis pervenerant eo-
rumque agros populabantur. Haedui cum se suaque ab iis 5
defendere non possent, legates ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum
auxilium : 'Ita se omni'tempore de populo Romano meritos
esse ut paene in conspectu exercitus nostii agrl vastan, libeii
in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint.' Eodem
tempore Ambarri, necessarii et consanguine! Haeduorum, 10
Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese depopulatis agns n5n facile
ab oppidls vim hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui
trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad
Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant sibi praeter agrl solum
nihil esse reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus Caesar' non ex- 15
spectandum sibi statuit dum omnibus fortums sociorum con-
sumptis in Santonos Helvetii pervemrent.

Part of the Helvetii cross the Arar. The Tigurini are cut to pieces

by Caesar.

XII. Flumen est Arar, quod per finis Haeduorum et Se-
quanorum in Rhodanum mfluit incredibili lenitate, ita ut
oculis in utram partem fluat iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii 2 o
ratibus ac lintribus iunctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores
Caesar certior factus est tris iam partis copiarum Helvetios
id fliimen traduxisse, quartam fere partem citra flumen
Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus

e castris profectus ad earn partem pervenit quae nondum 2 5
flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantis adgressus
magnam partem eorum concidit reliqui sese fugae mandarunt
atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appella-
batur Tigurmus ; nam omnis clvitas Helvetia in quattuor
pagos divisa est. Hie pagus unus, cum domo exisset, pa- 30

62 THE GALLIC WAR -I

trum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat
et eius exercitum sub iugum mlserat. Ita sive casu sive
consilio deorum immortalium, quae pars civitatis Helvetiae,
inslgnem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea prmceps
Spoenas persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas 'Sed
etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis
avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurin! eodem proelio quo
Cassium interfecerant.

The Helvetii send an embassy to Caesar. His terms are rejected.

XIII. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut
10 consequl posset, pontem in Ararl faciendum curat atque ita

exercitum traducit. Helvetii repentmo eius adventu com-
motl, cum id quod ipsi diebus xx aegerrime confecerant, ut
flumen transirent, ilium uno die fecisse intellegerent, legates
ad eum mittunt ; cuius legation is Divico pnnceps fuit, qul

15 bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum f uerat. Is ita cum Caesare
egi't : ' Si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faceret, in
earn partem ituros atque ibi futures Helvetios ubi eos Caesar
constituisset atque esse voluisset ; sin bello persequi perse-
veraret, reminlsceretur et veteris incommodl popull Roman!

20 et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improvise unum
pagum adortus esset, cum ii quT flumen transissent suis aux-
ilium ferre non possent, ne ob earn rem aut suae magnopere
virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despiceret Se - ita a patribus
maioribusque suis didicisse ut magis virtute contenderent

25 quam dolo aut msidiis mterentur. Quare ne committeret ut
is locus ubi constitissent ex calamitate popull Romani et inter-
neci5ne exercitus nomen caperet aut memoriam proderet.'

XIV. His Caesar ita respondit : ' Eo sibi minus dubita-
tionis dan, quod eas res quas legati Helvetii commemorassent

30 memoria teneret, atque eo gravius ferre quo minus merito
popull Roman! accidissent ; qiu si alicuius iniiariae sibi con-

scius fuisset, non fuisse difficile cavere, sed eo deceptunv
quod neque cotnmissum a se intellegeret quare timeret neque

THE HELVETIAN WAR

sine causa timendtim putaret. Quod si veteris contumeliae
obliviscl vellet, num etiam recentium iniuriarum, quod eo
invitp iter per provinciam per .vim temptassent, quod Haeduos,
quod Ainbarros, quod Allobroges vexassent, memoriam de-
ponere posse ? Quod sua victoria tarn msolenter gloriarentur 5

A ROMAN CAVALRYMAN
(From a gravestone)

quodque tam diu se impune iniurias intulisse admirarentur
eodem pertinere. Consuesse enim deos immortalis, quo
gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro
scelere eorum ulcisci velint, his secundiores interdum res et

64 THE GALLIC WAR I

diuturniorem impunitatem concedere. Cum ea ita sint, tamen
si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, uti ea quae polliceantur facturos

intellegat, et si Haeduls de iniurils quas ipsis sociisque
eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum

5 iis pacem esse facturum.' Divico respondit : ' Ita Helvetios a
maioribus suls Institutes esse uti obsides accipere, non dare
consuerint ; eius rel populum Romanum esse testem.' Hoc
response dato discessit.

A cavalry skirmish.

XV. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit
10 Caesar equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor mllium,

quern ex omni provincia et Haeduls atque eorum socils coac-
tum habebat, praemittit, qui videant quas in partis hostes iter
faciant. Qui cupidius novissimum agmen msecuti alieno loco
cum equitatu Helvetiorum -proelium committunt, et pauci de

isnostris cadunt. Quo proelio sublati Helvetii, quod qum-
gentis equitibus tantam multitudinem equitum propulerant,
audacius subsistere non numquam et novissimo agmine proelio
nostros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio contine-
bat ac satis habebat in praesentia hostem rapims populatio-

aonibusque prohibere. Ita dies circiter xv iter fecerunt uti
inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum prlmum non
amplius quinls aut senls milibus passuum interesset.

The Haedui are slow in furnishing grain.

XVI. Interim cottidie Caesar Haeduos frumentum quod
essent publice pollicitl flagitare. Nam propter frigora, quod

25 Gallia sub septemtrionibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est,
non modo frumenta in agrls matura non erant, sed ne pabull
quidem satis magna copia suppetebat ; eo autem frumento
quod flumine Ararl navibus subvexerat propterea uti minus
poterat, quod iter ab Ararl Helvetii averterant, a quibus dis-

30 cedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere Haedui ; conferrii
comportari, adesse dlcere. Ubi se diutius duel intellexit et

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 65

diem Instare quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporteret,
convocatis eorum principibus, quorum magnam copiam in
castris habebat, in his Diviciaco et Lisco, qui summo magis-
tratui praeerat (quern vergobretum appellant Haedui, qui
creatur annuus et vitae necisque in suos habet potestatem), 5
graviter eos accusat quod, cum neque emi- neque ex agris
sum! possit, tarn necessario tempore, tarn propinquis hostibus
ab ils non sublevetur, praesertim cum magna ex parte eorum
precibus adductus bellum susceperit; multo etiam gravius
quod sit destitutus queritur. ic

XVII. Turn demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus
quod antea tacuerat proponit : ( Esse non s nullos quorum auc-
toritas apud plebem plurimum valeat, qm privatim plus possint
quam ipsi magistrates. Hos seditiosa atque improba oratione
multitudinem deterrere ne frumentum conferant quod de-i5
beant : Praestare, si iam principatum Galliae obtinere non
possint, Gallorum quam Roman orum imperia perferre, neque
dubitare debere qum, si Helvetios snperaverint Roman!, una
cum reliqua Gallia Haeduls libertatem sint erepturi. Ab
isdem nostra consilia quaeque in castris gerantur hostibus 20
enuntiari ; hos a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod
necessariam rem coactus Caesari enuntiarit, intellegere sese
quanto id cum periculo fecerit, et ob earn causam quam diu
potuerit tacuisse.'

Evidence of the treachery of Dumnorix is presented to Caesar.

XVIII. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Diviciacias
fratrem, designari sentiebat, sed quod pluribus praesentibus
eas res iactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum
retinet. Quaerit ex solo ea quae in conventu dlxerat. Dicit
Hberius atque audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit ; re-
perit esse vera : ' Ipsum esse DumnorTgem, summa audacia, 30
magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidum
rerum novarum. Compluris annos portoria reliquaque omnia
Haeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea

66 THE GALLIC WAR I

quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et
suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum
magnas comparasse ; magnum nuraerum equitatus suo sumptu
semper alere et circum se habere, neque solum dorm sed

5 etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter posse, atque huius
potentiae causa matrem in Biturlgibus homim illic nobilissimo
ac potentissimo conlocasse ; ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem
habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in alias
civitates conlocasse. Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter earn

loadfinitatem, odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanes,
quod eorum adventu potentia eius deminuta et Diviciacus
frater in antlquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus.
Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem per Helvetios regnl
obtinendi venire ; imperio populi Roman! non modo de regno

15 sed etiam de ea quam habeat gratia desperare.' Reperiebat
etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum
paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium fugae factum a Dum-
nonge atque eius equitibus (nam equitatui quern auxilio
Caesari Haedul mlserant DumnorTx praeerat) j eorum fuga

zoreliquum esse equitatum perterritum.

XIX. Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones cer-
tissimae res accederent, quod per finis Sequanorum Helvetios
traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea
omnia non modo iniussu suo et civitatis sed etiam inscientibus

25 ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratii Haeduorum accusaretur, satis
esse causae arbitrabatur quare in eum aut ipse animadverteret
aut civitatem animadvertere iuberet. His omnibus rebus unum
repugnabat, quod Diviciaci fratris summum in populum Ro-
manum studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem,

3oiustitiam, temperantiam cognoveratj nam ne eius supplicio
Diviciaci animum offenderet verebatur. Itaque priusquam
quicquam conaretur, Diviciacum ad se vocarl iubet, et cotti-
dianis interpretibus remotis per. C. Valerium Troucillum, prin-
cipem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam

35 omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo conloquitur ; simul com-

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 67

monefacit quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dnm-
norige sint dicta et ostendit quae separatim quisque de eo apud
se dixerit. Petit atque hortatur ut sine eius offensione animi
vel ipse de eo causa cognita statuat vel civitatem statuere iubeat.

Diviciacus intercedes for Dumnorix, and Caesar pardons him.

XX. Diviciacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus 5
obsecrare coepit ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret : 'Scire se
ilia esse vera, nee quemquam ex eo plus quam se duloris
capere, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque
in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter adulescentiam posset,
per se crevisset; quibus opibus ac nervis non solum ad minu- 10
endam gratiam sed paene ad perniciem suam uteretur. Sese
tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgl commoverl.
Quod si quid el a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum
locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum
non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futurum uti totius Galliae 15
animi a se averterentur.' Haec cum pluribus verbis flens a
Caesare peteret, Caesar eius dextram prendit ; consolatus ro-
gat flnem orandi faciat; tanti eius apud se gratiam esse os-
tendit uti et rei piiblicae iniuriam et suum dolorem eius
voluntati ac precibus condonet. Dumnorigem ad se vocat, 2 o
fratrem adhibet; quae in eo reprehendat ostendit; quae ipse
intellegat, quae civitas queratur proponit ; monet ut in reliquum
tempus omnis suspiciones vitet; praeterita se Diviciaco fratrl
condonare dicit. Dumnorigi custodes ponit, ut quae agat,
quibuscum loquatur scire possit. . 2 *

Caesar plans to attack the Helvetii ; the fright of Considius.

XXI. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus bostis sub
monte consedisse mllia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis
esset natura mentis et qualis in circuitu ascensus qui cognos-
cerent misit. Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De tertia vigilia
T. Labienum, legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus et^o
iis ducibus qui iter cognpverant summum iugum montis ascen-

68 THE GALLIC WAR 1

dere iubet ; quid sui consili sit ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigilia
eodem itinere quo hostes ierant ad eos contendit equitatumque
omnem ante se rnittit. P. C5nsidius, qul re! militaris peritis-
simus habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et postea in M. Crassi
5 fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur.

XXII. Prlma luce, cum surnmus mons a Labieno teneretur,
ipse ab hostium castris non longius mille et qumgentis passibus
abesset, neque, ut postea ex captlvis comperit, aut ipslus
adventus aut Labieni cognkus esset, Considius equo admisso

load eum accurrit, dlcit montem quern a Labieno occuparl volu-
erit ab hostibus teneri ; id. se a GallicTs armis atque insignibus
cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subdiicit,
aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat el praeceptum a Caesare ne
proelium coramitteret nisi ipslus copiae prope hostium castra

15 vlsae essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostis impetus fieret,
monte occupato nostros exspectabat proelioque abstinebat.
Multo denique die per exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem
a suis teneri et Helvetios castra movisse et Considium timore
perterritum quod non vidisset pro vlso sibi renuntiavisse. Eo

20 die quo consuerat intervallo hostis sequitur et milia passuum
tria ab eorum castiis castra ponit.

Caesar turns aside towards Bibracte; the Helvetii follow.

XXIII. Postridie eius diel, quod omnmo biduum supererat
cum exercituT frumentum metlri oporteret, et quod a Bibracte,
oppido Haeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius

25 milibus passuum xvm aberat, rei frumentariae prospiciendum
existimavit ; itaque iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac Bibracte Ire con-
tendit. Ea res per fugitivos L. Aemili, decurionis equitum
Gallorum, hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetii, sen quod timore per-
territos Romanos discedere a se existimarent, eo magis quod

30 pridie superioribus locis occupatis proelium non commlsissent,
sive eo, quod re frumentaria intercludi posse confiderent, com-
mutato consilio atque itinere converso nostros a novissimo
agmine msequi ac lacessere coeperunt.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 69

XXIV. Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in
proximum collem subduxit equitatumque qui sustineret hostium
impetum mlsit. Ipse interim in colle medio triplicem aciem
Instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum ; in summo iugo duas
legiones quas in Gallia citeriore proxime conscrlpserat et omnia 5
auxilia conlocari ac totura montem hominibus complerl, et
interea sarcinas in unum locum confern, et eum ab ils qui in
superiore acie constiterant mumri iussit. Helvetii cum omni-
bus suls earns secuti impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt ;
ipsl confertissima acie reiecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta 10
sub primam nostram aciem successerunt.

A battle takes place, in which the Helvetii are defeated.

XXV. Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu re-
motls equis, ut aequato omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret,
cohortatus suos proelium commlsit. MTlites e loco superiore
pills missis facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. Eais
disiecta gladils destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt. GallTs
magno ad pugnam erat impediments quod pluribus eorum scutls
uno ictu pilorum transfixis et conligatis, cum ferrum se inflexis-
set, neque evellere neque sinistra impedita ~satis commode
pugnare poterant ; mult! ut diu iactato bracchio praeoptarent 20
scutum manu emittere et nudo corpore pugnare. Tandem
vulneribus defessi et pedem referre et, quod mons aberat circiter
mille passus, e5 se recipere coeperunt. Capto monte et suc-
cedentibus nostris Boil et TulingI, qui hominum milibus
circiter xv agmen hostium claudebant et novissimls praesidio 25
erarit, ex itinere nostr5s ab latere aperto adgressi circumvenire,
et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese receperant, rursus
Instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. RomanI conversa
slgna bipartite intulerunt, prlma et secunda acies ut victls ac
submotls resisteret, tertia ut vementis sustineret. 30

XXVI. Ita ancipitl proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est.
Diutius cum sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, alter! se,
ut coeperant, in montem receperunt, alter! ad impedimenta

THE GALLIC WAR

et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto prcelio,
cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum
hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad im-
pedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros
5 obiecerant et e Ioc5 superiore in nostros venientis tela conicie-
bant, et non null! inter carros raedasque mataras ac tragulas

THE DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII

subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant. Diu cum esset pugnatum,
impedimentls castrisque nostri potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia
atque unus e filils captus est. Ex eo proelio circiter hominum
cxxx superfuerunt eaque tota nocte continenter ierunt

I THE HELVETIAN WAR JI

nullam partem noctis itinere intermisso ; in finis Lingoniim die
quarto pervenerunt, cum et propter vulnera militum et propter
sepulturam occlsorura nostri triduum morati eos sequi non
potuissent. Caesar ad Lingones litteras nuntiosque nrisit ne
eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent : ' Qui si iuvissent, se eodem 5
loco quo Helvetios habiturum.' Ipse trlduo intermisso cum
omnibus copiis eos sequi coepit.

The survivors surrender themselves to Caesar, who orders them to

return to their homes.

XXVII. Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adduetl legates de
deditione ad eum miserunt. Qui cum enm in itinere conve-
nissent seque ad pedes proiecissent suppliciterque locut! 10
flentes pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco quo turn
essent suum adventum exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo
postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos qui ad eos
perfugissent poposcit. Dum ea conqulruntur et conferuntur,
nocte intermissa circiter hominum railia sex eius pagi qui Ver- 15
bigenus appellatur, sive timore perterritl ne armis traditis sup-
plicio adficerentur sive spe salutis induct!, quod in tanta mul-
titudine dediticiorum suam fugam aut occultari aut ommno
ignoran posse existimarent, prima nocte e castris Helvetiorum
egress! ad Rhenum fimsque Germanorum contenderunt. 20

XXVIII. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per f!n!s ierant,
h!s ut! conquirerent et reducerent, si sibi purgat! esse vellent,
imperavit ; reductos in hostium numero habuit ; reliquos omms
obsidibus, armis, perfngis traditis in deditionem accepit. Hel-
vetios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in finis suos unde erant profectizs
revert! iussit ; et quod omnibus frugibus amissls domi nihil erat
quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus imperavit ut ils frumenti
copiam facerenfj ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant,
restituere iussit. Id ea maxime ratione fecit, quod noluit eum
locum unde Helvetil discesserant vacare, ne propter bonitatem 30
agrorum German!, qu! trans Rhenum incolunt, ex suis finibus
in Helvetiorum finis transirent et finitimi Galliae provinciae

THE GALLIC WAR

et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto prcelio,
cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum
hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad im-
pedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros
5 obiecerant et e loco superiore in nostros venientis tela conicie-
bant, et non null! inter carros raedasque mataras ac tragulas

A^itrenchments
\\

THE DEFEAT OF THE IIELVET1I

subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant. Diu cum esset pugnatum,
impedlmentis castrisqne nostrl potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia
atque unus e filiis captus est. Ex eo proelio circiter hominum
cxxx superfuerunt eaque tota nocte continenter ierunt

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 71

nullara partem noctis itinere intermisso ; in finis Lingonum die
quarto pervenerunt, cum et propter vulnera militum et propter
sepulturam occlsorum nostri tridimm morati eos seqm non
potuissent. Caesar ad Lingones litteras nuntiosque raisit ne
eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent : ' Qui si iuvissent, se eodem 5
loco quo Helvetios habiturum.' Ipse trlduo intermisso cum
omnibus copiis eos sequl coepit.

The survivors surrender themselves to Caesar, who orders them to

return to their homes,

XXVII. Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adductl legatos de
deditione ad eum mlserunt. Qui cum eum in itinere conve-
nissent seque ad pedes proiecissent suppliciterque lociitl 10
flentes pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco quo turn
essent suum adventum exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo
postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos qui ad eos
perfugissent poposcit. Dum ea conqulruntur et conferuntur,
nocte intermissa circiter hominum mllia sex eius pagi qui Ver- 15
bigenus appellatur, slve timore perterriti ne armis traditis sup-
plicio adficerentur sive spe salutis induct!, quod in tanta mul-
titudine deditlciorum suam fugam aut occultarT aut omnino
ignoran posse existimarent, prima nocte e castris Helvetiorum
egress! ad Rhenum fimsque Germanorum contendenmt. 20

XXVIII. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fmis ierant,
h!s ut! conqinrerent et reducerent, s! sibi purgat! esse vellent,
imperavit ; reductos in hostium numero habuit ; reliquos omnls
obsidibus, armis, perfugis traditis in deditionem accepit. Hel-
vetios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in fims suos unde erant profecti 25
revert! iussit ; et quod omnibus frugibus amissis clom! nihil erat
quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus imperavit ut iis frument!
copiam facerent; ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant,
restituere iussit. Id ea maxime ratione fecit, quod n51uit eum
locum unde Helvetii discesserant vacare, ne propter bonitatem 30
agrorum German!, qu! trans Rhenum incolunt, ex suis finibus
in Helvetiorum f!n!s transirent et finitimi Galliae provinciae

72 THE GALLIC WAR I

Allobrogfbusque essent. Boios petentibus Haeduis, quod
egregia virtute erant cogniti, ut in finibus suls conlocarent
concessit; quibus ill! agros dederunt, quosque postea in
parem iuris libertatisque condicionera atque ipsi erant
5 receperunt.

The number of the Helvetii and their allies.

XXIX. In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt, litteris
Graecis confectae, et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in tabulis
nominatim ratio confecta erat, qul numerus domo exisset
eorum qul arma ferre possent, et item separatim quot puen,

xosenes, mulieresque. Quarura omnium rerum summa erat
capitum Helvetiorum mllium CCLXIII, Tulingorum milium
xxxvi, Latobrigorum xim, Rauracorum xxin, Boiorum
xxxri ; ex his, qui arma ferre possent ad milia nonaginta
duo. Summa omnium fuerunt ad milia CCCLXVIII. Eorum

15 qul domum redierunt censu habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, re-
pertus est numerus milium c et x.

THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS

The Gauls congratulate Caesar.

XXX. Bello Helvetiorum confecto totlus fere Galliae legati,
prmcipes civitatum, ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt :
'Intellegere sese, tametsi pro veteribus Helvetiorum iniurils

aopopuli Roman! ab his poenas bello repetisset, tamen earn
rem non minus ex usu Galliae quam populi Roman! accidisse,
propterea quod eo consilio florentissimis rebus domos suas
Helvetii reliquissent, ut! tot! Galliae bellum mferrent imperio-
que potirentur locumque domicilio ex magna copia deligerent

25 quern ex omn! Gallia opportunissimum ac fructuosissimum iudi-
cassent reliquasque civitates stipendiarias haberent.' Petierunt
ut! sibi concilium totius Galliae in diem certam indicere idque
Caesaris voluntate facere liceret : l Sese habere quasdam res
quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vellent.' Ea re per-

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 73

missa diem concilio constituerunt et iure iurando ne quis enun-
tiaret, nisi quibus commum consih'5 mandatum esset, inter se
sanxerunt.

Diviciacus asks Caesar's help against Ariovistus and the Germans.

XXXI. Eo concilio dimisso Idem prlncipes civitatum qui
ante fuerant ad Caesarem reverterunt, petieruntque uti sibi g
secreto de sua omniumque salute cum eo agere h'ceret. Ea
re impetrata sese omnes flentes Caesari ad pedes proiecerunt :
' Non minus se id contendere et laborare, ne ea quae dixissent
enuntiarentur, quam uti ea quae vellent impetrarent, propterea
quod si enuntiatum esset, summum in cruciatum se ventures 10
viderent.' Locutus est pro his Diviciacus Haeduus : ' Galliae
totms factiones esse duas ; harum alterius principatum tenere
Haeduos, alterius Arvernos. Hi cum tantopere de potentatu
inter se multos annos contenderent, factum esse uti ab Ar-
verms Sequamsque German! mercede arcesserentur. Horum 15
primo circiter mllia xv Rhenum transisse ; posteaquam agros
et cultum et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamas-
sent, traductos plurls ; nunc esse in Gallia ad c et xx milium
numerum. Cum his Haeduos eorumque clientls semel atque
iterum armis contendisse ; magnam calamitatem pulsos ac- 20
cepisse, omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem equi-
tatum amlsisse. Quibus proelils calamitatibusque fractos, qui
et sua virtute et populi Romam hospitio atque amicitia pluri-
mum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequams obsides
dare nobilissimos civitatis, et iure iurando civitatem obstringere 25
sese neque obsides repetlturos neque auxilium a populo Ro-
mano imploraturos neque recusaturos quominus perpetuo sub
illorum dicione atque imperio essent. Unum se esse ex omm
civitate Haeduorum qui adducT non potuerit ut iuraret aut

liberos suos obsides daret. Ob earn rem se ex civitate pro- 3 - .

L I
fugisse, et Romam ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum,

quod solus neque iure iurando neque obsidibus teneretur. Sed
peius victoribus Sequanis quam Haeduis victls accidisse, prop-

74 THE GALLIC WAR I

terea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum fmibus con-
sedisset tertiamque partem agri Sequam, qui esset optimus
totlus Galliae, occupavisset, et nunc de altera parte tertia
Sequanos decedere iuberet, propterea quod paucis raensibus
5 ante Harudum milia hominura xxmi ad eum venissent, quibus
locus ac sedes pararentur. Futurum esse paucis anms ut!
ornnes ex Galliae finibus pellerentur, atque omnes German!
Rhenum transirent ; neque enira conferendum esse Gallicum
cum Germanorum agro neque hanc consuetudinera vlctus

10 cum ilia comparandam. Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum
copias proelio vicerit, quod proelium factum sit ad Mageto-
brigam, superbe et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi
ciiiusque Hberos poscere, et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque
edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem eius facta

15 sit. Hominem esse barbarum, Iracundum, temerarium ; n5n
posse eius imperia diutius sustinen. Nisi quid in Caesare
populoque Romano sit auxili, omnibus Gallis idem esse facien-
dum quod Helvetii fecerint, ut domo emigrent, aliud domici-
lium, alias sedls remotas a Germanis petant, fortunarnque

20 quaecumque accidat experiantur. Haec si enuntiata Ario-
visto sint, non dubitare quin de omnibus obsidibus qm apud
eum sint gravissimum supplicium sumat. Caesarem vel aucto-
ritate sua atque exercitus vel recent! victoria vel nomine popul!
Roman! deterrere posse ne maior multitude Germanorum

25 Rhenum traducatur, Galliamque omnem ab Ariovist! iniuria
posse defendere.'

Caesar determines to aid the Gauls.

XXXII. Hac oratione ab Diviciaco habita omnes qu!
aderant magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt.
Animadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus Sequan5s nihil earum
3rerum facere quas ceteri facerent, sed tr!st!s capite demisso
terram intueri. Eius re! quae causa esset miratus ex ipsis
quaesiit. Nihil Sequan! respondere, sed in eadem tnstitia
tacit! permanere. Cum ab his saepius quaereret neque ullam

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 75

ommno vocem exprimere posset, idem Diviciacus Haeduus
respondit : ' Hoc esse miseriorem et graviorem fortunam Se-
quanorum quam reliquorum, quod soli ne in occulto quidem
queri neque auxilium implorare auderent, absentisque Ariovisti
crudelitatem, velut si coram adesset, horrerent, propterea quod 5
reliquis tarn en fugae facultas daretur, Sequams vero, quT intra
finis suos Ariovistura recepissent, quorum oppida omnia in po-
testate eius essent, omnes cruciatus essent perferendi.'

XXXIII. His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos verbls
conffrmavit pollicitusque est sibi earn rem curae futuram : 10
' Magnam se habere spem et beneficio' suo et auctoritate ad-
ductum Ariovistum finem iniurils facturum.' Hac oratione
habita concilium dimlsit. Et secundum ea multae res eum
hortabantur quare sibi earn rein cogitandam et suscipiendam
putaret, in primls quod Haeduos, fratres consanguineosque 15
saepenumer5 a senatu appellatos, in servitute atque in dicione
videbat Germanorum tenen, eorumque obsides esse apud
Ariovistum ac Sequanos intellegebat ; quod in tanto imperio
populi Roman! turpissimum sibi et rel publicae esse arbitra-
batur. Paulatirn autem Germanos consuescere Rhenum trans- 20
ire et in Galliam magnam eorum multitudinem venire populo
Romano periculosum videbat, neque sibi homines feros ac
barbaros temperaturos exlstimabat quin, cum omnem Galliam
occupavissent, ut ante Cimbri Teutonique fecissent, in provin-
ciam exirent atque inde in Italiam contenderent, praesertim 25
cum Sequanos a provincia nostra Rhodanus divideret ; quibus
rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat. Ipse autem
Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam adrogantiam sumpserat
ut ferendus non videretur.

He sends an embassy to Ariovistus, who returns an insolent reply.

XXXIV. Quam ob rem placuit el ut ad Ariovistum legates 30
mitteret, qui ab eo postularent uti aliquem locum medium
utrmsque conloquio deligeret : 'Velle sese de re publica et
summis utrmsque rebus cum eo agere.' El legationl Ariovistus

7 6 THE GALLIC WAR I

respondit : ' Si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum
venturum fuisse ; si quid ille se velit, ilium ad se venire opor-
tere. Praeterea se neque sine exercitu in eas partis Galliae
venire audere quas Caesar possideret neque exercitum sine
5 magno commeatu atque mollmento in uniim locum contrahere
posse. Sibi autem rairum videri quid in sua Gallia, quam bello
vicisset, aut Caesar! aut omnmo populo Romano negotl esset.'

A second embassy and a second reply.

XXXV. His responsis ad Caesarem relatls" iterum ad eum
Caesar legates cum his mandatis mittit : ' Quoniam tanto suo

zopopulique RomanI beneficio adfectus, cum in consulatu suo
rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus esset, hanc sibi populoque
Romano gratiam referret, ut in conloquium venire invitatus
gravaretur neque de communi re discendum sibi et cogncs-
cendum putaret, haec esse quae ab eo postularet : primum, ne

15 quam multitudinem hominum amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam
traduceret deinde, obsides quos haberet ab Haeduis redderet,
Sequanisque permitteret ut quos ill! haberent voluntate eius
reddere illls liceret neve Haeduos iniuria lacesseret neve his
sociisque eorum bellum Inferret. Si ita fecisset, sibi populoque

20 Romano perpetuam gratiam atque-amlcitiam cum eo futuram ;
si non impetraret, sese, quoniam M. Messala, M. Plsone con-
sulibus senatus censuisset utl quicumque Galliam provinciam
obtineret, quod commodo rei publicae facere posset, Haeduos
ceterosque amicos populi Romam defenderet, se Haeduorum

ssiniurias non neglecturum.'

XXXVI. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit : ' lus esse belli ut qui
vicissent iTs quos ylcissent quern ad modum vellent imperarent.
Item populum Romanum victis non ad alterius praescriptum,
sed ad suum arbitrium imperare consuesse. Si ipse populo

30 Romano non praescriberet quern ad modum suo iure uteretur,
non oportere se a populo Romano in suo iure impedirl. Hae-
duos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam temptassent et armis congress!
ac superati essent, stipendiaries esse factos. Magnam Caesarem

THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 77

iniuriam facere, quT suo adventu vectlgalia sibi deteriora faceret.
Haeduis se obsides redditurum non esse, neque his neque
eorum sociis iniuria bellura inlaturum, si in eo manerent quod
convenisset stlpendiumque quotannls penderent; si id non
fecissent, longe ils fraternum nomen populi Roman! afuturum. 5
Quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Haeduorum imurias non neg-
lecturum, neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse. Cum
vellet, congrederetur ; intellecturum quid invicti German!, exer-
citatissimi in armis, qui inter annos xim tectum non subissent,
virtute possent.'

10

The Gauls complain of new hardships. Caesar hastens to Vesontio.

XXXVII. Haec eodem tempore Caesar! mandata refere-
bantur et legatl ab Haeduis et a Treveris veniebant, Haedui
questum quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam transportati
essent, finis eorum popularentur ; sese ne obsidibus quidem
datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse ; Treveri autem, pagos 15

centum Sueborum ad ripas
Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum
transire conarentur ; his prae-
esse Nasuam et Cirnberium
fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar 20
vehementer commotus matii-
randum sibi exlstimavit, ne, si
nova manus Sueborum cum
veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese
coniunxisset, minus facile re- 25
sisti posset. Itaque re frumen-
taria quam celerrime potuit
comparata magms itineribus
ad Ariovistum contendit.

XXXVIII. Cum tridul viam processisset, nuntiatum est eiso
Ariovistum cum suls omnibus copiis ad occupandum Veson-
tionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequan5rum, contendere
tridulque viam a suls fmibus processisse. Id ne accideret

PLAN OF VESONTIO

78 THE GALLIC WAR I

magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimabat. Naraque
omnium rerum quae ad bellum usui erant summa erat in eo
oppido facultas, idemque natura loci sic muniebatur ut magnam
ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem, propterea quod flumen
5Dubis ut circino circumductum paene totum oppidum cingit,
reliquum spatium, quod est non amplins pedum sescentorum,
qua flumen intermittit, mons continet magna altitudine, ita ut
radices eius mentis ex utraque parte ripae fluminis contingant.
Hunc murus circumdatus arcem efficit et cum oppido coniungit.
10 Hue Caesar magnis nocturnis diurmsque itineribus contendit
occupatoque oppido ibi praesidium conlocat.

A panic seizes the soldiers.

XXXIX. Dura paucos dies ad Vesontionera rei frumentariae
commeatusque causa moratur, ex percontatione nostrorum
vocibusque Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingentl magnitudine

iscorporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione in
armis esse praedicaba'nt (saepenumero sese cum his congressos
ne vultum quidem atque aciem oculorum dicebant ferre
potuisse), tantus subito timor omnem exercitum occupavit ut
non mediocriter omnium mentis animosque perturbaret. Hie

20 primum ortus est a tribunls militum, praefectls, reliquisque qui
ex urbe amicitiae causa Caesarem secuti non magnum in re mili-
tari usum habebant ; quorum alius alia causa inlata, quam sibi
ad proficlscendum necessariam esse dlceret, petebat ut eius vo-
luntate discedere liceret; non nullipudore adducti, ut timoris sus-

25 picionem vitarent, remanebant. Hi neque vultum fingere neque
interdum lacrimas tenere poterant j abditi in tabernaculis aut
suum fatumquerebantur aut cum familiaribus suis commune peri-
culum miserabantur. Vulgo totis castris testamenta obsignaban-
tur. Horum vocibus ac timore paulatim etiam ii qui magnum in

30 castris usum habebant, milites centurionesque quique equitatui
praeerant, perturbabantur. Qui se ex his minus timidos ex-
Tstimari volebant, non se hostem vereri, sed angustias itineris et
magnitudinem silvarum quae intercederent inter ipsos atque

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 79

Ariovistum, aut rera frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari
posset, timere dicebant. Non null! etiam Caesar! nuntiabant,
cum castra mover! ac slgna fern iussisset, non fore dicto
audientls rmlites neque propter timorem signa laturos.

Caesar quiets their fears by a remarkable speech.

XL. Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio om- 5
niumque ordinum ad id consilium adhibitis centurionibus vehe-
menter eos incusavit : prlmum, quod aut quam in partem aut
quo consilio ducerentur sibi quaerendum aut cogitandum
putarent. ' Ariovistum se c5nsule cupidissime populi Romani
amicitiam appetisse ; cur hunc tarn temere quisquam ab officio 10
discessurum iudicaret? Sibi quidem persuader! cognitis suis
postulatls atque aequitate condici5num perspecta eum neque
suam neque populi Romam gratiam repudiaturnm. Quod
si furore atque amentia impulsus bellum intulisset, quid tan-
dem vererentur? Aut cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentiais
desperarent? Factum eius hostis periculum patrum nostrorum
memoria, cum Cimbrls et Teutoms a C. Mario pulsis non
minorem laudem exercitus quam ipse^ imperator meritus vide-
batur ; factum etiam nuper in Italia servlll tumultu, quos tamen
aliquid usus ac disciplina quam a nobis accepissent sublevarent. 2 o
Ex quo iudicari posse quantum haberet in se bom constantia,
propterea quod quos aliquamdiu inermis sine causa timuissent,
hos postea armatos ac victores superassent. Denique hos
esse eosdem Germanos quibuscum saepenumero Helvetii
congressl non solu.m in suis sed etiam in illorum finibus plerumq^ue 25
superarint ; qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitui non potuerint.
Si quos adversum proelium et fuga Gallorum commoveret, hos,
si quaererent, reperlre posse diuturnitate belli defatlgatls Gallis
Ariovistum, cum multos mensis castris se ac paludibus tenuisset
neque sui potestatem fecisset, desperantls iam de pugna et^o
disperses subito adortum magis ratione et consilio quam vir-
tute vicisse. Cui ration! contra homines barbaros atque
imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare nostros

8o THE GALLIC WAR I

exercitus capi posse. Qui suum timorem in rei frumentariae
simulationem angustiasque itineris conferrent, facere adrogan-
ter, cum aut die officio imperatoris desperare aut praescribere
viderentur. Haec sibi esse curae ; frumentum Sequanos,
5 Leucos, Lingones subministrare, iamque esse in agris frumen-
tamatura; de itinere ipsos brevi tempore Judicatures. Quod
non fore dicto audientes neque signa latuii dicantur, nihil
se ea re commoveri ; scire enim quibuscumque exercitus dicto
audiens non fuerit, aut male re gesta fortunam defuisse aut aliquo

lofacinore comperto avaritiam esse convictam. Suam inno-
centiam perpetua vita, felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse per-
spectam. Itaque se quod in longiorem diem conlaturus fuisset
repraesentaturum, et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra
moturum, ut quam primum intellegere posset utrum apud eos

15 pudor atque officium an timor plus valeret. Quod si praeterea
nemo sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de
qua non dubitaret, sibique earn praetoriam cohortem futuram.'
Huic legion! Caesar et indulserat praecipue et propter virtutem
confidebat maxime.

The army moves toward Ariovistus.

20 XLI. Hac oratione habita mirum in modum conversae snnt
omnium mentes, summaque alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendi
inlata est, princepsque decima legio per tribunes militurn el
gratias egit quod de se optimum iudicium fecisset, seque esse ad
bellum g;erendum paratissimam confirmavit. Deinde reliquae

25 legiones cum tribunls militum et primorum ordinum centurioni-
bus egerunt utT Caesar! satisfacerent : 'Se neque urnquam dubi-
tasse neque timuisse neque de sum ma belli suum iudicium, sed
imperatoris esse existimavisse.' Eorum satisfactione accepta
et itinere exquisite per Dlviciacum, quod ex Gallis el maximam

30 fidem habebat, ut milium amplius L circuitu locis apertls exerci-

turn duceret, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. Sep-
timo die, cum iter non intermitteret, ab exploratoribus certior fac-
tus est Ariovisti copias a nostris rnilia passuum mi et xx abesse.

I

THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 8 1

Negotiations between Caesar and Ariovistus.

XLII. Cognito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legates ad eum
mittit : ' Quod antea de conloquio postulasset, id per se fieri
licere, quoniara propius accessisset seque id sine periculo
facere posse existimaret.' Non respuit condicionem Caesar,

iamque eum ad sanitatem 5
revertl arbitrabatur, cum id
quod antea petentl denegas-
set ultro polliceretur ; mag-
namque in spem veniebat pro
suls tantls populique Roman! 10
in eum beneficils, cognitls suls
postulatis, fore uti pertinacia
desisteret. Dies conloquio
dictus est ex eo die qumtus.
Interim saepe cum Iegatii5
ultro citroque inter eos mit-
terentur, Ariovistus postulavit
ne quern peditem ad conlo-
quium Caesar adduceret :
' Vereri se ne per insidias ab 20
eo circumveniretur ; uterque
cum equitatu vemret; alia
ratione sese non esse ven-
turum.' Caesar quod neque
conloquium interposita causa 25
toll! volebat neque salutem
suam Gallorum equitatui com-
mittere audebat, commodissi-
mum esse statuit omnibus
equis Gallis equitibus detractis 30
eo legionaries milites legionis decimae, cui quam maxime con-
fidebat, imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si quid
opus facto esset, haberet. Quod cum fieret, non inridicule
quidam ex militibus decimae legionis dixit plus quam pollicitus

A ROMAN LEGIONARY

(From a gravestone)

8o THE GALLIC WAR 1

exercitus capT posse. QuI suura timorem in rei frumentariae
simulationem angustiasque itineris conferrent, facere adrogan-
ter, cum aut de officio imperatoris desperare aut praescrlbere
viderentur. Haec sibi esse curae ; frumentum Sequanos,
5 Leucos, Lingones subministrare, iamque esse in agiis frumen-
ta matiira ; de itinere ipsos brevi tempore judicatures. Quod
non fore dicto audientes neque slgna laturi dlcantur, nihil
se ea re commoveri ; scire enim quibuscumque exercitus dicto
audiens non fuerit, aut male re gesta fortunnm defuisse aut aliquo

icfacinore comperto avaritiam esse convictam. Suam inno-
centiam perpetua vita, felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse per-
spectam. Itaque se quod in longiorem diem conlaturus fuisset
repraesentatiirum, et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra
moturum, ut quam prlmum intellegere posset ntrum apud eos

15 pudor atque officium an timor |5]us valeret. Quod si praeterea
nemo sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de
qua non dubitaret, sibique earn praetoriam cohortem futiiram.'
Huic legion! Caesar et indulserat praecipue et propter virtutem
confldebat maxime.

The army moves toward Ariovistus.

20 XLI. Hac oratione habita mlrum in modum conversae sunt
omnium mentes, summaque alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendi
inlata est, princepsque decima legio per tribunos mlliturn el
gratias egit quod de se optimum indicium fecisset, seque esse ad
bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavit. Deinde reliquae

aslegiones cum tribiinls militum et primorum ordinum centurioni-
bus egerunt uti Caesar! satisfacerent : 'Se neque umquam dubi-
tasse neque timuisse neque de summa belli suum iudicium, sed
imperatoris esse existimavisse.' Eorum satisfactione accepta
et itinere exquislto per Diviciacum, quod ex Gallis el maximam

3 fidem habebat, ut milium amplius L circuitu locis apertls exerci-
tum duceret, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. Sep-
timo die, cum iter non intermitteret,ab exploratoribus certior fac-
tus est Ariovisti copias a nostris milia passuum mi et xx abesse.

I

THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 8 1

Negotiations between Caesar and Ariovistus.

XLII. Cognito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legates ad eum
mittit : ' Quod antea de conloquio postulasset, id per se fieri
licere, quoniam propius accessisset seque id sine perlculo
facere posse existimaret.' Non respuit condicionem Caesar,

iamque eum ad sanitatem 5
revert! arbitrabatur, cum id
quod antea patent! denegas-
set ultro polliceretur ; mag-
namque in spem veniebat pro
sms tantis populique Roman! 10
in eum beneficiis, cognitis su!s
postulat!s, fore ut! pertinacia
desisteret. Dies conloquio
dictus est ex eo die qumtus.
Interim saepe cum legat! 15
ultro citroque inter eos mit-
terentur, Ariovistus postulavit
ne quern peditem ad conlo-
quium Caesar adduceret :
' Vereri se ne per msidias ab 20
eo circumveniretur ; uterque
cum equitatu vemret j alia
ration e sese non esse ven-
turum.' Caesar quod neque
conloquium interposita causa 25
toll! volebat neque salutem
suam Gallorum equitatu! com-
mittere audebat, commodissi-
mum esse statuit omnibus
eqms Gallis equitibus detracts 30
eo legionarios milites legionis decimae, cui quam maxima con-
fidebat, imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si quid
opus facto esset, haberet. Quod cum fieret, non inridicule
quidam ex militibus decimae legionis dixit plus quam pollicitus

A ROMAN LKCIIONAKY
(From a gravestone)

82 THE GALLIC WAR I

esset Caesarem facere ; pollicitum se in cohortis praetoriae
loco decimam legionem habiturum ad equum rescrlbere.

A conference is held, in which Caesar makes demands of Ariovistus.

XLIII. Planities erat magna et in ea tumulus terrenus satis
grandis. Hie locus aequum fere spatium a castrls Ariovistl et

5 Caesaris aberat. Eo, ut erat dictum, ad conloquium venerunt.
Legionem Caesar quam equis devexerat passibus ducentis ab
eo tumulo constituit. Item equites Ariovistl pan intervallo
constiterunt. Ariovistus ex equis ut conloquerentur et praeter
se denos ad conloquium adducerent postulavit. Ubi eo ven-

10 turn est, Caesar initio orationis sua senatusque in eum beneficia
commemoravit, quod rex appellatus esset a senatu, quod
amlcus, quod munera amplissima missa; quam rem et paucis
contigisse et pro magnis hominum officiis consuesse tribui do-
cebat; ilium, cum neque aditum neque causam postulandi

15 iustam haberet, beneficio ac liBeralitate sua ac senatus ea prae-
mia consecutum. Docebat etiam quam veteres quamque
iustae causae necessitudinis ipsis cum Haeduls intercederent ;
quae senatus consulta, quotiens, quamque honorifica in eos facta
essent ; ut omnl tempore totius, Galliae principatum HaeduT

20 tenuissent, prius etiam quam nostram amlcitiam appetissent.
'Populi Roman! hanc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque
amicos non modo sui nihil deperdere sed gratia, digmtate,
honore auctiores vellet esse; quod vero ad amlcitiam popull
Roman! attulissent, id iis eripl quis pati posset ? ' Postulavit

25 deinde eadem quae legatis in mandatis dederat : ne aut
HaeduTs aut edrum sociis bellum inferret, obsides redderet : si
nullam partem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at ne
quos amplius Rhenum transire pateretur.

Ariovistus rejects Caesar's demands and makes others in his turn, which

Caesar rejects.

XLIV. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, de
3 o suis virtutibus multa praedicavit : ' Transisse Rhenum sese non

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 8j

t

sua sponte, sed rogatum et arcessltum a Gallls ; non sine
magna spe magnlsque praemiis domum propinquosque rell-
quisse; sedls habere in Gallia ab ipsls concessas, obsides
ipsorum voluntate dates ; stlpendium capere iure belli, quod
victores victls imponere consuerinU Non sese Gallls, sed 5
Gallos sibi bellum intulisse ; omuls Galliae crvitates ad se op-
pugnandum venisse ac contra se castra habuisse ; eas omms
copias a se uno proelio pulsas ac superatas esse. Si iterum ex-
perm velint, se iterum paratum esse decertare ; si pace utl
velint, iniquum esse de stipendio recusare, quod sua voluntate 10
ad id tempus pependerint.

' Amicitiam popull Roman! sibi ornamento et praesidio, non
detrimento esse oportere, atque se hac spe petlsse. Si per
populum Romanum stlpendium remittatur et deditlcil subtra-
hantur, non minus libenter sese recusaturum popull Roman! 15
amicitiam quam appetierit. Quod multitudinem Germanorum
in Galliam traducat, id se sui munieridl, non Galliae oppug-
nandae causa facere ; eius re! testimonium esse quod nisi
rogatus non venerit, et quod bellum non intulerit, sed defen-
derit. 20

' Se prius in Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum.
Numquam ante hoc tempus exercitum popull Roman! Galliae
provinciae fmibus egressum. Quid sibi vellet? Cur in suas
possessiones vemret ? Provinciam suam hanc esse Galliam,/
sicut illam nostram. Ut ips! conced! non oporteret, s! in nostros 25
finis impetum faceret, sic item nos esse imquos, quod in suo
iure se interpellaremus. Quod fratres a senatu Haeduos appel-
latos diceret, non se tarn barbarum neque tain imperitum esse
rerum ut non sclret neque bello Allobrogum proxim5 Haeduos
Romams auxilium tulisse neque ipsos in his contentionibus 30
quas Haedui secum et cum Sequanls habuissent auxilio popull
Roman! usos esse. Debere se suspicar! simulata Caesarem
amicitia, quern exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimend!
causa habere. Qu! nisi decedat atque exercitum deducat ex
h!s regionibus, sese ilium non pro am!co, sed pro hoste 35

84 THE GALLIC WAR I

habiturum. Quod si eum interfecerit, multis sese nobilibus
prmcipibusque populi Roman! gratum esse facturum (id se
ab ipsis per eorum nuntios compertum habere), quorum
omnium gratiam atque ainicitiam eius morte redimere posset.

5 Quod si decessisset et liberam possessionem Galliae sibi tradi-
disset, magno se ilium praemio remuneraturum, et quaecumque
bella gerl vellet sine ullo eius labore et periculo confec-
turum.'

XLV. Multa a Caesare in earn sententiam dicta sunt, quare

ronegotio desistere non posset: 'Neque suam neque populi
Roman! consuetudinem pat! uti optime meritos socios desereret,
neque se iudicare Galliam potius esse Ariovistl quam popul!
Roman!. Bello superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos a Q.
Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset neque in

15 provinciam redegisset neque stipendium imposuisset. Quod si
ant!quissimum quodque tempus spectar! oporteret, populi Ro-
man! iustissimum esse in Gallia imperium ; si iudicium senatus
observar! oporteret, liberam debere esse Galliam, quam bello
victam sms legibus uti voluisset.'

The conference is broken off by signs of bad faith on the part of the

Germans.

20 XLVI. Dum haec in conloquio genmtur, Caesar! nuntiatum
est equites Ariovistl propius tumulum accedere et ad nostros
adequitare, lapides telaque in nostros conicere. Caesar lo-
quend! fmem fecit seque ad suos recepit, suisque imperavit ne
quod ommno telum in hostis reicerent. Nam ets! sine ullo

25 periculo legionis delectae cum equitatu proelium fore videbat,
tamen committendum non putabat ut pulsis hostibus die! posset
eos ab se per fidem in conloquio circumventos. Posteaquam
in vulgus mllitum elatum est qua adrogantia in conloquio Ario-
vistus usus omn! Gallia Romanis interdixisset, impetumque ut

30 in nostros eius equites fecissent, eaque res conloquium dire-
misset, multo maior alacritas studiumque pugnand! maius exer-
citu! iniectum est.

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 85

Ariovistus wishes to renew negotiations, but casts into chains envoys

whom Caesar sends.

XLVII. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legates misit :
' Velle se de iis rebus quae inter eos agl coeptae neque perfectae
essent agere cum eo ; uti aut iterum conloquio diem constitueret
aut, si id minus vellet, ex suis legatls aliquem ad se mitteret.'
Conloquend! Caesar! causa visa non est, et eo magis quod 5
pridie eius diel German! retineri non potuerant qum tela in
nostros conicerent. Legatum ex suis sese magno cum periculo
ad eum missurum et hominibus fens obiecturum existimabat.
Commodissimum vlsum est C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valeri
Cabuii filium, summa virtute et humanitate adulescentem, cuius 10
pater a C. Valerio Flacc5 civitate donatus erat, et propter jfidem
et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, qua multa iam Ariovistus
longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et quod in eo peccandi Ger-
manis causa non esset, ad eum mittere, et una M. Metium, qul
hospitio Ariovisti utebatur. His mandavit ut quae diceret 15
Ariovistus cognoscerent et ad se referrent. Qu5s cum apud se
in castrls Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu suo praesente concla-
mavit : ' Quid ad se venlrent ? An speculandl causa ? ' Conantis
dicere prohibuit et in catenas coniecit.

Caesar tries in vain to induce Ariovistus to fight.

XLVIII. Eodem die castra promovit et milibus passuum sex 20
a Caesaris castrls sub monte consedit. Postridie eius diel
praeter castra Caesaris suas copias traduxit et milibus passuum
duobus ultra eum castra fecit eo consilio, uti frumento com-
meatuque, qui ex Sequanis et Haeduls supportaretur, Caesarem
intercluderet. Ex eo die dies continues quinque Caesar pro 25
castrls suas copias produxit et aciem Instructam habuit, ut si
vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, el potestas non deesset.
Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris continuit, eques-
trl proelio cottidie contendit. Genus hoc erat pugnae quo se
German! exercuerant. Equitum milia erant sex, totidem numero 30
pedites velocissimi ac fortissiml, quos ex omn! copia singuli

86 THE GALLIC WAR I

singulos suae salutis causa delegerant; cum his in proeliis
versabantur, ad eos se equites recipiebant. Hi, si quid erat
diirius, concurrebant ; si qui graviore vulnere accepto equo
deciderat, circumsistebant ; si quo erat longius prodeundum

5 aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat horum exercitatione cele-
ritas ut iubis sublevati equorum cursum adaequarent.

XLIX. Ubi earn castris se tenure Caesar intellexit, ne diutius
commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum quo in loco German!
consederant circiter passus sescentos ab his castrls idoneum

10 locum delegit, acieque triplici mstructa ad earn locum venit.
Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munlre
iussit Hie locus ab hoste circiter passus sescentos, uti dictum
est, aberat. Eo circiter hominum xvi milia expedita cum
omm equitatu Ariovistus misit, quae copiae nostros terrerent

15 et munitione prohiberent. Nihilo setius Caesar, ut ante con-
stituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere
iussit Munitis castris duas ibi legiones rellquit et partem
auxiliorum, quattuor reliquas in castra maiora reduxit.

Fighting at last begins.

L. Proximo die institute suo Caesar ex castris utrisque
aocopias suas eduxit, paulumque a maioribus castris progressus
aciem Tnstruxit hostibusque pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi
ne turn quidem eos prodfre intellexit, circiter meridie exercitum
in castra reduxit. Turn demum Ariovistus partem suarum co-
piarum, quae castra minora oppugnaret, misit. Acriter utrim-
25 que usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Solis occasu suas co-
pias Ariovistus multis et inlatis et acceptls vulneribus in castra
reduxit. Cum ex captivis quaereret Caesar quam ob rem
Ariovistus proelio non decertaret, hanc reperiebat causam, quod
apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset, ut matres familiae eorum
sosortibus et vaticinationibus declararent utrum proelium com-
mitti ex usu esset necne eas ita dicere : ' Non esse fas Ger-
manos superare si ante novam lunam proelio contendis-
sent.' .

[ ll/Caesar's
I _ll ' arger cam P

Cra\ssus with the cavalry

THE DEFEAT OF ARIOV1STUS

87-

86 THE GALLIC WAR I

singulos suae salutis causa delegerant; cum his in proelils
versabantur, ad eos se equites recipiebant. Hi, si quid erat
durius, concurrebant ; si qui graviore vulnere accepto equ5
deciderat, circumsistebant ; si quo erat longius prodeundum
5 aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat horum exercitatione cele-
ritas ut iubls sublevatl equorum cursum adaequarent.

XLIX. Ubi enm castris se teriere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius
commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum quo in loco German!
consederant circiter passus sescentos ab his castris idoneum

10 locum delegit, acieque triplicl mstructa ad eum locum venit.
Primara et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munlre
iussit. Hie locus ab hoste circiter passus sescentos, uti dictum
est, aberat. Eo circiter hominum xvi mllia expedlta cum
omm equitatu Ariovistus mlsit, quae copiae nostros terrerent

15 et munitione prohiberent. Nihilo setius Caesar, ut ante con-
stituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere
iussit. Munitis castris duas ibi legiones rellquit et partem
auxiliorum, quattuor reliquas in castra maiora reduxit.

Fighting at last begins.

L. Proximo die Institute suo Caesar ex castris utrisque
zocopias suas eduxit, paulumque a maioribus castris progressus
aciem Instruxit hostibusque pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi
ne turn quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridie exercitum
in castra reduxit. Turn demum Ariovistus partem suarum co-
piarum, quae castra minora oppugnaret, mlsit. Acriter utrim-
25 que usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Solis occasu suas co-
pias Ariovistus multis et inlatis et acceptls vulneribus in castra
reduxit. Cum ex captlvis quaereret Caesar quam ob rein
Ariovistus proelio non decertaret, hanc reperiebat causam, quod
apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset, ut matres familiae eorum
sosortibus et vaticinationibus declararent utrum proelium com-
mittl ex usu esset necne ; eas ita dicere : ' Non esse fas Ger-
manos superare si ante novam lunam proelio contendis-
sent.'

First camp

of
Ariovistus

I li /Caesar's
. v( larger camp

Second \ O
camp

of
Ariovistus

smaller camp|l I

Cra\ssus with the cavalry

THE DEFEAT OF AKIOVTSTUS

8 7 -

THE GALLIC WAR

A decisive battle. The Germans are defeated, and those who survive
the battle flee across the Rhine.

LI. Postridie eius die! Caesar praesidio utrisque castris quod
satis esse visum est rellquit, alarios omms in conspectu hostium
pro castris minoribus constituit, quod minus multituciine mili-
tum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut ad speciem

5 alarils uteretur ; ipse triplicl instructa acie usque ad castra hos-
tium accessit. Turn demum necessari5 German! suas copias
castris eduxerunt generatimque constituerunt paribus interval-
Hs, Harudes, Marcomannos, Tribocos, Vangiones, Nemetes,
Sedusios, Suebos, omnemque aciem suam raedis et earns cir-

10 cumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres
imposuerunt, quae ad proelium proficiscentls milites passls
manibus flentes implorabant ne se in servitutem Romanis
traderent.

LII. Caesar singulls legionibus singulos legates et quaestorem

15 praef ecit, uti eos testis suae quisque virtutis haberet ; ipse a
dextro cornu, quod earn partem minime firmam hostium esse
animadverterat, proelium commlsit. Et ita nostri acriter in
hostls slgno dato impetum fecerunt, itaque hostes repente ce-
leriterque procurrerimt ut spatium pila in hostls coniciendi non

2odaretur. Reiectis pills comrainus gladils pugnatum est. At
GermanI celeriter ex consuetudine sua phalange facta impetus
gladiorum exceperunt. Reperti sunt complures nostri qul in
phalangem Insillrent et scuta manibus revellerent et desuper
vulnerarent. Cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque

25 in fugam coniecta esset x a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine
suorum nostram aciem premebant. Id cum animadvertisset P.
Crassus adulescens, qul equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat
quam ii qul inter aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem laborantibus
nostris subsidio mlsit.

30 LIII. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque oinnes hostes terga
verterunt, nee prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen Rhenum
mllia passuum ex eo loco circiter qulnque pervenerunt. Ibi
perpaucl aut vlribus conflsl tranare contenderunt aut lintribus

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 89

inventls sibi salutem reppererunt. In his fuit Ariovistus, qui
naviculam deligatam ad ripam nactus ea profugit ; reliquos
omms consecutl equites nostrl interfecerunt. Duae fuerimt
Ariovisti uxores, una Sueba natione, quam domo secum duxerat,
altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia duxerat a 5
fratre missam ; utraque in ea fuga periit. Duae flliae ; harum
altera occisa, altera capta est. C. Valerius Procillus, cum a
custodibus in fuga trims catenls vinctus traheretur, in ipsum
Caesarem hostls equitatu Insequentem incidit. Quae quid em
res Caesar! non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem attulit, 10
quod hominem honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum fami-
liarem et hospitem, ereptum ex manibus hostium sibi restitutum
videbat, neque eius calamitate de tanta voluptate et gratula-
tione quicquam fortuna deminuerat. Is se praesente de se ter
sortibus consultum dicebat, utrum Tgni statim necaretur an in 15
aliud tempus reservaretur ; sortium beneficio se esse incolumem.
Item M. Metius repertus et ad eum reductus est.

Caesar, after placing the army in winter quarters, departs for

Hither Gaul.

LIV. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato Suebl, qui ad
ripas RhenI venerant, domum revert! coeperunt; quos Ubii,
qui proxim! Rhenum incolunt, perterritos senserunt j msecut! 20
magnum ex i!s numerum occlderunt. Caesar una aestate
duobus maximis bellis confectls maturius paulo quam tempus
anni postulabat in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit ; -
hibernis Labienum praeposuit ; ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad
conventus agendos profectus est. 25

BOOK II

THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE

The Belgae conspire.

I. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia, ita uti supra demon-
stravimus, crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur litterlsque item
Labiem certior fiebat omms Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae
partem dlxeramus, contra popuhmi Romanum coniurare ob-
5 sidesque inter se dare. Coniurandi has esse causas : primum,
quod vererentur ne omnl pacata Gallia ad eos exercitus noster
adduceretur ; deinde, quod ab non nullis Gallis sollicitarentur,
partim qul, ut Germanos diiitius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita
populi Roman! exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia
icmoleste ferebant, partim qul mobilitate et levitate animl novls
imperils studebant ; ab non nullis etiam quod in Gallia a poten-
tioribus atque Ms qul ad conducendos homines facultates habe-
bant vulgo regna occupabantur, qul minus facile earn rem
imperio nostro consequl poterant.

Caesar with his army hastens towards them. The Remi join him.

15 II. His nuntifs litterlsque commotus Caesar duas legiones
in citeriore Gallia novas conscrlpsit, et inita aestate in ulteriorem
Galliam qul deduceret, Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum
primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Dat
negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis quT finitiml BelgTs erant

20 uti ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant seque de his rebus
certiorem faciant. HI constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus
cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Turn vero dubitandum
non existimavit quin ad eos proficlsceretur. Re frumentaria
provisa castra movet diebusque circiter xv ad finis Belgarum

25 pervenit.

90

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 9 1

III. Eo cum de improvise celeriusque omnium oplnione
venisset, RemI, qui proximl Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum
legates Icciura et Andebrogium, primos civitatis, mlserunt, qui
dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi
Roman! per mittere ; neque se cum reliquis Belgis consensisse 5
neque contra populum Romanum coniurasse, paratosque esse
et obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidls recipere et fru-
mento ceterlsque rebus iuvare ; reliquos omnls Belgas in armis
esse, German5sque qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum his con-
iunxisse ; tantumque esse eorum omnium furorem ut ne Sues- 10
siones quidem, fratres consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure
et isdem legibus utantur, unum imperium unumque magistratum
cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint quin cum his consentirent.

The strength of the Belgae.

IV. Cum ab iis quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in armis
essent et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat : ' Plerosque Belgas 15
esse ortos a Germanis, Rhenumque antlquitus traductos propter
loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse, Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent
expulisse, solosque esse qui patrum nostrorum memoria omni
Gallia vexata Teutonos Cimbrosque intra suos finis ingredl pro-
hibuerint ; qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria magnam 20
sibi auctoritatem magnosque splritus in re mllitarl sumerent.'
De numero eorum omnia se habere explorata RemI dlcebant,
propterea quod propinquitatibus adflnitatibusque coniunctl
quantam quisque multitudinem in communl Belgarum concilio
ad id bellum pollicitus sit cognoverint. Plurimum inter 60525
Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valere ;
hos posse conficere armata milia centum, pollicitds ex eo
numero electa milia LX, totlusque belli imperium sibi postulare.
Suessiones suos esse flnitimos ; finis latissimos feracissimosque
agros possidere. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria 30
Dlviciacum, totlus Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae
partis harum regionum, turn etiam Britanniae imperium obti-
nuerit; nunc esse regem Galbam ; ad hunc propter iustitiam

92 THE GALLIC WAR II

prudentiamque summam totius belli omnium voluntate deferri.
Oppida habere numero xn, pollicerl milia armata L ; totidem
Nervios, qui maxima feri inter ipsos habeantur longissimeque
absint ; xv milia Atrebatls, Arnbianos x milia, Morinos xxv
5 milia, Menapios vn milia, Caletos x milia, Veliocassls et Viro-
manduos totidem, Atuatucos xvim milia ; Condrusos, Ebu-
rones, Caeroesos, Caemanos, qui uno nomine German!
appellantur, arbitrarl ad XL milia.

Caesar sends a force of Haedui to threaten the Bellovaci; he himself

crosses the Axona.

V. Caesar Remos cohortatus llberaliterque oratione pro-
10 secutus omnem senatum ad se convemre prmcipumque liberos

obsides ad se adducl iussit. Quae omnia ab his diligenter ad
diem facta sunt. Ipse Diviciacum Haeduum magnopere co-
hortatus docet quantopere rel publicae communisque salutis
intersit manus hostium distinerl, ne cum tanta multitudine uno

15 tempore confligendum sit. ' Id fieri posse, si suas copias Haedui
in finis Bellovacorum introduxerint et eorurn agros popularl coe-
perint.' His datls mandatis eum a se dimittit. Postquam
omnls Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire
vldit, neque iam longe abesse ab ils quos miserat exploratoribus

20 et ab Remls cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod est in extremis
Remorum fmibus, exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi
castra posuit. Quae res et latus unum castrorum ripls fluminis
muniebat et post eum quae erant tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et
commeatus ab Remls reliqulsque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad

25 eum portari possent efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi
praesidiumponitetinalteraparte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabmum
legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit ; castra in altitudinem
pedum duodecim vallo fossaque duodevigintipedummunmiubet.

He relieves Bibrax, a town of the Remi.

VI. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat
30 milia passuum octo. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae

II

THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE

93

oppugnare coeperunt.
Aegre eo die sustentatum
est. Gallorum eadem
atque Belgarum oppug-
natio est haec : ubi cir- 5
cumiecta multitudine
hominum toils moenibus
undique in murum lapides
iaci coepti sunt murusque
def ensoribus nudatusio
est, testudine facta suc-
cedunt miirumque sub-
ruunt. Quod turn facile
fiebat. Nam cum tanta
multitude lapides ac telais
conicerent, in muro con-
sistendi potestas erat nulli.
Cum fmem oppugnandi
nox fecisset, Iccius
Remus, sum ma nobilitate 20
et gratia inter suos, qui
TESTUDO tum oppido praeerat,

unus ex ils qui legatl de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nun-
tios ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese
diutius sustinere non posse. 25

VII. E6 de media nocte Caesar isdem duci-
bus usus qui nuntil ab Iccio venerant Numidas
et Cretes sagittarios et funditores Balearis subsi-
dio oppidams mittit ; quorum adventii et Remis
cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi ac-so
cessit et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi
oppidi discessit. Itaque paulisperapud oppidum
morati agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus
vlcis aedificiisque quo adire potuerant incensis,
SAGITTARIUS ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderuntss

92 THE GALLIC WAR II

prudentiamque summam totius belli omnium voluntate deferrl.
Oppida habere numero xn, pollicen milia armata L ; totidem
Nervios, qui maxime fen inter ipso.s habeantur longissimeque
absint ; xv milia Atrebatls, Ambianos x milia, Morinos xxv
5 milia, Menapios vn milia, Caletos x milia, Veliocassls et Viro-
manduos totidem, Atuatuco.s xvim milia ; Condrusos, Ebu-
rones, Caeroesos, Caemanos, qui uno nomine German!
appellantur, arbitrarl ad XL milia.

Caesar sends a force of Haedui to threaten the Bellovaci ; he himself

crosses the Axona.

V. Caesar Remos cohortatus llberaliterqne oratione pro-
iosecutus omnem senatum ad se convenire principmnque libero.s

obsides ad se addiici iussit. Quae omnia ab his diligenter ad
diem facta sunt. Ipse Diviciacum Haeduum magnopere co-
hortatus docet quantopere re! publicae commiinisque salutis
intersit manus hostium distinen, ne cum tanta multitudine lino

15 tempore confligendum sit. ' Id fien posse, si suas copias Haedui
in finis Bellovacorum introduxerint et eorum ngros popular! coe-
perint.' His datls mandatls eum a se dlmittit. Postquam
omnls Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire
vldit, neque iam longe abesse ab ils quos miserat exploratoribus

20 et ab Remls cognovit, fliimen Axonam, quod est in extremis
Remorum flnibus, exercitum tradiicere matiiravit atque ibi
castra posuit. Quae res et latus unum castrorum rlpls fliiminis
muniebat et post eum quae erant tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et
commeatus ab Remls relicjulsque civitatibus tit sine perlculo ad

25 eum portaii possent efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi
praesidium ponit etin altera parte fluminis Q. Titiirium Sablnum
legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit ; castra in altitiidinem
pedum duodecim vallo fossaque duodevlgintlpedummunlrliubet.

He relieves Bibrax, a town of the Remi.

VI. Ab his castrls oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat
30 milia passuum octo. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae

II

THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE

93

oppugnare coeperunt.
Aegre eo die sustentatum
est. Gallorum eadem
atque Belgarum oppug-
natio est haec : ubi cir- 5
cumiecta multitiidine
hominum tolls moenibus
'I undique in miirum lapides
iaci coeptlsunt murusque
def ensoribus n u d a t u s 10
est, testudine facta suc-
cedunt murumque sub-
ruunt. Quod turn focile
fiebat. Nam cum tanta
multitudo lapides ac tela 15
conicerent, in miiro con-
sistendT potestas erat niilli.
Cum finem oppugnandl
nox fecisset, Iccius
Remus, summa nobilitate 20
et gratia inter suos, qul
turn oppido praeerat,
unus ex ifs qul legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, niin-
tios ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese
diutius sustinere non posse. 25

VII. Eo de media nocte Caesar Isdem duci-
bus usus qul nuntii ab Iccio venerant Numidas
et Cretes sagittarios et funditores Baleans subsi-
dio oppidanls mittit ; quorum adventu et Remis
cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi ac-so
cessit et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundl
oppidT discessit. Itaque paulisper apud oppidum
moratl agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus
vicis aedificiisque quo adire potuerant incensls,
SAGITTARIUS a d castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderuntss

TESTUDO

94 THE GALLIC WAR II

et a milibus passuum minus duobus castra posueruntj quae
castra, lit fumo atque Ignibus slgnificabatur, amplius milibus
passuum octo in latitudinem patebant.

Description of Caesar's camp on the Axona.

VIII. Caesar primo et propter multitudinetn hostium et
5 propter eximiam opmionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit ;

cottldie tamen equestribus proeliis quid hostis virtute posset et
quid nostri auderent periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse
mferiores intellexit, loco pro castris ad aciem Instruendam
natura opportune atque idoneo, quod is coin's ubi castra posita

xoerant paululum ex planitie editus tantum adversus in latitudi-
nem patebat quantum loci acies Instructa occupare poterat,
atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in fronte
leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat, ab utroque
latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum

15 quadringentorum, et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique
tormenta conlocavit, ne cum aciem. instruxisset, hostes, quod
tantum multitudine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantis suos cir-
cumvenire possent. Hoc facto duabus legionibus quas proxime
conscripserat in castris relictls, ut si quo opus esset, subsidio

20 duel possent, reliquas sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit.
Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas Instruxerunt.

A battle, in which the Belgae are defeated with much loss.

IX. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium ex-
ercitum. Hanc si nostri transirent hostes exspectabant ; nostri
autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, ut impeditos adgre-

25 derentur parati in armls erant. Interim proelio equestri inter
duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri transeundi initium fa-
ciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos in castra
reduxit. Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam con-
tenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est.

3olbi vadls repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati
sunt eo consilio, ut, si possent, castellum cui praeerat Q. Titu-

II

THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE

95

rius legatus expugnarent pontemque interscinderent ; si minus
potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usul
ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent.

THE BATTLE ON THE AXONA

X. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et
levis armaturae Numidas, funditores sagittariosque ponte tra- 5
ducit atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum
est. HostTs impeditos nostri in flumine adgressi magnum
eorum numerum occiderunt ; per eorum corpora reliquos au-
dacissime transire conantis multitudine telorum reppulerunt,
primosque, qui transierant, equitatii circumventos interfecerunt. 10
Hostes ubi et de expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo
spem se fefellisse intellexerunt, neque nostros in locum inl-
quiorem progredi pugnandi causa vlderunt, atque ipsos res
frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato constituerunt
optimum esse domum suam quemque revert!, et quorum in 15
finis primum Roman! exercitum introduxissent, ad eos de-
fendendos undique convenient, ut.potius in suis quam in aliems
finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rel frumentariae ute-

94 THE GALLIC WAR II

et a mllibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt-j quae
castra, ut fumo atque Ignibus slgnificabatur, amplius milibus
passuum octo in latitudinem patebant.

Description of Caesar's camp on the Axona.

VIII. Caesar prlmo et propter multitudinem hostium et
5 propter eximiam opmionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit ;

cottidie tamen equestribus proeliis quid hostis virtute posset et
quid nostri auderent penclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse
mferiores intellexit, loco pro castrls ad aciem Instruendam
natura opportune atque idoneo, quod is collis ubi castra posita

joerant paululum ex planitie editus tan turn adversus in latitudi-
nem patebat quantum loci acies Instructa occupare poterat,
atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in fronte
leniter fastlgatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat, ab utroque
latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum

15 quadringentorum, et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique
tormenta conlocavit, ne cum aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod
tantum multitudine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantis suos cir-
cumvemre possent. Hoc facto duabus legionibus quas proxime
conscripserat in castrls relictls, ut si quo opus esset, subsidio

20 duel possent, reliquas sex legiones pro castrfs in acie constituit.
Hostes item suas copias ex castrls eductas instruxerunt.

A battle, in which the Belgae are defeated with much loss.

IX. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium ex-
ercitum. Hanc si nostri translrent hostes exspectabant nostri
autem, si ab illls initium transeundi fieret, ut impedltos adgre-

25 derentur paratl in armls erant. Interim proelio equestii inter
duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri transeundi initium fa-
ciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostrls Caesar suos in castra
reduxit. Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flu men Axonam con-
tenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est.

3 o Ibi vadis repertls parte m suarum copiarum traducere conati
sunt eo consilio, ut ; si possent, castellum cui praeerat Q. Titu-

II

THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE

95

rius legatus expugnarent pontemque interscinderent ; si minus
potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usul
ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent.

THE BATTLE ON THE AXONA

X. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et
levis armaturae Numidas, funditores sagittariosque ponte tra- 5
ducit atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in e5 loco pugnatum
est. Hostls impedltos nostrl in flumine adgressl magnum
eorum numerum occlderunt ; per eorum corpora reliquos au-
dacissime transire conantis multitudine telorum reppulerunt,
primosque, qui transierant, equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. 10
Hostes ubi et de expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo
spem se fefellisse intellexerunt, neque nostros in locum ini-
quiorem progredi pugnandl causa vlderunt, atque ipsos res
frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato constituerunt
optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti, et quorum in 15
finis primum Rom am exercitum introduxissent, ad eos cle-
fendendos undique convenient, ut.potins in suis quam in aliems
finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae ute-

96 THE GALLIC WAR II

rentur. Ad earn sententiam cum reliquis causls haec quoque
ratio eos deduxit, quod Dlviciacum atque Haeduos fmibus
Bellovacorum appropinquare cognoverant. His persuader! ut
diutius morarentur neque suls auxilium. ferrent non poterat.
5 XI. Ea re constituta secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac
tumultu castrls egress! nullo certo ordine neque imperio, cum
sibi quisque prlmum itineris locum peteret et domtim pervemre
properaret, fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur.
Hac re statim Caesar per speculatores cognita insidias veritus,

10 quod qua de causa discederent nondum perspexerat, exercitum
equitatumque castris continuit. Prima luce confirmata re ab
exploratoribus omnem equitatum, qu! novissimum agmen mo-
raretur, praemisit. His Q. Pedium et L. Aurunculeium Cottam
legates praefecit j T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus

15 subsequ! iussit. . Hi novissimos adort! et multa milia passuum
prosecut! magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conciderunt,
cum ab extremo agmine, ad quos ve'ntum erat, consisterent
fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent, priores,
quod abesse a periculo viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque

soimperio continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis ordinibus
omnes in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent. Ita sine ullo periculo
tantam eorum multitudinem nostr! interfecerunt quantum fuit
diei spatium ; sub occasum solis sequi destiterunt seque in
castra, ut erat imperatum, receperunt.

Caesar receives the submission of the Suessiones, Bellovaci, and Ambiani.

25 XII. Postridie eius die! Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex ter-
rore ac fuga reciperent, in finis Suessionum, qui proximl Remls
erant, exercitum duxit et magno itinere ad oppidum Noviodu-
num contendit. Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum
ab defensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae mu-

sorlque altitudinem paucis defendentibus expugnare non potuit.
Castrls mumtis vineas agere quaeque ad oppugnandum usui
erant comparare coepit. Interim, omnis ex fuga Suessionum
multitude in oppidum proxima nocte convenit Celeriter vinels

II

THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE

97

ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto, turribusque constitutls magni-
tudine operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque audi-
erant, et celeritate Romanorum permoti legates ad Caesarem
de deditione mittunt et petentibus Reims ut conservarentur
impetrant.

XIII. Caesar obsidibus acceptis primls civitatis atque ipslus
Galbae regis duobus filiis armisque omnibus ex oppido traditls

SOLDIERS BUILDING AN AGGER

in deditionem Suessiones accipit exercitumque in Bellovacos
ducit. Qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium
contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiteno
milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes maiores natu ex oppido
egress! maniis ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare coepe-
runt sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra
populum Romanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum
accessisset castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex mur5i5
passis manibus suo more pacem ab Romams petierunt.

XIV. Pro his Diviciacus (nam post discessum Belgarum
dimissls Haeduorum copils ad eum reverterat) facit verba :
'Bellovacos omnl tempore in fide atque amicitia civitatis Hae-
duae fuisse ; impulses ab suls principibus, qul dlcerent Haeduos 20

H

THE GALLIC WAR II

a Caesare in servitutem redactos omms indignitates contume-
liasque perferre, et ab Haeduls defecisse et populo Romano
bellum intulisse. Qui eius consili prmcipes fuissent, quod
intellegerent quantara calamitatem clvitatl intulissent, in Bri-
Stanniam profugisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos sed etiara
pro his Haeduos ut sua dementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur.
Quod si fecerit, Haeduorum auctoritatem apud omnls Belgas
amplificatiirum, quorum auxilils atque opibus, si qua bella inci-
derint, sustentare consuerint.'

10 XV. Caesar honoris DIviciacI atque Haeduorum causa sese
eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit, et quod erat
clvitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominum multi-
tudine praestabat, DC obsides poposcit. His traditls omni-
busque armis ex oppido conlatis ab eo loco in finis Ambianorum

15 pervenit ; qu! se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt.

The Nervii.

Eorum finis Nervii attingebant. Quorum de natura mori-
busque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat : ' Nullum esse
aditum ad os mercatoribus ; nihil pati vim reliquarumque
rerum ad liixuriam pertinentium Inferri, quod his rebus relan-
soguescere animos et remitti virtutern existimarent ; esse homines
feros magnaeque virtutis ; increpitare atque incusare reliquos
Belgas, qui se populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtiatem
proiecissent ; confirmare sese neque legates missuros neque
ullam condicionem pacis accepturos.'

The Nervii plan an attack.

25 XVI. Cum per eorum finis trlduum iter fecisset, inveniebat
ex captlvls Sabim flumen a castris suis non amplius rnllia pas-
suum decem abesse ; trans id flumen omms Nervios consedisse
adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare una cum Atrebatibus
et Viromanduls, finitimis suis (nam his utrisque persuaserant

3 o uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur) ; exspectari etiam ab
iis Atuatucorum copias atque esse in itinere j mulieres qnlque

II

THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE

99

per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum con-
iecisse quo propter paliides exercitui aditus non esset.

XVII. His rebus cognitis exploratores centuri5nesque prae-
mittit, qui locum castrls idoneum deligant. Cum ex dediticils
Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures Caesarem secuti una iter 5
facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex captivis cognitum est,
eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri exercitus perspecta

ROMAN SOLDIERS ON THE MARCH

nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his demonstrarunt inter
singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum inter-
cedere, neque esse quicquam negotT, cum prima legio in castra 10
venisset reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc
sub sarcinls adorm; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis fu-
turum ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent. Adiuvabat
etiam eorum consilium qui rem deferebant quod Nervii antl-
quitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus J5
ei rei student, sed quicquid possunt pedestribus valent copiis),
quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad eos
venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus inclsls atque mflexls

THE GALLIC WAR II

a Caesare in servitutem redactos omnis indignitates contume-
liasque perferre, et ab HaeduTs defecisse et populo Romano
bellum intulisse. Qui eius consili principes fuissent, quod
intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitatl intulissent, in Bri-
5 tanniam profiigisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos sed etiara
pro his Haeduos ut sua dementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur.
Quod si fecerit, Haeduorum auctorilatem apud omnls Belgas
amplificaturum, quorum auxilils atque opibus, si qua bella inci-
derint, sustentare consuerint.'

10 XV. Caesar honoris DlviciacT atque Haeduorum causa sese
eos in fidem recepturam et cdnservaturum dixit, et quod erat
civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominum multi-
tudine praestabat, DC obsides poposcit. His traditis omni-
busque armls ex oppido conlatis ab eo loco in finis Ambianorum

15 pervenit ; qul se suaque omnia sine mora dedidenmt.

The Nervii.

Eorum finis NerviT attingebant. Quorum de natiira mori-
busqne Caesar cum quaere ret, sic reperiebat : ' Nullum esse
aditum ad -eos mercatoribus ; nihil pati vim reliquarumque
rerum ad liixuriam pertinentium TnferrT, quod his rebus relan-
sogutiscere an i mas et remitti virtutern existimarent ; esse homines
feros magnaeque virtiitis ; increpitare atque incusare reliquos
Belgas, qui se populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem
proiecissent ; conffrmare sese neque legatos missuros neque
ullam condicionem pacis accepturos.'

The Nervii plan an attack.

25 XVI. Cum per eorum finis tnduum iter fecisset, inveniebat
ex captivis Sabim flumen a castrls suis non amplius rnilia pas-
suum decem abesse ; trans id flumen omnls Nervios consedisse
adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare lina cum Atrebatibus
et Viromanduls, finitimTs sins (nam his ntiisque persuaserant

3 outieandem belli fortunam expeiirentur) ; exspectari etiam ab
ils Atuatucorum copias atque esse in itinere ; mulieres qmque

II

THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE

99

per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum con-
iecisse quo propter paludes exercitul aditus non esset.

XVII. His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque prae-
mittit, qul locum castris idoneum deligant. Cum ex dediticils
BelgTs reliqulsque Gallls complures Caesarem secuti una iter 5
facerent, quldam ex his, ut postea ex captivls cognitum est 7
eorum dierum consuetucline itineris nostri exercitu.s perspecta

ROMAN SOLDIERS ON THE MARCH

nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque Ills demonstrarunt inter
singulas legiones impedlmentorum magnum numerum inter-
cedere, neque esse quicquam negoti, cum pnma legio in castra ic
venisset reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc
sub sarcinls adoiirl; qua pulsa impedlmentlsque direptis fu-
turum ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent. Adiuvabat ^
etiam eorum consilium qul rem deferebant quod Nervii antl-
quitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus 15
el re! student, sed quicquid possunt pedestribus valent copiis),
quo facilius flnitimorum equitatum, si praedandl causa ad eos
venissent, impedlrent, teneris arboribus inclsls atque mflexls

100 THE GALLIC WAR II

crebrisque in latitudinem raims enatls et rubis sentibusque
interiectis effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimentum
praeberent, quo non modo non intrari sed ne perspici quidem
posset. His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impedfretur, non

5 omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt.

XVIII. Loci natura erat haec, quern locum nostri castris
delegerant. Collis ab summo aequaliter decllvis ad flumen
Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo flumine
par! acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius,

xopassus circiter ducentos Infimus apertus, ab superiore parte
silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. Intra eas
silvas hostes in occulto sese continebantj in aperto loco se-
cundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis
erat altitude pedum circiter trium.

The Romans are taken by surprise, but soon the value of experience

and discipline is shown.

15 XIX. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus
copils ; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae
ad Nervios detulerant. Nam quod hostibus appropinquabat,
consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat ; post
eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat ; inde duae legiones

aoquae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant prae-
sidioque impedimentis erant. Equites nostri cum funditoribus
sagittarilsque flumen transgress! cum hostium equitatu proelium
commiserunt. Cum se ill! identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent
ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri

25 longius quam quern ad finem porrecta loca aperta pertinebant
cedentis Insequi auderent, interim legiones sex quae primae
venerant opere dimenso castra rnunire coeperunt. Ubi prlma
impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant
visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proeli convenerat,

30 ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese
confirmaverant, subito omnibus copils provolaverunt impe-
tumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His facile pulsis ac pro-

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE IOI

turbatis incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene
uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostrls
hostes viderentur. Eadera autem celeritate adverse colle ad
nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt.

XX. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda : vexillum s
proponendum (quod erat msigne cum ad arma concurri opor-
teret), signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi milites, qui
paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant arcessendi, acies
mstruenda, milites cohortandi, signum danclum. Quarum rerum
magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impedie- ic
bat. His difEcultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque
usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitatT quid fieri
oporteret non minus commode ipsT sibi praescribere quam ab alils
doceri poterant, et quod ab opere singuKsque legionibus singulos
legates Caesar discedere nisi munitls castris vetuerat. Hi prop- is
ter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihiliam Caesaris im-
perium exspectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant.

XXI. Caesar necessarils rebus imperatis ad cohortandos
milites, quam partem fors obtulit, decucurrit et ad legionem
decimam devenit, Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus 20
quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam retinerent neu per-
turbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent,
quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adigi posset,
proeli committendi signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem
item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Tern- 25
poris tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tarn paratus ad dlmicandum
animus ut non modo ad Insignia accommodanda sed etiam ad
galeas induendas sciitisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus de-
fuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque
prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis 30
pugnandi tempus dlmitteret.

The battle rages fiercely with varying fortunes.

XXII. Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura deiectusque
collis et necessitas temporis quam ut rel militaris ratio atque

102

J THE GALLIC WAR

II

ordo postulabat, cum diversae legiones aliae alia in parte hosti-
bus resisterent, saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus,
interiectis prospectus impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlo-
cari neque quid in quaque parte opus esset provider! neque ab
suno omnia imperia administrar! poterant. Itaque in tanta
rerum imquitate fortunae quoque eventus varii sequebantur.

XXIII. Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra parte
acie constiterant, pills emissis cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos

THE SATTLE ON THE SABIS

vulneribusque confectos Atrebatis (nam his ea pars obvenerat)

10 celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt, e't translre

conantls insecuti gladiis magnam partem eorura impeditam

interf ecerunt. Ipsi translre flumen non dubitaverunt, et in

locum inlquu-m progress! rursus resistentls hostis redintegrato

proelio in fugam coniecerunt. Item alia in parte diversae duae

15 legiones, undecima et octava, profligatis ViromanduTs, quibus-

cum erant congressae, ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 103

proeliabantur. At totis fere castris a fronte et a sinistra parte
nudatis, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et n5n magno ab
ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo
agmine duce Boduognato, qul summam imperi tenebat, ad eum
locum contenderunt ; quorum pars ab aperto latere legiones 5
circumvemre, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit.

XXIV. Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae
pedites, qui cum iis una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu
pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversls hostibus
occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam petebant ; et 10
calones, qul ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostrds
victores flumen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa egressl,
cum respexissent et hostis in nostrls castris versari vidissent,
praecipites fugae sese mandabant Simul eorum qu! cum im-
pedimentis veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam 15
in partem perterriti ferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus per-
moti equites Treveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est
singularis, qui auxili causa a clvitate missi ad Caesarem vene-
rant, cum multitudine hostium castra nostra complen, legiones
premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, equites, fundi- 20
tores, Numidas disperses dissipatosque in omnis partis fugere
vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt ; Ro-
manos pulsos superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum
hostis potitos civitati renuntiaverunt.

Caesar himself fights in the ranks, while the result of the contest con-
tinues doubtful.

XXV. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum 25
cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri slgnlsque in unum locum con-
latis duodecimae legionis confertos mllites sibi ipsos ad pugnam
esse impedimento vidit, quartae cohortis omnibus centurio-
nibus occisis, slgnifero interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum co-
hortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratls aut occisis, 30
in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multls gravi-
busque vulneribus confecto, ut iam se sustinere non posset,

102

THE GALLIC WAR

II

ordo postulabat, cum diversae legiones aliae alia in parte hosti-
bus resisterent, saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus,
interiectis prospectus impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlo-
cari neque quid in quaque parte opus esset provider! neque ab
suno omnia imperia administrari poterant. Itaque in tanta
rerum imquitate fortunae quoque eventus varil sequebantur.

XXIII. Legionis nonae et decimae mllites, ut in sinistra parte
acie constiterant, pills emissls cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos

THE BATTLE ON THE SAB IS

vulneribusque confectos Atrebatis (nam his ea pars obvenerat)

10 celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt, et transire

conantis InsecutT gladiTs magnam partem eorum impeditam

interfecerunt. Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt, et in

locum mlquu-m progress! rursus resistentls hostls redintegrate

proelio in fugam coniecerunt. Item alia in parte diversae duae

15 legiones, undecima et octava, profligatls Viromanduis, quibus-

cum erant congressae, ex Ioc5 superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 103

proeliabantur. At totis fere castris a fronte et a sinistra parte
nudatis, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non magno ab
ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo
agmine duce Boduognato, qui summam imperl tenebat, ad eum
locum contenderunt ; quorum pars ab aperto latere legiones 5
circumvemre, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit.

XXIV. Eodem tempore equites nostii levisque armaturae
pedites, qui cum iis una fuerant, quos prlmo hostium impetu
pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversls hostibus
occurrebant ac riirsus aliam in parte m fugam petebant ; et 10
calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros
victores flumen translsse conspexerant, praedandi causa egressl,
cum respexissent et hostis in nostris castris versari vldissent,
praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Simul eorum qui cum im-
pedimentis veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam 15
in partem perterriti ferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus per-
moti equites Treveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est
singularis, qui auxili causa a civitate missi ad Caesarem vene-
rant, cum multitudine hostium castra nostra compleri, legiones
premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, equites, fundi- 20
tores, Numidas disperses dissipatosque in omnis partis fugere
vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt ; Ro-
manos pulsos superatosque, castris impeclimentisque eorum
hostis potitos civitati renuntiaverunt.

Caesar himself fights in the ranks, while the result of the contest con-
tinues doubtful.

XXV. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum 25
cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signlsque in u'num locum con-
latis duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam
esse impediments vidit, quartae cohortis omnibus centurio-
nibus occlsis, signifero interfectd, signo amisso, reliquarum co-
hortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occlsis, 30
in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravi-
busque vulneribus confecto. ut iam se sustinere non posset,

104 THE GALLIC WAR II

reliquas esse tardiores et non nullos ab novissimis deserto loco
proelio excedere ac tela vitare, hostfs neque a frorite ex m-
feriore loco subeuntis intermittere et ab utroque latere instare,
et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse subsidium quod

5 submitti posset, scuto ab novissimis militi detracts, quod ipse
eo sine scuto venerat, in prlmam aciem processit, centurioni-
busque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites slgna
inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladils uti pos-
sent. Ciiius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrate animo,

10 cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis
suls rebus operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus
tardatus est.

XXVI. Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta con-
stiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vldisset, tribunos militum monuit

15 ut paulatim sese legiones coniungerent et conversa slgna in
hostis Inferrent. Quo facto cum aliis alii subsidium ferrent
neque timerent ne aversl ab hoste circumvenirentur, audacius
resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. Interim milites legi-
onum duarum quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedi-

20 mentis fuerant proelio nuntiato cursu incitato in summo colle
ab hostibus conspiciebantur; et T. Labienus castrls hostium
potltus et ex loco superiore quae res in nostris castrls gere-
rentur conspicatus decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit.
Qui cum ex equitum et calonum fuga quo in loco res esset

25 quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et imperator ver-
saretur cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui fecerunt.

At last the Nervii are utterly defeated and almost annihilated.

XXVII. Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta
ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis
innm proelium redintegrarent, calones perterritos hostls con-

30 spicati etiam inermes armatls occurrerent, equites vero, ut tur-
pitiidinem fugae virtute delerent, omnibus in locis pugnandd
se legionariis militibus praeferrent. At hostes etiam in ex-
trema spe salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut, cum primi

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 105

eorum cecidissent, proximl iacentibus msisterent atque ex
eorum corporibus pugnarent ; his deiectis et coacervatis cada-
veribus, qui superessent, ut ex tumulo, tela in nostros conicerent
et plla intercepta remitterent ; ut non nequiquam tantae virtu-
tis homines iudicari deberet ausos esse translre latissimum 5
flumen, ascendere altissimas rlpas, subire imquissimum locum ;
quae facilia ex difficillimls animi magnitude redegerat.

XXVIII. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem
gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto maiores natu, quos una
cum pueris mulieribusque in . aestuaria ac paludes coniectos 10
dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil impeditum,
victis nihil tiitum arbitrarentur, omnium qui supererant con-
sensu legates ad Caesarem miserunt seque el dediderunt; et
in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex DC ad tris senatores,
ex hominum milibus LX vix ad D qui arma ferre possent sese 15
redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac sup-
plices usus misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit
suisque finibus atque oppidis utl iussit, et finitimis imperavit
ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent.

The Atuatuci assemble in one town; Caesar besieges it.

XXIX. Atuatuci, de quibus supra diximus, cum omnibus 20
copiis auxilio Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere
domum reverterunt ; cunctls oppidis castellisque desertis sua
omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura munitum contulerunt.
Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rupis
deiectusque haberet, una ex parte leniter accllvis aditus in 25
latitiidinem non amplius pedum cc relinquebatur ; quern lo-
cum duplici altissimo muro munierant, turn magni ponderis
saxa et praeacutas trabis in muro conlocabant. Ipsi erant ex
Cimbris Teutonlsque prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam
nostram atque Italiam facerent, iis impedimentls quae secum 30
agere ac portare non poterant citra flumen Rhenum depositis
custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia hominum una

___ -a

rehquerant. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis

-\

io6 THE GALLIC WAR II

exagitatl, cum alias bellum Inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent,
consensu eorum omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum
delegerant.

XXX. Ac primo adventii exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido

5 excursiones faciebant parvulisque proelus cum nostris conten-
debant; postea vallo pedum xn in circuitu xv milium cre-
brisque castellis circummuniti oppido sese continebant. Ubi
vmeis actis, aggere exstructo turrim procul constitui viderunt,
primum inrldere ex muro atque increpitare vocibus quod tanta

10 machinatio a tanto spatio institueretur : ' Quibusnam manibus
aut quibus vlribus, praesertim homines tantulae staturae (nam
plerumque omnibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum
brevitas nostra contemptui e'st), tantl oneris turrim in muro sese
posse conlocare conflderent ? '

The Atuatuci surrender on favorable terms; but attempting treachery,
they are afterwards sold as slaves.

i 5 XXXI. Ubi vero mover! et appropinquare muris viderunt,
nova atque inusitata specie commoti legates ad Caesarem de
pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locutl : ' Non se existimare
Romanos sine ope deorum bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis
machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent ; se suaque

20 om'nia eorum potestati permittere ' dixerunt. ' Unum petere ac
deprecari : si forte pro sua dementia ac mansuetudine, quam
ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset Atuatucos esse c5nservandos,
ne se armis despoliaret. Sibi omuls fere fmitimos esse ini-
micos ac suae virtuti invidere; a quibus se defendere traditis

25 armis non possent. Sibi praestare, si in eum casum deduce-
rentur, quamvis fortunam a populo Romano pati quam ab his
per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari consuessent.'

XXXII. Ad haec Caesar respondit : 'Se magis consuetudine
sua quam merito eorum civitatem conservaturum, si priusquam

30 murum aries attigisset se dedidissent ; sed deditionis nullam
esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. Se id quod in Nerviis
fecisset facturum fmitimisque imperaturum ne quam deditfciis

II

THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE

107

populi Romam iniuriara Inferrent' Re renuntiata ad suos quae
imperarentur facere dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de
muro in fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta, sic ut prope sum-
mam murl aggerisque altitudinem acerviarmorum adaequarent,
et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, celata 5
atque in oppido retenta, portls patefactis eo die pace sunt usi.

XXXIII. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudT militesque ex
oppido exire iussit, ne quam noctu oppidan! -a militibus iniuriam
acciperent. 111! ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod
deditione facta nostros praesidia deducturos aut denique indili- ic
gentins servaturos crediderant, partira cum ils qnae retinuerant
et celaverant armis, partim sciltis ex cortice factis aut vimini-
bus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pelli-

r>

CASTELLUM AND SIGNAL-TOWER

/ , ._ ' \

bus induxerant, tertia vigilia, qua mini me arduus ad nostras
munltiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repente ex 15
oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar impe-
raverat, Ignibus significatione facta ex proximis castellis eo con-
cursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris
fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex
vallo turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una vir- 20
tute omnis spes consisteret. OccisTs ad hominum milibus
quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie eius die!
refractls portls, cum iam defenderet nemo, atque intromissis
militibus nostris sectionem eius oppidT universam Caesar ven-
didit. Ab iTs qui emerant capitum numerus ad eu.m relatus est 25
mllium LUI.

108 THE GALLIC WAR II

Meantime several maritime states have been subjugated by Crassus.

XXXIV. Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quern cum legione
iina miserat ad Venetos, Venellos, Osismos, Coriosolites, Esu-
vios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt maritimae clvitates Ocea-
numque attingunt, certior factus est omnis eas clvitates in

5 dicionem potestatemque populi Roman! esse redactas.

The army goes into winter quarters ; a thanksgiving.

XXXV. His rebus gestis omm Gallia pacata tanta huius belli
ad barbaros opinio perlata est uti ab ils natidnibus quae trans
Rhenum incolerent legati ad Caesarem mitterentur, qui se ob-
sides daturas, imperata facturas pollicerentur. Quas legationes

10 Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima
aestate ad se revert! iussit. Ipse in Carnutes, Andls, Turonos,
quaeque civitates propinquae iis locls erant ubi bellum gesserat
Iegi5nibus in hiberna deductis in Italiam profectus est. Ob
casque res ex litteris Caesaris dierum xv supplicatio decreta

15 est, quod ante id tempus accidit null!.

BOOK III

TROUBLE IN THE ALPS

Galba is sent into the Alps to hold in check certain mountain tribes.

He occupies Octodurus.

I. Cum in Italiam proficlsceretur Caesar, Ser. Galbam cum
legione duodecimal et parte equitatus in Nantuatis, Veragros,
Sedunosque misit, qui a fmibus Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno
et flumine Rhodano ad summas Alpis pertinent. Causa rnit-
tendi fuit quod iter per AlpTs, quo magno cum periculo mag- r
msque cum portoriis mercatores ire consuerant, pate fieri vole-
bat. Huic permlsit, si opus esse arbitraretur, uti in his locis
legionem hiemandi causa conlocar'et. Galba secundis aliquot
proeliis factis castellisque compluribus eorum expugnatis, missis
ad eum undique legatis obsidibusque datis et pace facta con- 10
stituit cohortis duas in Nantuatibus conlocare et ipse cum reli-
quis eius legionis cohortibus in vico Veragrorum, qui appellatur
Octodurus, hiemare ; qui vicus positus in valle non magna
adiecta planitie altissimis montibus undique continetur. Cum
hie in duas partis flumine divideretur, alteram partem eius vici 15
Gallls concessit, alteram vacuam ab his rellctam cohortibus
attribuit. Eum locum vallo fossaque munivit.

The mountaineers threaten him.

II. Cum dies hlbernorum complures translssent frumentum-
que eo comportarl iussisset, subito per exploratores certior
factus est ex ea parte vici quam Gallls concesserat omms noctiiao
discessisse, montlsque qui impenderent a maxima multitudine
Sedunorum et Veragrorum teneri. Id aliquot de causis acci-
derat, ut subito Galll belli renovandi legionisque opprimendae
consilium caperent : prlmum, quod legionem, neque earn ple-
nissimam detractis cohortibus duabus et compluribus singilla- 25

109

no THE GALLIC WAR III

tim, quT commeatus petendi causa missi erant, absentibus,
propter paucitatem despiciebant ; turn etiam, quod propter
inlquitatem loci, cum ipsi ex montibus in vallem decurrerent et
tela conicerent, ne primum quidem impetum suum posse sus-
5 tineri existimabant. Accedebat quod su5s ab se Hberos abs-
tractos obsidum nomine dolebant, et Romanes non solum
itinerum causa sed etiam perpetuae possessions culmina Alpium
occupare conari et ea loca finitimae provinciae adiungere sibi
persuasum habebant.

10 III. His nuntiis acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hibernorum
munitionesque plene essent perfectae neque de frumento re-
liquoque commeatu satis esset provisum, quod deditione facta
obsidibusque acceptis nihil de bello timendum existimaverat,
consilio celeriter convocato sententias exquirere coepit. Quo

15 in consilio, cum tantum repentini periculi praeter oplnionem
accidisset, ac iam omnia fere superiora loca multitudine arma-
torum completa conspicerentur, neque subsidio venir! neque
commeatus supportarl interclusis itineribus possent, prope iam
desperata salute non nullae eius modi sententiae dicebantur, ut

ao impedimentls relictis eruptione facta isdem itineribus quibus eo
pervenissent ad salutem conteuderent. Mai or! tarn en parti
placuit hoc reservato ad extremum casum consilio interim rel
eventum experm et castra defendere.

He repulses them, but thinks it best to return to the province.

IV. BrevT spatio interiecto, vix ut iis rebus quas constituissent
25 conlocandls atque administrandis tempus daretur, hostes ex
omnibus partibus signo dato decurrere, lapides gaesaque in
vallum conicere. Nostri primo integris viribus fortiter pro-
pugnare neque ullum frustra telum ex loco superiore mittere, et
quaecumque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videba-
3otur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre; sed hoc superari, quod
diuturnitate pugnae hostes defessi proelio excedebant, alii in-
tegris viribus succedebant, quarum rerum a nostris propter
paucitatem fieri nihil poterat, ac non modo defesso ex pugna

Ill

TROUBLE IN THE ALPS

ill

excedendi, sed ne saucio quid em eius loci ubi constiterat relin-
quendi ac sui recipiendi facultas dabatur.

V. Cum iam amplius horis sex continenter pugnaretur ac
non solum vires sed etiam tela nostros deficerent, atque hostes
acrius instarent languidioribusque nostrls vallum, scindere et 5
fossas complere coepissent, resque esset iam ad extremum

A BATTLE

perducta casum, P. Sextius Baculus, primi pill centurio, quern
Nervico proelio compluribus confectum vulneribus diximus, et
item C.Volusenus, tribunus mTlitum, vir et consilT magni et virtutis,
ad Galbam accurrunt atque unam esse spem salutis docent, siio
eruptione facta extremum auxilium expenrentur. Itaque con-
vocatis centurionibus celeriter mllites certiores facit paulisper
intermitterent proelium ac tantummodo tela missa exciperent
seque ex labore reficerent, post dato signo ex castris erumpe-
rent atque omnem spem salutis in virtute ponerent. 15

VI. Quod iussi sunt faciunt, ac subito omnibus portis erup-
tione facta neque cognoscendl quid fieret neque sui conligendi
hostibus facultatem relinquunt. Ita commutata fortuna eos qul
in spem potiundorum castrorum venerant undique circnmventos
interficiunt, et ex hominum mllibus amplius xxx, quern nume- 20
rum barbarorum ad castra venisse constabat, plus tertia parte

no THE GALLIC WAR III

tim, quT commeatus petendi causa missi erant, absentibus,
propter paucitatem despiciebant ; turn etiam, quod propter
inlquitatem loci, cum ipsl ex montibus in valleni decurrerent et
tela conicerent, ne prlmum quidem impetum suum posse sus-
5 tinerl existimabant. Accedebat quod suos ab se llberos abs-
tractos obsidum nomine dolebant, et Romanos non solum
itinerum causa sed etiam perpetuae possessions culmina Alpium
occupare con an et ea loca flnitimae provinciae adiungere sibi
persuasum habebant.

10 III. His nuntils acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hibernorum
miinitione.sque plene essent perfectae neque de frumento re-
liquoque commeatu satis esset provisum, quod deditione flicta
obsidibusque acceptTs nihil de bello timendum existimaverat,
consilio celeriter convocato sententias exqulrere coepit. Quo

15 in consilio, cum tantum repentini periculi praeter opmionem
accidisset, ac iam omnia fere superiora loca multitudine arma-
torum completa conspicerentur, neque subsidio vemn neque
commeatus supportan interclusls itineribus possent, prope iam
desperata salute non niillae eius modi sententiae dlcebantur, ut

20 impedlmentls rellctis eruptione flicla Tsdem itineribus quibus eo
pervenissent ad salutem contenderent. Mai or! tamen parti
placuit hoc reservato ad extremum casum consilio interim rel
eventum experiri et castra defendere.

He repulses them, but thinks it best to return to the province.

IV. Brevi spatio interiecto, vix ut ils rebus quas constituissent

25 conlocandls atque administrandi's tempus daretur, hostes ex

omnibus partibus signo dato decurrere, lapides gaesaque in

vallum conicere. Nostn prlmo integris viribus fortiter pro-

pugnare neque ullum friistra telum ex loco superiore mittere, et

quaecumque pars castrorum niidata defensoribus prerai videba-

3otur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre ; sed hoc superan, quod

diuturnitate pugnae hostes defessT proelio excedebant, alii in-

tegrls viribus succedebant, quarum re rum a nostrls propter

paucitatem fieri nihil poterat, ac non mo do defesso ex pugna

Ill

TROUBLE IN THE ALPS

ill

excedencli, sed ne saucio quidem eius loci ubi constiterat relin-
quendl ac sui recipiendi facultas dabatur.

V. Cum iam amplius horls sex continenter pugnaretur ac
non solum vires sed etiam tela nostros deficerent, atque hostes
acrius mstarent languidioribusque nostris vallum scindere et 5
fossas complere coepissent, resque esset iam ad extremum

A BATTLK

perducta casum, P. Sextius Baculus, pnmi pih centurio, quern
Nervico proelio compliiribus confectiim vulneribus dlximus, et
item C.Volusenus, tribunns militum, vir et consill magni et virtutis,
ad Galbam accurrunt atque unam esse spem salutis docent, siio
eruptione facta extremum auxilium expenrentur. Itaque con-
vocatis centurionibus celeriter milites certiorcs facit paulisper
intermitterent proelium ac tantummodo tela missa exciperent
seque ex labore reficerent, post da to slgno ex castris erumpe-
rent atque omnem spem salutis in virtute ponerent. 15

VI. Quod iussi sunt faciunt, ac subito omnibus portls erup-
tione facta neqne cognoscendi quid fieret neqne sui conligendl
hostibus facultatem relinqnunt. Ita commntata fortuna eos quT
in spem potiundorum castrorum venerant undique circumventos
interficiunt, et ex hominnm milibus amplius xxx, quern nume- 20
rum barbarorum ad castra venisse constabat, plus tertia parte

H2 THE GALLIC WAR III

interfecta reliqu5s perterritos in fugara coniciunt ac ne in locis
quidem superioribus consistere patiuntur. Sic omnibus hos-
tium copiis fusis armlsque exutis se intra munltiones suas recipi-
unt. Quo proelio facto, quod saepius fortunam temptare

5 Galba nolebat, atque alio se in hiberna consilio venisse memine-
rat, alils occurrisse rebus viderat, maxime frumentl commeatus-
que inopia permotus postero die omnibus eius vie! aedificiis
incensis in provinciam revert! contendit, ac nul]6 hoste pro-
hibente aut iter demorante incolumem legionem in Nantuatis,

ioinde in Allobroges perduxit ibique hiemavit.

THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI AND OTHER MARITIME

TRIBES

Roman officers, sent among the tribes of the coast after grain, are detained.

VII. His rebus gestis, cum omnibus de causis Caesar paca-
tam Galliam existimaret superatis Belgis, expulsis Germams,
victis in Alpibus Sedums, atque ita inita hieme in Illyri-
cum profectus esset, quod eas quoque nationes adire et

isregiones cognoscere volebat, subitum bellum in Gallia
coortum est. Eius belli haec fait causa. P. Crassus
adulescens cum legione septima proximus mare Oceanum
in Andibus hiemabat. Is, quod in his locis inopia frumentl
erat, praefectos tribunosque militum compluris in fmitimas

20 civitates frumentl causa dimisit ; quo in numero est T. Terrasidius
missus in Esuvios, M. Trebius Gallus in Coriosolites, Q. Vela-
nius cum T. Silio in Venetos.

VIII. Huius est clvitatis longe amplissima auctoritas omnis
orae maritimae regionum earum, quod et navis habent Veneti

25 plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consuerunt, et scientia
atque usu rerum nauticarum ceteros antecedunt, et in magno
impetu maris vastl atque aperti paucis portibus interiectis, quos
tenent ipsi, omnis fere quT eo man uti consuerunt habent vecti-
galis. Ab his fit initium retinendl Sill atque Velam, quod per

3 o eos suos se obsides quos Crasso dedissent recuperaturos existi-

Ill THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI 113

mabant. Horum auctoritate fmitimi adducti (ut sunt Gallorum
subita et repentina consilia) eadem de causa Trebium Terrasi-
diumque retinent, et celeriter missis legatis per suos principes
inter se coniiirant nihil nisi commum consilio acturos eundem-
que omnls fortunae exitum esse laturos, reliquasque civitates 5
sollicitant ut in ea Hbertate quam a maioribus acceperint per-
manere quam Romanorum servitutem perferre malint. Omni
ora maritima celeriter ad suam sententiam perducta commu-
nem legationem ad P. Crassum mittunt : 'Si velit suos recupe-
rare, obsides sibi remittat.' 10

Preparations for war.

IX. Quibus de rebus Caesar a Crass5 certior factus, quod
ipse aberat longius, navis interim longas aedificari in flumine
Ligeri, quod Influit in Oceanum, remiges ex provincia Institui,
nautas gubernatoresque comparari iubet. His rebus celeriter
administratis ipse, cum primum per anm tempus potuit, ad 15
exercitum contendit. Veneti reliquaeque item civitates cognito
Caesaris adventu, simul quod quantum in se facinus admlsissent
intellegebant, legates, quod nomen ad omnls nationes sanctum
inviolatumque semper fuisset, retentos ab se et in vincula
coniectos, pro magnitudine pericull bellum parare et maxime 20
ea quae ad usum navium pertinent providere instituunt, hoc
maiore spe, quod multum natura loci confidebant. Pedestria
esse itinera concisa aestuariis, navigationem impeditam propter
Inscientiam locorum paucitatemque portuum sciebant, neque
nostros exercitus propter frumentl inopiam diutius apud 8625
morari posse confidebant ; ac iam ut omnia contra opinionem
acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse, Romanes ne-
que ullam facultatem habere navium toeque eorum locorum ubi
bellum gesturi essent vada, portus, Tnsulas novisse, ac longe
aliam esse navigationem in concluso marl atque in vastissimoso
atque apertissimo Oceano perspiciebant. His initis consiliTs
oppida muniunt, frumenta ex agris in oppida comportant,
navis in Venetiam, ubi Caesarem primum bellum gesturum

114 THE GALLIC WAR III

constabat, quam plurimas possunt cogunt. Socios sibi ad id
bellum Osismos, Lexovios, Namnetes, Ambiliatos, Morinos,
Diablintes, Menapios asciscunt ; auxilia ex Britannia, quae
contra eas regiones posita est, arcessunt.

5 X. Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi quas supra ostendi-
mus, sed tamen multa Caesarem ad id bellum incitabant,
iniuria retentorum equitum Romanorum, rebellio facta post
deditionem, defectio datTs obsidibus, tot civitatum coniuratio, in
primls ne hac parte neglecta reliquae nationes sibi idem licere

loarbitrarentur. Itaque cum intellegeret omnls fere Gallos
novis rebus studere et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque
excitari, omms autem homines natura libertatT studere et
cohdicionem servitutis odisse, priusquam pliires civitates con-
splrarent, partiendum sibi ac latius distribuendum exercitum

15 putavit.

XI. Itaque T. Labienum legatum in Treveros, quT proximi
flufnini Rheno sunt, cum equitatu mittit. Huic mandat Remos
reliquosque Belgas adeat atque in officio contineat, Germanos-
que, qul auxilio a Gallls arcessiti dicebantur, si per vim navibus

20 flumen translre conentur, prohibeat. P. Crassum cum cohorti-
bus legionariis xn et magno numero equitatus in Aquitaniam
proficlsci iubet, ne ex his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittan-
tur ac tantae nationes coniungantur. Q. Titurium Sabinum
legatum cum legionibus tribus in Venellos, Coriosolites,

25 Lexoviosque mittit, qul earn manum distinendam curet.
D. Brutum adulescentem class! Gallicisque navibus, quas ex
Pictonibus et Santoms reliquisque pacatis regionibus con-
venire iusserat, praeficit et cum primum possit in Venetos
proficisci iubet. Ipse eo pedestribus copils contehdit.

The towns and ships of the Veneti.

30 XII. Erant eius modi fere situs oppidorum ut posita in ex-
tremis lingulis promunturiisque neque pedibus aditum haberent
cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset, quod accidit semper horarum
xii spatio, neque navibus, quod riirsus minuente aestu naves

Ill THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI 115

in vadis adflictarentur. Ita utraque re oppidorum oppugnatio
impediebatur. Ac si quando magnitudine opens forte superatl,
extruso mar! aggere ac molibus atque his oppidi moenibus
adaequatis, desperare fortunls suls coeperant, magno nuraero
navium appulso, cuius rel summam facultatem habebant, sua 5
deportabant omnia seque in proxima oppida recipiebant ; ibi
se rursus Isdem opportunitatibus loci defendebant. Haec eo
facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrae naves
tempestatibus detinebantur, 'summaque erat vasto atque aperto
marl, magms aestibus, raris ac prope nullls portibus difBcultas 10
navigandi.

XIII. Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factae arma-
taeque erant : carmae aliquanto planiores quam nostrarum
navium, quo facilius vada ac decessum aestus excipere possent ;
prorae admodum erectae atque item puppes, ad magnitudinem 15
fluctuum tempestatumque accommodatae ; naves totae factae
ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam ;
transtra ex pedalibus in altitudinem trabibus, conf Ixa clavis
ferreis digit! pollicis crassitudine ; ancorae pro funibus ferrels
catenls revinctae ; pelles pro veils alutaeque tenuiter confectae, 20
slve propter inopiam llni atque eius usus Inscientiam sive eo,
quod est magis veri simile, quod tantas tempestates Ocean!
tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri ac tanta onera navium
regi veils non satis commode posse arbitrabantur. Cum his
navibus nostrae class! eius mod! congressus erat ut una ce- 25
leritate et pulsu remorum praestaret, reliqua pro loci natura,
pro v! tempestatum illls essent aptiora et accommodatiora.
Neque enim ils nostrae rostro nocere poterant, tanta in ils
erat firmitudo, neque propter altitudinem facile telum
adigebatur, et eadem de causa minus commode copulls con- 30
tinebantur. Accedebat ut, cum saevlre ventus coepisset et
se vento dedissent, et tempestatem ferrent facilius et in vadis
consisterent tutiiis, et ab aestu. rellctae nihil saxa et cautis
timerent; quarum rerum omnium nostris navibus casus erat
extimescendus. 35

Ii6 . THE GALLIC WAR III

The Romans are victorious in a naval battle.

XIV. Compluribus expugnatis oppidis Caesar, ubi intellexit
frustra tantum laborem sum! neque hostium fugara captis oppi-
dis reprimi neque iis noceri posse, statuit exspectandam
classem. Quae ubi convenit ac primum ab hostibus visa est,

scirciter ccxx naves eorum paratissimae atque omul genere
armorum ornatissimae profectae ex portu nostrls adversae
constiterunt ; neque satis Bruto, qul class! praeerat, vel tribums
mllitum centurionibusque, quibus singulae naves erant attribu-
tae, constabat quid agerent aut quam rationem pugnae Insis-

10 terent. Rostro enira noceri non posse cognoverant ; turribus
autem excitatis, tamen has altitudo puppium ex barbans navibus
superabat, ut neque ex mferiore loco satis commode tela adigl
possent et missa a Gallis gravius acciderent. Una erat magno
usui res praeparata a nostris, falces praeacutae insertae adfixae-

15 que longuriis, non absimili forma muralium falcium. His cum
funes qui antemnas ad malos destinabant comprehensl adductl-
que erant, navigio remis incitato praerumpebantur. Quibus
absclsls antemnae necessario concidebant, ut, cum omnis Gal-
licis navibus spes in veils armamentisque consisteret, his ereptis

20 omnis usus navium uno tempore eriperetur. Reliquum erat
certamen positum in virtute, qua nostri milites facile supera-
bant, atque eo magis quod in conspectu Caesaris atque omnis
exercitus res gerebatur, ut nullum paulo fortius factum latere
posset ; omnes enim colles ac loca superiora unde erat propin-

25 quus despectus in mare ab exercitu tenebantur.

XV. Deiectls, ut diximus, antemms, cum singulas binae ac
ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi transcendere in
hostium navis contendebant. Quod postquam barbari fieri
animadverterunt, expugnatis compluribus navibus, cum el rei

30 nullum repenretur auxilium, fuga salutem petere contenderunt.
Ac iam conversls in earn partem navibus quo ventus ferebat
tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas 'exstitit ut se ex loco
movere non possent. Quae quidem res ad negotium conficien-
dum maxime fuit opportuna ; nam singulas nostri consectatl

Ill THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI 117

expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex oram mimero noctis interventu
ad terram pervenirent, cum ab hora fere quarta ii.sque ad solis
occasum pugnaretur.

The survivors surrender, and Caesar punishes them.

XVI. Quo proelio bellum Venetorum totmsqne orae mariti-
raae confectum est. Nam cum omnis iuventus, omnes etiam 5
gravioris aetatis in quibus aliquid consili ant dlgnitatis fuit eo
convenerant, turn navium quod ubique fuerat in unum locum
coegerant quibus amissis reliqm neque quo se reciperent
neque quern ad modum oppida defenderent habebant. Itaque
se suaque omnia Caesan dediderunt. In quos eo gravius 10
Caesar vindicandum statuit, quo diligentius in reliquum tern-
pus a barbarls ius legatorum conservaretur. Itaque omnl
senatu necato reliqtios sub corona vendidit.

Sabinus defeats the Venelli and their allies.

XVII. Dum haec in Venetis geruntur, Q. Titiirius Sabinus
cum ils copiis quas a Caesare acceperat in finis Venellorum 15
pervenit. His praeerat Viridovix ac summam imperi tenebat
earum omnium clvitatum quae defecerant, ex quibus exercitum
magnasque copias coegerat; atque his panels diebus Aulercl
EburovTces Lexoviique senatu suo interfecto, quod auctores
belli esse nolebant, portas clauserunt seque cum Viridovice2o
coniunxerunt ; magnaque praeterea multitude undique ex Gallia
perditorum hominum latronumqne convenerat, et quos spes
praedandl studiumque bellandi ab agrl cultura et cottidiano
labore sevocabat. Sabinus idoneo ""omnibus rebus loco castris
sese tenebat, cum Viridovix contra eum duorum mllium spatio25
consedisset cottidieque productis copiis pugnandl potestatem
faceret, ut iam non solum hostibus in contemptionem Sabinus
veniret sed etiam nostrorum militum vocibus non nihil car-
peretur ; tantamque opinionem timoris. praebuit ut iam ad
vallum castrorum hostes accedere auderent. Id ea de causa 30
faciebat, quod cum tanta multitudine hostium, praesertim eo

Il8 THE GALLIC WAR III

absente qui summam imperi teneret, nisi aequo loco aut oppor-
tunitate aliqua data legato dimicandum non exlstimabat.

XVIII. Hac conflrmata opmione timoris idoneum quendam
hominem et callidum delegit, Gallum, ex ils quos auxill causa

5 secum habebat. Huic magms praemils pollicitationibusque per-
suadet uti ad hostis transeat, et quid fieri velit edocet. Qui ubi
pro perfuga ad eos venit, timorem Romanorum proponit, qui-
bus angustiis ipse Caesar a Venetis prematur docet, neque
longius abesse quin proxima nocte Sabmus clam ex castris

10 exercitum educat et ad Caesarem auxili ferendi causa proficis-
catur. Quod ubi auditum est, conclamant omnes occasionem
negoti bene gerendi amittendam non esse ; ad castra Iri opor-
tere. Multae res ad hoc consilium Gallos hortabantur, su-
periorum dierum Sabmi cunctatio, perfugae confirraatio, inopia

15 cibariorum, cui rei parum diligenter ab ils erat provlsum, spes
Venetici belli, et quod fere libenter homines id quod volunt
credunt. His rebus adducti non prius Viridovicem reliquosque
duces ex concilio dimittunt quam ab ils sit concessum arma uti
capiant et ad castra contendant. Qua re concessa laeti ut

20 explorata victoria sarmentis virgultisque conlectis, quibus fossas
Romanorum compleant, ad castra pergunt.

XIX. Locus erat castrorum editus et paulatim ab imo acclivis
circiter passus mille. Hue magno cursu contenderunt, ut quam
minimum spati ad se conligendos armandosque Romanis daretur,

25 exanimatique pervenerunt. Sabmus suos hortatus cupientibus
signum dat. Impeditis hostibus.propter ea quae ferebant onera
subito duabus portis eruptionem fieri iubet. Factum est oppor-
tunitate loci, hostium inscientia ac defatlgatione, virtute militum
et superiorum pugnarum exercitatione ut ne primum quidem

30 nostrorum impetum ferrent ac statim terga verterent. Quos
integris vlribus milites nostri consecuti magnum numerum eorum
occlderunt ; reliquos equites consectati paucos, qui ex fuga
evaserant, reliquerunt. Sic uno tempore et de navali pugna
Sabmus et de Sabini victoria Caesar est certior factus, civita-

35 tesque omnes se statim Titurio dediderunt. Nam ut ad bella

Ill THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI 119

suscipienda Gallorum alacer ac promptus est animus, sic mollis
ac minime resistens ad calamitates ferendas mens eorum est.

THE CAMPAIGN IN AQUITANIA

Crassus conquers the Sotiates.

XX. Eodem fere tempore P. Crassus, cum in Aquitaniam
pervenisset (quae, ut ante dictum est, est tertia pars Galliae),
cum intellegeret in ils locis sibi bellum gerendum ubi paucis 5
ante annis L. Valerius Praeconinus legatus exercitu pulso inter-
fectus esset, atque unde L. Manlius proconsul impediments
amissis profugisset, non mediocrem sibi diligentiam adhibendam
intellegebat. Itaque re frumentaria pr5visa, auxiliis equita-
tuque comparato, multis praeterea viris fortibus Tolosa et 10
Carcasone et Narbone, quae sunt civitates Galliae provinciae
flnitimae his regionibus, nominatim evocatis in Sotiatium finis
exercitum introduxit. Cuius adventu cognito Sotiates magms
copiis coactis equitatiique, quo plurimum valebant, in itinere
agmen nostrum adorti primum equestre proelium commlserunt ; 15
deinde equitatu suo pulso atque insequentibus nostris subito
pedestris copias, quas in convalle in insidils conlocaverant,
ostenderunt. Hi nostros disiectos adorti proelium renovarunt.

XXI. Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, cum Sotiates superio-
ribus victoriis freti in sua virtute totius Aquitaniae saliitem posi- 20
tarn putarent, nostri autem quid sine imperatore et sine reliquis
legionibus adulescentulo duce efficere possent perspici cuperent ;
tandem confecti vulneribus hostes terga verterunt. Quorum
magno numero interfecto Crassus ex itinere oppidum Sotiatium
c;ppugnare coepit. Quibus fortiter resistentibus vmeas turrisque25
git. 111! alias eruptione temptata, alias cuniculis ad aggerem
vineasque actis (cuius rei sunt longe perltissimi Aquitani prop-
terea quod multis locis apud eos aerariae secturaeque sunt),
ubi diligentia nostrorum nihil his rebus proficl posse intellex-
erunt, legates ad Crassum mittunt seque in deditionem utso
recipiat petunt. Qua re impetrata arma tradere iussi faciunt.

120 THE GALLIC WAR III

XXII. Atque in earn rera omnium nostrorum intentis animis,
alia ex parte oppidi Adiatunnus, qul sumraam imperi tenebat,
cum sescentis devotis, quos ill! soldurios appellant, quorum
haec est condicio, ut omnibus in vita commodis una cum ils

5 fruantur quorum se amicitiae dediderint, si quid his per vim
accidat, aut eunde'm casum una ferant aut sibi mortem con-
sciscant neque adhuc hominum memoria repertus est quisquam
qui eo interfecto cuius se amicitiae devovisset mortem recusaret
cum his Adiatunnus eruptionem facere conatus, clamore ab

10 ea parte mumtionis sublato, cum ad arma milites concurrissent
vehementerque ibi pugnatum esset, repulsus in oppidum, tamen
uti eadem deditionis condicione uteretur a Crasso impe-
travit.

The Aquitani ask help from Spain.

XXIII. ArmTs obsidibusque acceptis Crassus in finis Vo-
15 catium et Tarusatium profectus est. Turn vero barbari com-

moti, quod oppidum et natura loci et manu munitum paucis
diebus quibus eo v en turn erat expugnatum cognoverant, legates
quoqueversus dimittere, coniurare, obsides inter se dare,
copias parare coeperunt. Mittuntur etiam ad eas civitates

20 legatl quae sunt citerioris Hispaniae fmitimae Aquitaniae ; inde
auxilia ducesque arcessuntur. Quorum adventu magna cum
auctoritate et magna hominum multitudine bellum gerere
conantur. Duces vero ii deliguntur qui una cum Q. Sertorio
omnis annos fuerant summamque scientiam rel militaris habere

25 existimabantur. Hi consuetudine populf Roman! loca capere,
castra rnumre, commeatibus nostros intercludere instituun 1 :.
Quod ubi Crassus animadvertit suas copias propter exiguitatem
non facile diduci, hostem et vagarl et vias obsidere et castrif
satis praesidi relinquere, ob earn causam minus commode fru-

30 mentum commeatumque sibi supportari, in dies hostium
numerum augen, non cunctandum exlstimavit qum pugna de-
certaret. Hac re ad consilium delata, ubi omms idem sentire
intellexit, posterum diem pugnae constituit.

Ill THE CAMPAIGN IN AQUITANIA 1 21

Crassus defeats the Aquitani and their allies, and brings the greater part

of Aquitania into submission.

XXIV. Prima luce productis omnibus copils, duplicl acie
instituta, auxiliis in mediam aciem coniectis, quid hostes consill
caperent exspectabat. 111! etsi propter multitudinem et ve-
terem belli gloriam paucitatemque nostrorum se tuto dimica-
turos exlstimabant, tamen tutius esse arbitrabantur obsessis viis, 5
commeatu intercluso sine vulnere victoria potiri, et si propter
inopiam rel frumentariae Roman! sese recipere coepissent, im-
peditos in agmine et sub sarcinls Tnfirmiores animo adoriri
cogitabant. Hoc consilio probato ab ducibus, productis Ro-
manorum copiis sese castrls tenebant. Hac re perspecta Cras- 10
sus, cum sua cunctatione atque opinione timoris hostes nostros
milites alacriores ad pugnandum effecissent, atque omnium
voces audirentur exspectarl diutius non oportere quin ad castra
iret'ur, cohortatus suos omnibus cupientibus ad hostium castra
contendit. I5

XXV. Ibi cum alii fossas complerent, alii multis tells coniec-
tis defensores vallo mumtionibusque depellerent, auxiliaresque,
quibus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confldebat, lapidibus
telisque subministrandis et ad aggerem caespitibus comportandfs
speciem atque opinionem pugnantium praeberent, cum item ab2o
hostibus constanter ac non timide pugnaretur, telaque ex loco
superiore missa non frustra acciderent, equites circumitis hos-
tium castris Crasso renuntiaverunt non eadem esse diligentia ab
decumana porta castra mumta facilemque aditum habere.

XXVI. Crassus equitum praefectos cohortatus ut magniS25
praemiis pollicitationibusque suos excitarent, quid fieri vellet
ostendit. Illi, ut erat imperatum, devectls iis cohortibus quae
praesidio castris relictae intritae ab labore erant et longiore
itinere circumductis, ne ex hostium castris conspicT possent,
omnium oculls mentibusque ad pugnam intentls celeriter ad easso
quas diximus munltiones pervenerunt, atque his prorutis prius
in hostium castris constiterunt quam plane ab his videri aut
quid rel gereretur cognosci posset. Turn ver5 clamore ab ea

122 THE GALLIC WAR III

parte audito nostri redintegratls viribus, quod plerumque in
spe victoriae accidere consuevit, acrius impugnare coeperunt.
Hostes undique circumvent! desperatis omnibus rebus se per
munltiones deicere et fuga salutem petere contenderunt. Quos
5 equitatus apertissimls campis consectatus ex milium L numero,
quae ex Aquitania Cantabrisque convenisse constabat, vix quarta
parte relicta multa nocte se in castra recepit.

XXVII. Hac audlta pugna maxima pars Aquitaniae sese
Crasso dedidit obsidesque ultro misit ; quo in numero fuerunt

loTarbelll, Bigerriones, Ptianii, Vocates. Tarusates, Elusates,
Gates, Ausci, Garumni, Sibusates, Cocosates ; paucae ultimae
nationes anm tempore confisae, quod hiems suberat, id facere
neglexerunt.

A SHORT CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE MORINI AND MENAPII

XXVIII. Eodem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta iam
15 aestas erat, tamen quod omni Gallia pacata Morini Menapiique

supererant qui in armis essent neque ad eum umquam legatos
de pace misissent, arbitratus id bellum celeriter conficT posse eo
exercitum duxit ; qui longe alia ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum
gerere coeperunt. Nam quod intellegebant maxima's nationes,

20 quae proelio contendissent, pulsas superatasque esse, conti-
nentisque silvas ac paludes habebant, eo se suaque omnia
contulerunt. Ad quarum initium silvarum cum Caesar per-
venisset castraque mumre Tnstituisset, neque hostis interim
visus esset, dispersis in opere nostris subito ex omnibus parti-

25 bus silvae evolaverunt et in nostros impetum f ecierunt. Nostri
celeriter arma ceperunt eosque in silvas reppulerunt, et com-
pluribus interfectis longius impeditioribus locis secutl paucos ex
suis deperdiderunt.

XXIX. ReliquTs deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedere insti-
30 tuit, et ne quis inermibus imprudentibusque militibus -ab latere

impetus fieri posset, omnem earn materiam quae erat caesa
conversam ad hostem conlocabat et pro vallo ad utrumque latus

Ill

THE MORINI AND MENAPII

123

exstruebat. Incredibill celeritate magno spatio paucis diebus
confecto, cum iam pecus atque extrema impedimenta a nostris
tenerentur, ipsi densiores silvas peterent, eius modi sunt tem-
pestates conseciitae uti opus necessario intermitteretur, et con-
tinuatione imbrium diutius sub pellibus milites contineri non 5
possent. Itaque vastatis omnibus eorum agris, vlcis aedifi-
ciisque incensis Caesar exercitum reduxit et in Aulercis Lexo-
viisque, reliquis item clvitatibus quae proxime bellum fecerant,
in hiberms conlocavit.

SOLDIERS BURNING A BARBARIAN VILLAGE

122 THE GALLIC WAR III

parte audlto nostri redintegratis vi'ribus, quod plerumque in
spe victoriae accidere consuevit, acrius impugnare coeperunt.
Hostes undique circumvent! desperatls omnibus rebus se per
mumtiones deicere et fuga salutem petere contenderunt. Quos
5 equitatus apertissimls campis consectatus ex milium L numero,
quae ex Aqultania Cantabrisque convenisse constabat, vix quarta
parte relicta multa nocte se in castra recepit.

XXVII. Hac audita pugna maxima pars Aquitaniae sese
Crasso dedidit obsidesque ultro misit ; quo in numero fuerunt

loTarbelli, Bigerriones, Ptianii, Vocates, Tarusates, Elusates,
Gates, Ausci, GarumnT, Sibusates, Cocosates ; paucae ultimae
nationes annl tempore confisae, quod hiems suberat, id facere
neglexerunt.

A SHORT CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE MORINI AND MENAPII

XXVIII. Eodem fere tempore Caesar, etsT prope exacta iam
15 aestas erat, tamen quod omm Gallia pacata Morim Menapifque

supererant qm in armis essent neque ad eum umquam legates
de pace misissent, arbitratus id bellum celeriter confici posse eo
exercitum diiixit ; quT longe alia ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum
gerere coeperunt. Nam quod intellegebant maximas nationes,

20 quae proelio contendissent, pulsas superatasque esse, conti-
nentisque silvas ac paliides habebant, eo se suaque omnia
contulerunt. Ad quarum initium silvarum cum Caesar per-
venisset castraque munire Tnstituisset, neque hostis interim
visus esset. dispersls in opere nostrls subito ex omnibus parti-

25 bus silvae evolaverunt et in nostros impetum f ecerunt. NostrT
celeriter arma ceperunt eosque in silvas reppulerunt, et com-
pluribus interfectis longius impeditioribus locls secuti paucos ex
sms deperdiderunt.

XXIX. ReliquTs deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedere insti-
sotuit, et ne quis inermibus imprudentibusque militibus-ab latere

impetus fieri posset, omnem earn materiam quae erat caesa
conversam ad hostem conlocabat et pro vallo ad utrumque latus

Ill

THE MORINI AND MENAPII

123

exstruebat. Incredibili celeritate magno spatio panels diebus
confecto, cum iam pecus atque extrema impedimenta a nostris
tenerentur, ipsi densiores silvas peterent, eius modi sunt tem-
pestates consecutae utT opus necessario intermitteretur, et con-
tinuatione imbrium diutius sub pellibus mllites continerl non 5
possent. Itaque vastatis omnibus eorum agris, vicis aedifi-
ciisque incensis Caesar exercitum rediixit et in AulercTs Lexo-
vilsque, reliquis item clvitatibus quae proxime bellum fecerant,
in hiberms conlocavit.

SOLDIERS BURNIN'G A BARBARIAN VILLAGE

BOOK IV

THE WAR AGAINST THE USIPETES AND TENCTERI, AND CAESAR'S

PASSAGE OF THE RHINE

The Usipetes and Tencteri cross the Rhine into Gaul. Description of the

Suebi.

I. Ea quae secfuta est hieme, qul fuit annus Cn. Pompeio,
M. Crasso consulibus, Usipetes German! et item Tencteri magna
cum multitudine hominum flumen Rhenum transierunt non
longe a marl, quo Rhenus influit. Causa transeundi fuit quod

5 ab Suebls compluris annos exagitati bello premebantur et agri
cultura prohibebantur.

Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Germano-
ram omnium. Hi centum pagos habere dicuntur, ex quibus
quotannis singula milia armatorum bellandi causa ex fmibus

io educunt. ReliquI, qul domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt ;
hi rursus invicem anno post in armis sunt, ill! domi remanent.
Sic neque agri cultura nee rati5 atque usus belli intermittitur.
Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius
anno remanere uno in loco colendi causa licet. Neque multum

15 frumento, sed maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt,
multumque sunt in venationibus ; quae res et cibi genere et
cottidiana exercitatione et Hbertate vltae, quod a pueris nullo
officio aut disciplina adsuefactT nihil ommno contra voluntatem
faciunt, et viris alit et immanl corporum magnitudine homines

aoefficit. Atque in earn se consuetudinem adduxerunt ut locis

s

frlgidissimis neque vestitus praeter pellis haberent quicquam,
quarum propter exiguitatem magna est corporis pars aperta, et
lavarentur in fluminibus.

II. Mercatoribus est aditus magis eo, ut quae bello ceperint
25 quibus vendant habeant, quam quo ullam rem ad se importari

124

IV

THE USIPETES AND TENCTERI

125

desiderent. Qum etiam iumentis, quibus maxime Galli delec-
tantur quaeque impenso parant pretio, German! importatls non
utuntur, sed quae sunt apud e5s nata, parva atque deformia,
haec cottidiana exercitatione summl ut sint laboris efficiunt.
Equestribus proeliis saepe ex equis desiliunt ac pedibus proe- 5
liantur, equosque eodem remanere vestlgio adsuefecerunt, ad
quos se celeriter, cum usus est, recipiunt; neque eorum mori-
bus turpius quicquam aut inertius habetur quam ephippiis uti.
Itaque ad quemvis numerum-ephippiatorum equitum quamvis

pauci adire audent. VinuuSic
ommno ad se importari non
patiuntur, quod ea re ad la-
borem ferendum remollescere
homines atque effeminari arbi-
trantur. 15

III. Publice maximam pu-
tant esse laudem quam latissime
a suls finibus vacare agjos;
hac re significar! magnum
numerum civitatum suam vim 20
sustinere non posse. Itaque
una ex parte a Suebiscirciter miliapassuum c agri vacare dicuntur.
Ad alteram partem succedunt Ubii, quorum rait civitas ampla
atque florens, iit est captus Germanorum ; ii paulo (quamquam
sunt eiusdem generis) sunt ceteris humaniores, propterea quod 25
Rhenum attingunt, multumque ad eos mercatores ventitant, et
ipsi propter propinquitatem Gallicis sunt moribus adsuefacti.
Hos cum Suebl multls saepe bellls experti propter amplitudinem
gravitatemque civitatis finibus expellere non potuissent, tamen
vectlgalls sibi fecerunt ac multo humiliores Infirmioresque 3
redegerunt.

The Menapii are overpowered by the Usipetes and Tencteri.

IV. In eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes et TencterT, quos
supra diximus, qui compluns annos Sueborum vim sustinuerunt ;

A HORSE WITH EPHIPPIUM

126 THE GALLIC WAR IV

ad extremum tamen agrls expulsi et multis locis Germaniae
triennium vagati ad Rhenum pervenerunt, quas regiones Mena-
pil incolebant. HI ad utramque ripam fluminis agros, aedi-
ficia, vicosque habebant ; sed tantae multitudinis adventu
5 perterriti ex ils aedificiis quae trans fluraen habuerant demigra-
verant, et cis Rhenum dispositis praesidiis Germanos transire
prohibebant. 111! omnia expert!, cum neque vr contendere
propter inopiam navium neque clam translre propter custodias
Menapiorum possent, revert! se in suas sedis regionesque simu-

^ \ i ! i\

" 10 lav'erunt, et tridul viam progress! rursus reverterunt, atque omm
hoc itinere una nocte equitatu confecto mscios inopinantisque
Menapios oppresserunt, qu! de Germanorum discessu per ex-
ploratores certiores fact! sine metu trans Rhenum in suos vicos
remigraverant. His interfectls navibnsque eorum occupatis,
15 priusquam ea pars Menapiorum quae citra Rhenum erat certior
fieret, flumen transierunt, atque omnibus eorum aedificiis occu-
patis reliquam partem hiemis se eorum copils aluerunt.

The invaders are received in a friendly manner by certain of the

Gallic tribes.

V. His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatem Gallo-
rum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles et novls

20 plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum ex!stimavit.
Est enim hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti et viatores etiam
invitos consistere cogant, et quid quisque eorum de quaque re
audierit aut cognoverit quaerant, et mercatores in pppidis
vulgus circumsistat, quibusque ex regionibus veniant quasque

25 ibi res cognoverint pronuntiare cogat. His rebus atque audi-
tionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum
eos in vestigio paenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus
serviant, et plerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant.

VI. Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne gravior!' bello
30 occurreret, maturius quam corisuerat ad exercitum proficiscitur.

f\ . , ; J^>*-

E6 cum venisset, ea quae fore suspicatus erat) facta^Cognovit ;
missas legationes ab non nullis civitatibus ad Germanos, invita-

IV THE USIPETES AND TENCTERI 127

tosque eos utl ab Rheno discederent : ' Omnia quae postulassent
ab se fore parata.' Qua spe adducti German! latius iam vaga-
bantur et in finis Eburonum et Condrusorum, qui sunt Treve-
rorum clientes, pervenerant. Prmcipibus Galliae evocatTs Cae-
sar ea quae cognoverat dissimulanda sibi exlstimavit, eoruinque 5
animis permulsls et confirmatis equitatuque imperato bellum
cum Germanis gerere constituit.

Caesar demands that the Germans depart from Gaul.

VII. Re frumentaria comparata equitibusque delectis iter in
ea loca facere coepit quibus in locls esse Germanos audiebat.

A quibus cum paucorum dierum iter abesset, legati ab iis vene- 10
runt, quorum haec fuit oratio : ' Germanos neque priores
populo Romano bellum Inferre neque tamen recusare, si laces-
santur, qmn armis contendant, quod Germanorum consuetude
haec sit a maioribus tradita, quicumque bellum mferant resistere
neque deprecari. Haec tamen dicere : venisse invltos, eiectos 15
domo ; si suam gratiam Roman! velint, posse iis utills esse a.micos ;
vel sibi agros attribuant vel patiantur eos tenere quos armis
possederint ; sese urns Suebls concedere, quibus ne dil quidem
immortales pares esse possint ; reliquum quidem in terris esse
neminem -quern non superare possint.' 20

VIII. Ad haec Caesar quae vlsum est respondit; sed exitus
foit orationis : ' Sibi riullam cum iis amicitiam esse posse, si in
Gallia remanerent ; neque verum esse qui suos finis tueri non
potuerint alienos occupare ; neque ullos in Gallia vacare agros
qui dan, tantae praesertim multitudinl, sine iniuria possint ; sed 25
licere, si velint, .in Ubiorum finibiis consldere, quorum sint
legati apud se et de Sueborum iniuriis querantur et a se
auxilium petantj hoc se Ubils imperaturum.'

IX. Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt et re delibe-
rata post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros ; interea ne pro- 30
pius se castra moveret petierunt. Ne id quidem Caesar ab se
impetrari posse dixit. Cognoverat enim magnam partem equi-
tatus ab iis aliquot diebus ante praedandl frumentandlque causa

128 THE GALLIC WAR IV

ad Ambivaritos trans Mosam missam ; hos exspectari equites
atque eius rei causa moram interponl arbitrabatur.

The Meuse and the Rhine.

X. Mosa profluit ex monte Vosego, qui est in fmibus
Lingonum, et parte quadam ex Rheno recepta, quae appella-
5 tur Vacalus, insulam efficit Batavorum, neque longius inde
milibus passuum LXXX in Oceanum influit. Rhenus autem
oritur ex Lepontils, qui AlpTs incolunt, et longo spatio per finis
Nantuatium, Helvetiorum, Sequanorum, Mediomatricum, Tri-
bocorum, Treverorum citatus fertur, et ubi Oceano appropin-
loquavit, in pluris dififluit partis multis ingentibusque Insulis
effectis, quarum pars raagna a fens barbarisque nationibus
incolitur (ex quibu's sunt qui piscibus atque ovis avium vlvere
existimantur), multisque capitibus in Oceanum influit.

The Germans seek delay. A cavalry skirmish takes place.

XL Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passuum xn milibus

15 abesset, ut erat constitutum, ad eum legati revertuntur; qui in
itinere congress! magnopere ne longius progrederetur orabant.
Cum id non impetrassent, petebant uti ad eos equites qui
agmen antecessissent praemitteret eosque pugna prohiberet,
sibique ut potestatem faceret in Ubios legatos mittendi ; quo-

20 rum si principes ac senatus sibi iure iiirando fidem fecisset, ea
condicione quae a Caesare ferretur se usuros ostendebant ; ad
has res conficiendas sibi trldul spatium daret. Haec omnia
Caesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur, ut trldul mora in-
terposita equites eorum qui abessent reverterentur ; tamen

25 sese non longius milibus passuum quattuor aquationis causa
processurum eo die dixit; hue postero die quam frequen-
tissimi convemrent, ut de eorum postulatis cognosceret.
Interim ad praefectos, qui cum omni equitatu antece^serant,
mittit qui nuntiarent ne hostis proelio lacesserent, . et si

30 ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerent quoad ipse cum exercitu propius
accessisset.

IV THE USI PETES AND TENCTERI 129

XII. At hostes, ubi primum nostros equites conspexerunt,
quorum erat qulnque mllium numerus, cum ipsT non amplius
DCCC equites haberent, quod ii qui frumentandl causa ierant
trans Mosam nondum redierant, nihil timentibus nostris, quod
legati eorum paulo ante a Caesare- discesserant atque is dies s
indutiis erat ab his petitus, impetu facto celeriter nostros per-
turbaverunt ; rursus his resistentibus consuetudine sua ad pedes
desiluerunt, suffossisque equis compluribusque nostris deiectis
reliquos in fugam coniecerunt, atque ita perterritos egerunt ut
non prius fuga desisterent quam in conspectum agminis nostrf ic
venissent. In eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur un
et LXX, in his vir fortissimus Piso Aquitanus, amplissimo ge-
nere natus, cuius avus in clvitate sua regnum obtinuerat amicus
a senatu nostro appellatus. Hie cum fratri intercluso ab hosti-
bus auxilium ferret, ilium ex periculo eripuit, ipse equo 15
vulnerato deiectus quoad potuit fortissime restitit ; cum circum-
ventus multls vulneribus acceptis cecidisset, atque id frater,
qui iam proelio excesserat, procul animadvertisset, incitato
equo se hostibus obtulit atque interfectus est.

Caesar defeats the German army and destroys it.

XIII. Hoc facto proelio Caesar neque iam sibi legates 20
audiendos neque condiciones accipiendas arbitrabatur ab ils
qui per dolum atque msidias petita pace ultro bellum intulis-
sent; exspectare vero dum hostium copiae augerentur equita-
tusque reverteretur summae dementiae esse iudicabat; et
cognita Gallorum infirmitate quantum iam apud eos hostes un5 25
proelio auctoritatis essent consecuti sentiebat ; quibus ad con-
silia capienda nihil spatl dandum existimabat. His constitu-
tis rebus et consilio cum legatis et quaestore communicato,
ne quern diem pugnae praetermitteret, opportunissima res
accidit, quod postridie eitis diel mane eadein et simulatione et 30
perfidia usi German! frequentes omnibus principibus maiori-
busque natu adhibitls ad eum in castra venerunt, simul, ut dice-
batur, purgandi sui causa, quod contra atque esset dictum
K

130 THE GALLIC WAR IV

p

et ipsl petissent proelium pridie commisissent, simul ut,
si quid possent, de indutils fallendo impetrarent. Quos sibi
Caesar oblatos gavisus illos retinerl iussit ; ipse ornnis copias
castris ediixit equitatumque, quod recent! proelio perterritum
5 esse exlstimabat, agmen subsequi iussit.

XIV. Acie triplici Instituta et celeriter octo milium itinere
confecto prius ad hostium castra pervenit quam quid
ageretur GermanI sentire possent. Qui omnibus rebus subito
perterritT, et celeritate adventus nostn et discessu suorum,

10 neque consilT habendi neque arma capiendi spatio dato pertur-
bantur, copiasne adversus hostem ducere an castra defendere
an fuga saliiteni petere praestaret. Quorum timor cum fremitu"
et concursu significaretur, mllites nostrl pristini die! perfidia
incitatl in castra inruperunt. Quo loco qui celeriter arma

15 capere potuerunt paulisper nostris restiterunt atque inter car-
ros impedimentaque proelium commiseruntj at reliqua multi-
tude puerorum mulierumque (nam cum omnibus suis domo
excesserant Rhenumque transierant) passim fugere coepit; ad
quos consectandos Caesar equitatum misit.

20 XV. GermanI post tergum clamore audito, cum suos inter-
fici viderent, armis abiectis slgnisque mllitaribus relictis se ex
castris eiecerunt, et cum ad confluentem Mosae et RhenI
pervenissent, reliqua fuga desperata, magno numero interfecto
reliqui se in flumen praecipitaverunt atque ibi timore, lassi-

astudine, vl fluminis oppress! perierunt. Nostri ad unum
omnes incolumes perpaucls vulneratis ex tant! belli timore,
cum hostium numerus capitum ccccxxx milium fuisset, se in
castra receperunt. Caesar ils quos in castris retinuerat disce-
dendl potestatem fecit. 111! supplicia cruciatiisque Gallorum

soveritl, quorum agros vexaverant, remanere se apud eum velle
dlxerunt. His Caesar llbertatem concessit.

Caesar determines to cross over into Germany.

XVI. Germanico bello confecto multls de causls Caesar sta-
tuit sibi Rhenum esse transeundum j quarum ilia fuit iustis-

IV CAESAR'S PASSAGE OF 'THE RHINE 131

sima, quod, cum videret Germanos tarn facile impelli ut in
Galliam venirent, suls quoque rebus ^eJ5s timere voluit, cum
intellegerent et posse et audere popull Roman! exercitum
Rhenum transire. Accessit etiam quod ilia pars equitatus
Usipetum et Tencterorum quam supra commemoravi prae- 5
dandl frumentandique causa Mosam translsse neque proelio
interfuisse \ post fugam suorum se trans Rhenum in finis
Sugambrorum receperat seque cum his coniunxerat.- Ad quos

^ IS-' ' '

cum Caesar nuntios mlsisset, qui postularent "e5s qui sibi
Galliaeque bellum intulissent sibi dederent, responderunt : 10
1 Popull RomanI imperium Rhenum flnire ; si se invito Ger-
manos in Galliam transire non aequum existimaret, cur sul
quicquam esse imperl aut potestatis trans Rhenum postu-
laret?' Ubil autem, qui unl ex Transrhenams ad Caesarem
legates miserant, amicitiam fecerant, obsides dederant, mag- 15
nopere orabant ut sibi auxilium ferret, quod graviter ab Sue-
bis premerentur ; vel si id facere occupationibus rel publicae
prohiberetur, exercitum modo Rhenum transportaret : 'Id sibi
ad auxilium spemque reliqul temporis satis futurum. Tantum
esse nomen atque oplnionem eius exercitus Ariovisto pulso et 20
hoc novissimo proelio facto, etiam ad ultimas Germanorum
nationes, utl opinion e et amicitia popull RomanI tutl esse
possent.' Navium magnam copiam ad transportandum exer-
citum pollicebantur.

He builds a bridge over the Rhine.

XVII. Caesar his de causis quas commemoravi Rhenum 25
transire decreverat ; sed navibus transire neque satis tutum
esse arbitrabatur neque suae neque popull RomanI dlgnitatis
esse statuebat. Itaque, etsi summa difficultas faciendi pontis
proponebatur propter latitudinem, rapiditatem, altitudinemque
fluminis, tamen id sibi contendendum aut aliter non tradu-so
cendum exercitum exlstimabat. Rationem pontis hanc Instituir.
Tigna blna sesquipedalia paulum ab Imo praeacuta, dlmensa ad
altitudinem fluminis, intervallo pedum duorum inter se iunge-

132 THE GALLIC WAR IV

bat. Haec cum macbiinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat
fistucisque adegerat, non sublicae mod5 derecte ad perpen-
diculum, sed prone ac fastigate, ut secundura naturam fluminis
procumberent, iis item contraria duo ad eundem modum iuucta,
Sintervallo pedum quadragenum ab inferiore parte contra vim
atque impetum fluminis conversa statuebat. Haec utraque in-
super bipedalibus trabibus immissis, quantum eorum tignorum
iunctura distabat, blnis utrimque flbulis ab extrema parte dis-

CAESAR'S BRIDGE OVER THE RHINE

a a, tigna bina sesqiiipedalia, b, trabs bipedalis. c c.,_fibitlae. d d, derecta ma-
terta. e, longurii. f, crates, g, sublicae oblique actae. h, sublicae supra ponton
actae.

tinebantur; quibus disclusis atque in contrariam partem re-
10 vinctis tanta erat operis firmitudo atque ea rerum natura ut,
quo maior vis aquae se incitavisset, hoc artius inligata tene-
rentur. Haec derecta materia iniecta contexebantur ac lon-
guriis cratibusque consterneb'antur ; ac nihilo setius sublicae et
ad Inferiorem partem fluminis oblique agebantur, quae pro ariete
15 subiectae et cum omnl opere coniunctae vim fluminis e-xcipe-
rent, et aliae item supra pontem mediocri spatio, ut si arborum
trunci sive naves deiciendi operis causa essent a barbans
immissae, his defensoribus earum rerum vis minueretur neu
ponti nocerent.

\'

IV

CAESAR'S PASSAGE OF THE RHINE

133

After spending eighteen days across the Rhine, Caesar returns into Gaul.

XVIII. Diebus decem quibus materia coepta erat com-
portari omni opere effecto exercitus traducitur. Caesar ad

ROMAN SOLDIERS CROSSING A BRIDGE

utramque partem pontis firmo praesidio rehcto in finis Su-
gambrorum contendit. Interim a compluribus civitatibus ad
eum legati veniunt j quibus pacem atque amicitiam petentibus 5
Hberaliter respondet obsidesque ad se adduci iubet. At Su-
gambrLex eo tempore quo pons mstitui coeptus est fuga com-
parata/ hortantibus iis quos ex Tencteris atque Usipetibus apud

132

THE GALLIC WAR

IV

bat. Haec cum machinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat
fistuclsque adegerat, non sublicae modo derecte ad perpen-
diculum, sed prone ac fastlgate, ut secundum naturam fluminis
procumberent, ils item contraria duo ad eundem modum iuncta,
Sintervallo pedum quadragenum ab Inferiore parte contra vim
atque impetum fluminis conversa statuebat. Haec utraque In-
super bipedalibus trabibus immissis, quantum eorum tignorum
iunctura distabat, blnis utrimque fibulls ab extrema parte dis-

CAESAR'S URIDGE OVER THE RHINE

a a, tigno. bina sesqnipedalia. b, trabs bipedalis. c c,Jil>nlae. d d, derecta Jiia-
teria. e, longitrii. f, crates, g, sublicae oblique actae. h, sublicae supra pontetn
actae.

tinebantur ; quibus disclusls atque in contrariam partem re-
lovinctis tanta erat operis firmitudo atque ea rerum natura ut,
quo maior vis aquae se incitavisset, hoc artius inligata tene-
rentur. Haec derecta materia iniecta contexebantur ac lon-
guriis cratibusque consternebantur ; ac nihilo setius sublicae et
ad inferiorem partem fluminis oblique agebantur, quae pro ariete
15 subiectae et cum omnl opere coniunctae vim fluminis excipe-
rent, et aliae item supra pontem mediocrl spatio, ut si arborum
truncl slve naves deiciendl operis causa essent a barbarls
immissae, his defensoribus earum rerum vis minueretur neu
ponti nocerent.

IV

CAESAR'S PASSAGE OF THE RHINE

133

After spending eighteen days across the Rhine, Caesar returns into Gaul.

XVIII. Diebus decem quibus materia coepta erat com-
portari omni opere effecto exercitus tradiicitur. Caesar ad

ROMAN SOLDIERS CROSSING A F.RIDGE

utramque partem pontis firmo praesidio rellcto in finis Su-
gambrSrum contendit. Interim a compliiribus civitatibus ad
eum legati veniunt ; qnibns pacem atque amicitiam petentibus 5
Hberaliter respondet obsidesqtie ad se adduci iubet. At Su-
gambri ex eo tempore quo pons institm coeptus est fuga com-
parata^ hortantibus iis quos ex Tencterls atque Usipetibus apud

134 THE GALLIC WAR IV

se habebant, fmibus suls excesserant suaque omnia exporta-
verant 'seque in solitudinem ac silvas abdiderant.

XIX. Caesar paucos dies in eorum finibus moratus omni-
bus vicis aedificilsque incensls frumentlsque succisis se in finis
5 Ubioram recepit, atque his auxilium suum pollicitus si a Suebis
premerentur, haec ab iis cognovit : 'Suebos, posteaquam per ex-
ploratores pontem fieri comperissent, more suo concilio habito
nuntios in omnis partis dimlsisse, ut! de oppidls demigrarent,
liberos, uxores, suaque omnia in silvls deponerent, atque omnes

10 qui arma ferre possent iinum in locum convenlrent. Hunc esse
delectum medium fere regionum earum quas Suebi obtinerent ;
hie Romanorum adventum exspectare atque ibidem decertare
constituisse.' Quod ubi Caesar compertt, omnibus iis rebus
confectls quarum rerum causa traducere exercitum constitu-

15 erat, ut Germams metum iniceret, ut Sugambros ulciscere-
tur, ut Ubios obsidione Hberaret, diebus omnmo xvm trans
Rhenum consumptis satis et ad laudem et ad utilitatem
profectum arbitratus se in Galliam recepit pontemque re-
scidit.

CAESAR'S FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN

Preparations for the voyage.

20 XX. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his locis,
quod omnis Gallia ad septemtriones vergit, maturae sunt
hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficlsci contendit, quod omni-
bus fere Gallicis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata
auxilia intellegebat ; et si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum

25 deftceret, tamen magno sibi usul fore arbitrabatur si modo in-
sulam adisset, genus hominum perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus
cognovisset, quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. Neque
enim temere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam neque his
ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimam atque eas regiones

30 quae sunt contra Gallias notum est. Itaque vocatis ad se

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 135

undique mercatoribus neque quanta esset fnsulae magnitude
neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent neque quern usum
belli haberent aut quibus institutls uterentur neque qui essent
ad maiorem navium multitudinem idonei portus reperire
poterat. 5

XXI. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum faceret,
idoneum esse arbitratus C. Volusenum cum navi longa prae-
mittit. Huic mandat ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se quam
primum revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copils in Morinos pro-
ficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam traiectus. 10
Hue navis undique ex finitimis regionibus et quam superiore
aestate ad Veneticum bellum fecerat classem iubet convemre.
Interim consilio eius cognito et per mercatores perlato ad Bri-
tannos a compluribus insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt,
qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio populi Romam ob- 15
temperare. Quibus auditis Hberaliter pollicitus hortatusque ut
in ea sententia permanerent, eos domura remittit et cum iis
una Commiuirij quern ipse Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi con-
stituerat, cuius et virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibi
fidelem esse arbitrabatur, cuiusque auctoritas in his regionibus 20
magm habebatur, mittit. Huic imperat quas possit adeat civi-
tates horteturque ut populi Romam fidem sequantur, seque
celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Volusenus perspectis regioni-
bus, quantum el facultatis dari potuit qui navi egredi ac se
barbaris committere non auderet, quinto die ad Caesarem re- 25
vertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat.

XXII. Dum in his locls Caesar navium parandarum causa
moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt,
qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod homines
barbari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum populo Ro-so
mano fecissent, seque ea quae imperasset facturos pollice-
rentur. Hoc sibi Caesar satis opportune accidisse arbitratus,
quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat neque belli
gerendi propter anni tempus facultatem habebat neque has tan-
tularum rerum occupationes Britanniae anteponendas iiidicabat, 35

136

THE GALLIC WAR

IV

magnum iis numerum obsidum imperat. Quibus adductis eos
in fidem recipit. Navibus circiter LXXX onerariis coactis, quot
satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat, quod
praeterea navium longarum habebat quaestor!, legatis, praefec-
5 tisque distribuit. Hue accedebant xvin onerariae naves, quae
ex eo loco a milibus passuum oct5 vento tenebantur, quo-
minus in eundem portum venire possent j has equitibus dis-

ROMAN SHIPS

\

tribuit .Reliquum exercitum Titurio Sabmo et Aurunculeio
Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum a
loquibus ad eum legati non venerant ducendum dedit. Sulpi-
cium Rufum legatum cam eo praesidio quod satis esse arbi-
trabatur portum tenere iussit.

The voyage.

XXIII. His constitutls rebus nactus idoneam ad navigandum
tempestatem tertia fere vigilia solvit, equitesque in ulteriorem

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 137

portum progredi et navis conscendere et se sequi iussit. A
quibus cum paulo tardius esset administratum, ipse hora die!
circiter quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit atque ibi
in omnibus collibus expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit.
Cuius loci haec erat natura, atque ita montibus anguste mare 5
continebatur, uti ex locls superioribus in lltus telum adigi posset.
Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus,
dum reliquae naves eo convenient, ad horam nonam in ancoris
exspectavit. Interim legatis tribumsque militum convocatis et
quae ex Voluseno cognovisset et quae fieri vellet ostendit, mo- 10
nuitque, ut rei militaris ratio, maxime ut maritimae res postula-
rent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum haberent, ad
nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab ils administrarentur. His
dlmissis et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum,
dato signo et sublatis ancoris circiter mllia passuum septem ab 15
eo loco progressus aperto ac piano Htore navis constituit.

The Britons unsuccessfully attempt to prevent a landing.

XXIV. At barbari consilio Romanorum cognito, praemisso
equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proelils uti
consuerunt, reliquis copils subsecuti nostros navibus egredi
prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod 20
naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant,
mllitibus autem ignotis locls, impeditis manibus, magno et
gravl onere armorum pressis simul et de navibus desiliendum et
in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum ; cum
ill! aut ex arido aut paulum in aquam progress! omnibus membris 25
expeditls, notissimis locis audacter tela conicerent et equos in-
suefactos incitarent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque huius
ommno generis pugnae imperiti non eadem alacritate ac studio
quo in pedestribus uti proelils consuerant utebantur.

XXV. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, navis longas, quarum 3
et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior,
paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis incitari et ad
latus apertum hostium constitui, atque inde fundis, sagittis,

136

THE GALLIC WAR

IV

magnum iis numerum obsidum imperat. Quibus adductis eos
in fidem recipit. Navibus circiter LXXX onerariis coactis, quot
satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat, quod
praeterea navium longarum habebat quaestorl, legatis, praefec-
5 tisque distribuit. Hue accedebant xvm onerariae naves, quae
ex eo loco a milibus passuum octo vento tenebantur, quo-
minus in eundem portum venire possent ; has equitibus dis-

ROMAN SHIPS

tribuit. " Reliquum exercitum Titurio Sabino et Aurunculeio
Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum a
loquibus ad eum legati non venerant ducendum dedit. Sulpi-
cium Rufum legatum cam eo praesidio quod satis esse arbi-
trabatur portum tenere iussit.

The voyage.

XXIII. His constitiitis rebus nactus idoneam ad navigandum
tempestatem tertia fere vigilia solvit, equitesque in ulteriorem

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 137

portum progredi et navTs conscenclere et se sequi iassit. A
quibtis cum paulo tardius esset administratum, ipse hora die!
circiter quarta cum prirnls navibus Britanniam attigit atque ibi
in omnibus collibus expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit.
Cuius loci haec erat natura, atque ita montibus anguste mare 5
continebatur, utl ex locis superioribus in Htus telum adigl posset.
Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus,
dum reliquae naves eo convenlrent, ad horam nonam in ancoris
exspectavit. Interim legatls tribunlsque militum convocatis et
quae ex Voluseno cognovisset et quae fieri vellet ostendit, mo- 10
nuitque, ut rei militaris ratio, maxime ut maritiinae res postula-
rent, ut quae celerem atque Instabilem motum haberent, ad
niitum et ad tempus omnes res ab ils administrarentur. His
dimissis et ventum et aestum lino tempore nactus secundum,
dato signo et sublatls ancoris circiter mllia passuum septem ab 15
eo loco progressus aperto ac piano Htore navls constituit.

The Britons unsuccessfully attempt to prevent a landing.

XXIV. At barbarl consilio Romanorum cognito, praemisso
equitatii et essedarils, quo plerumque genere in proeliTs utT
consuerunt, reliquls copils subseciiti nostros navibus egredi
prohibebant. Erat ob has causas sum ma difricultas, quod 20
naves propter magnitiidinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant,
mllitibus autem ignotis locis, impeditis manibus, magno et
gravi onere armorum pressis simul et de navibus desiliendum et
in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum ; cum
ill! aut ex arido aut paulum in aquam progress! omnibus membris 25
expedltis, notissimis locis audacter tela conicerent et equos in-
suefactos incitarent. Quibus rebus nostrl perterriti atque huius
omnlno generis pugnae imperiti non eadem alacritate ac studio
quo in pedestribus utl proeliis consuerant utebantur.

XXV. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, navls longas, quarum 3
et species erat barbarls inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior,
paulum removeii ab onerarils navibus et remls incitarl et ad
latus apertum hostium constitui, atque inde fundis, sagittis,

138

THE GALLIC WAR

IV

tormentis hostis propelli ac submoverl iussit ; quae res magno

usui nostris fuit. Nam et navium figura et reraorum motu et

inusitato genere tormento-

rum permoti barbari consti-
5 teruntacpaulumetiampedem

rettulerunt Atque nostris

mllitibus cunctantibus, max-

ime propter altitudinem

maris, qul decimae legionis
10 aquilam ferebat, obtestatus

deos ut ea res legion! feli-

citer evemret : " Desilite,"

inquit, " commilitones, nisi

vultis aquilam hostibus pro-
15 dere ; ego certe meum rei

publicae atque imperatori

officium praestitero." Hoc

cum voce magna dlxisset,
. se ex navl proiecit atque
20 in hostis aquilam ferre coepit.

Turn nostri cohortatl inter

se ne tantum dedecus ad-

mitteretur universi ex navl

desiluerunt. Hos item ex
25proximis navibus cum con-

spexissent, subsecuti hostibus

appropinquaverunt.

XXVI. Pugnatum est ab

utrlsque acriter. Nostri
sotamen, quod neque ordines

servare neque firmiter Insistere neque slgna subsequT poterant,

atque alius alia ex navl quibuscumque sTgms occiirrerat se

adgregabat, magnopere perturbabantur ; hostes vero notis omni-
bus vadls, ubi.ex litore aliquos singularis ex navl egredientis
35 conspexerant, incitatis equls impedltos adoriebantur, plures

AQUILIFER
(From a graveston_e)

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 139

paucos circumsistebant, alii ab latere aperto in universes tela
coniciebant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas
longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus com-
pleri iussit, et quos laborantis conspexerat, his subsidia sub-
mittebat. - Nostri simul in arido constiterunt, sms omnibus con- 5
secutis in hostls impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt ;
neque longius prosequl potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere
atque msulam capere x non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam
fortunam Caesar! defuit.

They sue for peace.

XXVIL Hostes proe]io superati, simul atque se ex fugaio
receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legates de pace miserunt;
obsides daturos quaeque imperasset facturos sese polliciti sunt.
Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quern supra
demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum. Hunc
illl e navl egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris man- 15
data deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula coniecerant ;
turn proelio facto remiserunt, et in petenda pace eius rei culpam
in multitudinem contulerunt, et propter imprudentiam ut ignos-
ceretur petiverunt. Caesar questus quod, cum ultro in conti-
nentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa 20
intulissent, ignoscere imprudentiae dlxit obsidesque imperavit ;
quorum illl partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus
locis arcessitam paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt. Interea
suos remigrare in agros iusserunt, principesque undique con-
venire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt. 25

Storm and tide damage the fleet.

XXVIII. His rebus pace confirmata post diem quartum
c[uam est in Britanniam ventum naves xvm, de quibus supra
demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portii
lenT vento solverunt. Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae et
ex castrls viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est ut nulla 3
earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem unde erant pro-

THE GALLIC WAR

IV

Nam et navium figura et remorum motu et

tormentis hostis propellf ac submoveri iussit ; quae res magno

iisul nostris fuit.

iniisitato genere tormento-

rum permotl barbarl consti-
5 terunt ac paulum etiam pedem

rettulerunt. Atque nostris

mllitibus cunctantibus, max-

ime propter altitudinem

man's, qm decimae legionis
10 aquilam ferebat, obtestatus

deos nt ea res legion! felf-

citer evemret : " Desilite,"

inquit, " commilitones, nisi

vultis aquilam hostibus pro-
15 dere ; ego certe meum re!

publicae atque imperatorl

officium praestitero." Hoc

cum voce magna dixisset,

se ex navi proiecit atque
20 in hostis aquilam ferre coepit.

Turn nostri cohortati inter

se ne tantum dedecus ad-

mitteretur universi ex navi

desiluerunt. Hos item ex
25 proximis navibus cum con-

spexissent, subsecuti hostibus

appropinquaverunt.

XXVI. Pugnatum est ab

A QUILT PER
(From a gravestone)

utrisque acriter. Nostri

sotamen, quod neque ordines

servare neque firmiter Tnsistere neque sTgna subsequT poterant,
atque alius alia ex navi quibuscumque slgnls occurrerat se
adgregabat, magnopere perturbabantur ; hostes vero notls omni-
bus vadls, ubi ex litore aliquos singulans ex navT egredientls

35 conspexerant, incitatis equls impedltos adoriebantur, plures

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 139

pancos circurnsistebant, alii ab latere aperto in universes tela
coniciebant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas
longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus com-
plerl iussit, et quos laborantis conspexerat, his subsidia sub-
mi tte bat. NostrT simul in arido constiterunt, sms omnibus con- 5
secutls in hostis impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt ;
neque longius proseqm potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere
atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc tinum ad pristinam
fortunam Caesarl defuit.

They sue for peace.

XXVII. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga 10
receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace mlserunt ;
obsides datiiros quaeque imperasset factiiros sese pollicitl sunt.
Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quern supra
demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum. Hunc
illi e navl egressnm, cum ad eos orat5ris modo Caesaris man- 15
data deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula coniecerant ;
turn proelio facto remiserunt, et in petenda pace eius rei culpam
in multitudinem contulerunt, et propter imprudentiam ut ignos-
ceretur petlverunt. Caesar questus quod, cum ultro in conti-
nentem legatTs missis pacem ab se petlssent, bellum sine causa 20
intulissent, ignoscere impriidentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit ;
quorum ill! partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus
locis arcessitam paucis diebus sese datiiros dlxenmt. Interea
suos remigrare in agros iusserunt, principesque undique con-
venire et se civitatesque suas Caesarl commendare coeperunt. 25

Storm and tide damage the fleet.

XXVIII. His rebus pace conflrmata post diem quartum
quam est in Britanniam ventum naves xvm, de quibus supra
demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portii
lenT vent5 solvenmt. Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae et
ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est ut niillas
earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem unde erant pro-

140 THE GALLIC WAR IV

fectae referrentur, aliae ad Inferiorem partem insulae, quae est
propius solis occasum, magno suo cum periculo deicerentur ;
quae tamen. ancoris iactis cum fluctibus complerentur, neces-
sario adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem petierunt.

5 XXIX. Eadem nocte accidit ut esset luna plena, qui dies
maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit, nos-
trisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas navis
quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum curaverat, quas Caesar
in aridura subduxerat, aestus complebat et onerarias, quae ad

10 ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas adflictabat, neque ulla nostris
facultas aut administrandl aut auxiliandi dabatur. Compliiribus
navibus fractis reliquae cum essent fimibus, ancoris, reliqulsque
armamentis amissis ad navigandum inutiles, magna, id quod
necesse erat accidere, totms exercitus perturbatio facta est.

15 Neque enim naves erant aliae quibus reportari possent, et
omnia deerant quae ad reficiendas navis erant usui, et quod
omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere, frumentum in
his locis in hiemem provisum non erat.

The Britons decide to renew hostilities.

XXX. Quibus rebus cognitis prlncipes Britanniae, qui post
20 proelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se conlocuti, cum et
equites et navis et frumentum RomanTs deesse intellegerent et
paucitatem: militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscer'ent, quae
hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedlmentis Caesar
legiones transportaverat, optimum factu esse duxerunt rebellione
25 facta frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere et rem in hie-
mem producere, quod his superatis aut reditu interclusls nerni-
nem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum
confidebant. Itaque rursus coniuratione facta paulatim ex
castris discedere et suos clam ex agns deducere coeperunt.
30 XXXI. At Caesar etsl nondum eorum consilia cognoverat,
tamen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsides dare
intermiserant, fore id quod accidit suspicabatur. Itaque ad
omnis casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et frumentum ex agris

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 141

cottidie in castra conferebat, et quae gravissime adfllctae erant
naves, earum materia atque acre ad reliquas reficiendas ute-
batur, et quae ad eas res erant usu! ex continent! comparari
iubebat. Itaque/ cum summo studio a mllitibus administraretur,
xii navibus amissis, reliquis ut navigari satis commode posset s
effecit.

The seventh legion is attacked.

XXXII. Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una
frumentatum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad
id tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars hominum in
agris remaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, il qul pro portis 10
castrorum in statione erant Caesari niintiaverunt pulverem ma-

v

iorem quam consuetudo ferret in ea parte videri quam in partem
legio iter fecisse^. Caesar, id quod erat, suspicatus aliquid
novl a barbaris initum consill, cohortis quae in stationibus erant
secum in earn partem pr&ficiscl, ex reliquis duas in stationem 15
succedere, reliquas a'rmari et confestim sese subseqm iussit.
Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hostibus premi
atque aegre sustinere et conferta legione ex omnibus partibus
tela conic! animadvertit. Nam quod omn! ex reliquis partibus
demesso frumento pars una erat reliqua, suspicat! hostes hue 20
nostros esse ventures noctu in silv!s delituerant ; turn disperses,
depositis armis in metendo occupatos subito adort! paucis inter-
fectis reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu
atque essedis circumdederant.

The war-chariots of the Britons.

>

XXXIII. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per 25
omms part!s perequitant et tela coniciunt, atque ipso terrore
equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbant j et
cum se inter equitum turmas Insinuaverunt, ex essedis desiliunt
et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio
excedunt atque ita currus conlocant ut s! ill! a multitudine 3
hostium premantur, expedltum ad suos receptum habeant. Ita

142

THE GALLIC WAR

IV

A ROMAN COIN SHOWING AN
ESSEDUM

mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proelils praestant,
ac tantum usu cottidiano et exercitatione efficiunt uti in declivl
ac praecipitl loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevl moderari
ac flectere et per temonem percurrere et in iugo Insistere et se
5 inde in currus citissime recipere consuerint.

Caesar relieves the seventh legion. He defeats the Britons in. battle.

XXXIV. Quibus re-bus perturbatis nostris novitate pugnae
tempore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit ; namque eius
adventii hostes consti-

terunt, nostri se ex timore

10 receperunt. Quo facto
ad lacessendum hostem
et committendum proe-
lium alienum esse
tempus arbitratus suo

15 se loco continuit, et
brevl tempore intermisso

in castra legiones reduxit. Dura haec geruntur, nostris omnibus
occupatis, qui erant in agrls reliqul discesserunt. Secutae sunt
continues compliiris dies tempestates, quae et nostros in castris

20 continerent et hostem a pugna prohiberent. Interim barbarl
nuntios in omnls partis dimiserunt paucitatemque nostro-
rum militum suis praedicaverunt, et quanta praedae faciendae
atque in perpetuum sul Hberandi facultas daretur, si Romanos
castris expulissent, demonstraverunt. His rebus celeriter

ssmagna multitudine peditatus equitatusque coacta ad castra
venerunt.

XXXV. Caesar etsi idem quod superioribus diebus acciderat
fore videbat, ut, si essent hostes pulsi, celeritate periculum
effugerent, tamen nactus equites circiter xxx, quos Commius

3 Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, secum transportaverat, legiones
in acie pro castris constituit. Commisso proelio diutius nos-
troruin militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt ac terga

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 143

verteruht. Quos tanto spatio secuti quantum cursu et viribus
efficere potuerunt, compluris ex ils occiderunt., deinde omnibus
longe lateque aedificiis incensls se in castra receperunt.

The Britons again ask for peace. Caesar returns to Gaul.

XXXVI. Eodem die legatl ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem
de pace venerunt. His Caesar numerum obsidum quern ante 5
imperaverat duplicavit eosque in continentem adduci iussit,
quod propinqua die aequinoctl, infirmis navibus hiemi naviga-
tionem subiciendam non existimabat. Ipse idoneam tempes-
tatem nactus paulo post mediam noctem navis solvit, quae
omnes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt; sed ex iisio
onerariae duae eosdem portus quos reliquae capere non potu-
erunt, et paulo infra delatae sunt.

The Morini and Menapii cause trouble. The army goes into winter
quarters. A thanksgiving at Rome.

XXXVII. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites
circiter ccc atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar
in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae ad- 15
ducti prlmo non it-a magno suorum numer5 circumsteterunt ac,

si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere iusserunt. Cum ill! orbe
facto sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter
milia sex convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata Caesar omnem ex
castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites 20
impetum hostium sustinuerunt atque amplius horis quattuor
fortissime pugnaverunt et panels vulneribus acceptis compluris
ex his occiderunt. Postea vero quam equitatus noster in con-
spectum venit, hostes abiectis armis terga verterunt, magnusque
eorum numerus est occisus. 25

XXXVIII. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum cum ils
legionibus quas ex Britannia reduxerat in Morinos, qui re-
bellionem fecerant, misit. QuT cum propter siccitates paludum
quo se reciperent non haberent, quo perfugio superiore anno
erant usi, omnes fere in potestatem Labiem venerunt. At Q. 30

144 THE GALLIC WAR IV

Titurius et L. Cotta legati, qui in Menapiorum finis legiones
duxerant, omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis succisis,
aedificiis incensls, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas
silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in
5 BelgTs omnium legionum hiberna constituit. E6 duae ommno
civitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt.
His rebus gestis ex litterls Caesaris dierum xx supplicatio
a senatu decreta est.

BOOK V

CAESAR'S SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN

Having given orders for the building of a fleet, Caesar goes to Hither

Gaul and Illyricum.

I. L. Domitio, App. Claudio consulibus discedens ab hi-
berms Caesar in Italiam, ut quotanms facere consuerat, legatis
imperat, quos legionibus praef ecerat, uti quara plurimas possint
hieme navis aedificandas veteresque reficiendas curent. Earum
modum formamque demonstrat. Ad celeritatem onerandi sub- 5
ductionisque paulo facit humiliores quam quibus in nostro marl
uti consuevimus, atque id eo magis, quod propter crebras-com-
mutationes aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctiis fieri cognoverat ;
ad onera ac multitudinem iumentorum transportandam paulo
latiores quam quibus in reliquis utimur maribus. Has ommsio
actuarias imperat fieri, quam ad rem multum humilitas adiuvat.
Ea quae sunt usul ad armandas navis ex Hispania apportari
iubet. Ipse conventibus Galliae citerioris peractis in Illyricum
proficlscitur, quod a Plrustis finitimam partem provinciae in-
cursionibus vajtari audiebat. E5 cum venisset, civitatibus 15
mllites imperat certumque in locum convemre iubet. Qua re
nuntiata Plrustae legatos ad eum mittunt, qul doceant nihil
earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse
demonstrent omnibus rationibus de iniuriis satisfacere. Per-
cepta oratione eorum Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certam 20
diem adduci iubet ; nisi ita fecerint, sese bello civitatem perse-
cuturum demonstrat. Us ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat,
arbitros inter civitates dat, qul litem aestiment poenamque
constituant.

L 145

146 THE GALLIC WAR V

He checks an incipient revolt among the Treveri.

II. His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis in citeriorem
Galliam revertitur atque inde ad exercitum proficiscitur. Eo
cum venisset, circumitis omnibus hiberms singular! militum
studio in summa omnium rerum inopia circiter DC eius generis

5 cuius supra demonstravimus navis et longas xxvm invenit
Instructas, neque raultum abesse ab eo, qum paucis diebus
deduc! possint. Conlaudatis militibus atque iis qui negotio
praefuerant, quid fieri velit ostendit atque omms ad portum
Itium convenlre iubet, quo ex portu commodissimum in Britan-

loniam traiectum esse cognoverat, circiter milium passuum xxx
a continent! ; huic re! quod satis esse visum est militum relin-
quit. Ipse cum Iegi5nibus expeditis quattuor et equitibus
DCCC in fims Treverorum profic!scitur, quod hi neque ad con-
cilia veniebant neque imperio parebant, Germanosque Trans-

15 rhenanos sollicitare dicebantur.

III. Haec c!vitas longe plurimum totius Galliae equitatu
valet magnasque habet copias peditum, Rhenumque, ut supra
demonstravimus, tangit. In ea civitate duo de piincipatu inter
se contendebant, Indutiomarus et Cingetonx; ex quibus alter,

20 simul atque de Caesaris legionumque adventu cognitum est, ad
eum venit, se suosque omms in officio futures neque ab amicitia
populi Roman! defecturos confirmavit, quaeque in Treveris
gererentur ostendit. At Indutiomarus equitatum peditatumque
cogere, usque qu! per aetatem in armls esse non poterant in

assilvam Arduennam abditis, quae ingent! magnitudine per
medios f!n!s Treverorum a flumine Rheno ad initium Remorura
pertinet, bellum parare Instituit ; sed posteaquam non null!
principes ex ea civitate et auctoritate Cingetorigis adduct! et
adventu nostri exercitus perterrit! ad Caesarem venerunt et de

3 osu!s privatis rebus ab eo petere coeperunt, quoniam civitat!
consulere non possent, veritus ne ab omnibus desereretur lega-
tes ad Caesarem mittit : ' Sese idcirco ab su!s discedere atque
ad eum venire noluisse, quo facilius civitatem in officio con-
tineret, ne omnis nobilitatis discessu plebs propter impruden-

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 147

tiam laberetur ; itaque civitatem in sua potestate esse, seque,
si Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum et suas civita-
tisque fortunas ems fidei permissurum.'

IV. Caesar etsi intellegebat qua de causa ea dicerentur
quaeque eum res ab institute consilio deterreret, tamen, ne 5
aestatem in Treveris consumere cogeretur omnibus rebus ad
Britannicum bellum comparatls, Indutiomarum ad se cum
cc obsidibus venire iussit. His adductis, in iis filio propin-
quisque eius omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, c5nsolatus
Indutiomarum hortatusque est uti in officio maneret ; nihilo 10
tamen setius principibus Treverorum ad se convocatis hos singil-
latim Cingetorigi conciliavit, quod cum merito eius ab se fieri
intellegebat, turn magm interesse arbitrabatur eius auctoritatem
inter suos quam plurimum valere, cuius tarn egregiam in se vo-
luntatem perspexisset. Id factum graviter tulit Indutiomarus, 15
suam gratiam inter suos minul, et qul iam ante inimico in nos
animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit

The fleet and army assemble at Portus Itius.

V. His rebus constitutes Caesar ad portum Itium cum
legionibus pervehit. Ibi cognoscit LX navis, quae in Meldis
factae erant, tempestate reiectas cursum tenere non potuisseao
atque eodem unde erant profectae revertisse ; reliquas paratas
ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus Instructas invenit. Eodem
equitatus totius Galliae convenit, numero milia quattuor, prm-
cipesque ex omnibus civitatibus ; ex quibus perpaucos, quorum
in se fidem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidumras
loco secum ducere decreverat, quod, cum ipse abesset, motum
Galliae verebatur.

Dumnorix, refusing to obey Caesar's commands and acting treacherously,

is killed.

VI. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Haeduus, de quo ante
a nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis constituerat,
quod emu cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperi, magniso

148 THE GALLIC WAR V

animi, raagnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat. Accedebat
hue quod in concilio Haeduorum Duranorlx dixerat sibi" a
Caesare regnum clvitatis deferri ; quod dictum Haedui graviter
ferebant neque recusand! aut deprecandl causa legatos ad Cae-
5 sarera mittere audebant. Id factum ex suls hospitibus Caesar
cognoverat. Ille omnibus primo precibus petere contendit ut
in Gallia relinqueretur, partim quod msuetus navigandi mare
timeret, partim quod religionibus impedlri sese dlceret. Pos-
teaquam id obstinate sibi negarl vidit, omm spe impetrandi

loadempta prmcipes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos horta-
rique coepit utl in continent! remanerent ; metu territare : 'Non
sine causa fieri ut Gallia omm nobilitate spoliaretur; id esse
consilium Caesaris, ut quos in conspectu Galliae interficere
vereretur, hos omnis in Britanniam traductos necaret;' fidem

i5reliquls interponere, ius iurandum poscere, ut quod esse ex
usu Galliae intellexissent communl consilio administrarent.
Haec a compluribus ad Caesarem deferebantur.

VII. Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum civitati Haeduae
dignitatis tribuebat^ coercendum atque deterrendum quibuscum-

2oque rebus posset DumnorTgem statuebat; quod longius eius
amentiam progredi videbat, prospiciendum ne quid sibi ac rei
pilblicae nocere posset. Itaque dies circiter xxv in eo loco
commoratus, quod Corus ventus navigationem impediebat, qul
magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit,

asdabat operam ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret, nihilo
tamen setius omnia eius consilia cognosceret ; tandem idoneam
nactus tempestatem milites equitesque conscendere navis iubet.
At omnium impeditis animis Dumnorix cum equitibus Hae-
duorum a castris Insciente Caesare domum discedere coepit.

30 Qua re nuntiata Caesar intermissa profectione atque omnibus
rebus postpositls magnam partem equitatus ad eum insequen-
dum mittit retrahique imperat; si vim faciat neque pareat,
interne! iubet, nihil hunc se absente pro sano facturum arbi-
tratus, qu! praesentis imperium neglexisset. IHe autem

SSrevocatus resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 149

implorare coepit, saepe clamitans liberum se liberaeque esse
civitatis. IllI, ut erat imperatum, circumsistunt hominem
atque interficiunt ; at equites Haedui ad Caesarem omnes
revertuntur.

The voyage to Britain.

VIII. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continent! cum tribus 5
legionibus et equitum milibus duobus relicto, ut portus tue-
retur et re! frumentariae provideret, quaeque in Gallia gere-
rentur cognosceret, consiliumque pro tempore et pro re caperet,
ipse cum qumque legionibus et par! numero equitum quern in
continent! relinquebat ad solis occasum navis solvit ; et len! 10
Africo provectus media circiter nocte vento intermisso cursum
non 'tenuit, et longiu^ delatus aestii orta luce sub sinistra
Britanniam relictam conspexit. Turn rursus aestus commuta-
tionem secutus remis contendit ut earn partem msulae caperet
qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua 15
in re admodum fuit m!litum virtus laudanda, qu! vectori!s
gravibusque navigiis non intermisso remigandi labore i lon-
garurri navium cursum adaequarunt. Accessum est ad Bri-
tanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore, neque
in eo loco hostis est v!sus j sed, ut postea Caesar ex cap- 20
t!v!s cognovit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multitu-
dine navium perterritae, quae, cum annotims' pnvatisque
quas su! quisque commod! causa fecerat, amplius DCCC uno
erant v!sae_ tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora

loca abdiderant. 25

4
Caesar marches against the enemy and storms a stronghold.

IX. Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto,
ubi ex captMs cognovit quo in loco hostium copiae consedis-
sent, cohortibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus ccc, qu!
praesidio navibus essent, de tertia vigilia ad host!s contendit, eo
minus veritus navibus quod in l!tore moll! atque aperto deli- 30
gatas ad ancoras relinquebat. E! praesidio navibusque Q.
Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctu progressus milia passuum cir-

150 THE GALLIC WAR V

citer XIL, hostium copias conspicatus est. UK equitatu atque
essedis ad flumen progress! ex loco superiore nostros prohibere
et proelium committere coeperunt. Repuls! ab equitatu se in
silvas abdiderunt locum nact! egregie et natura et opere
5 munltum, quern domestic! belli, ut videbatur, causa iam ante
praeparaverant ; nam crebris arboribus succisis omnes introitus
erant praeclus!. Ips! ex silvis ran propugnabant nostrosque
intra mumtiones ingred! prohibebant. At milites legionis
septimae testudine facta et aggere ad munitiones adiecto locum
10 ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt paucis vulneribus acceptis.
Sed eos fugient!s longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci
naturam ignorabat et quod magna parte die! consumpta
munition! castrorum tempus relinqm volebat.

A storm shatters the fleet, which is lying at anchor, Caesar decides to
beach the ships and build a fortification around them,

X. Postridie eius die! mane tripartite milites equitesque in

15 expeditionem misit, ut eos qui fugerant perseqiierentur. His
aliquantum itineris progressis, cum iam extremi essent in pro-
spectu, equites a Q. Atrio ad Caesarem venerimt, qui nuntiarent
superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omms navis
a'dflictas atque in litus eiectas esse, quod neque ancorae funes-

20 que sustinerent neque nautae gubernatoresque vim tempestatis
pat! possent; itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse
incommodum acceptum.

XL H!s rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque revo-
car! atque in itinere resistere iubet, ipse ad navis revertitur;

aseadem fere quae ex nuntiis litterisque cognoverat coram per-
spicit, sic ut amissis circiter XL navibus reliquae tamen refic!
posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros
deligit et ex continent! alios arcess! iubet ; Labieno scribit ut
quam plurimas possit i!s legionibus quae sint apud eum navis

30 mstituat. Ipse, etsr res erat multae operae ac laboris, tamen
commodissimum esse statuit omms navis subdue! et cum
castris Una munitione coniungl. In his rebus circiter dies

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 151

decem consumit ne nocturms quidem temporibus ad laborem
militum intermissis. Subdue tis navibus castriscme egregie
mumtis easdem copias quas ante praesidio navibus relinquit;
ipse eodem unde redierat proficlscitur. E6 cum venisset,
maiores iam undique in eum locum copiae Britannorum con- 5
venerant summa imperl belllque administrandl communi con-
silio permissa Cassivellauno, cuius f mis a maritimis civitatibus
flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a marl circiter milia
passuum LXXX. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civita-
-tibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro adventuio
permoti Britanm hunc toll bello imperioque praef ecerant.

Britain: inhabitants, geography, customs of the people.

XII. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur quos natos in
Insula ipsa memoria proditum dicunt, maritima pars ab iis qui
praedae ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgio transierunt (qui
omnes fere isdem nominibus civitatum appellantur quibus ort! 15
ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt) et bello inlato ibi remanserunt
atque agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est Infmlta multitudo
creberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia, pecoris magnus
numerus. Utuntur aut acre aut nummo aureo aut taleis ferreis
ad certum pondus examinatls pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plum- 20
bum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum,
sed eius exigua est copia ; acre utuntur importato. Materia
cuiusque generis ut in Gallia est praeter fagum atque abietem.
Leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant ; haec
tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatiora 25
quam in Gallia remissioribus fngoribus.

XIII. Insula natura triquetra, cuius unum latus est contra
Galliam. Huius lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo
fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem,
inferior ad meridiem spectat> Hoc latus tenet circiter milia 30
passuum D. Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem
solem j qua ex parte est Hibernia Insula, dimidio minor, ut ex-
istimatur, quam Britannia, sed par! spatio transmissus atque ex

152

THE GALLIC WAR

V

HIDE

Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu est insula. quae
appellatur IVI^ona ; complures praeterea minores obiectae Insu-
lae existimantur, de quibus msulis non null! scripserunt dies
continues xxx sub brumam esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo
5 percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris
breviores esse quara in continent! noctis videbamus. Hiiius
est longitiido lateris, ut fert illorum opmio, DCC milium. Ter-
tium est contra septemtriones, cui parti nulla est obiecta terra ;
sed eius angulus alter maxime

load Germaniam spectat. Hoc
milium passuum DCCC in longi-
tudinem esse existimatur. Ita
omnis insula est in circuitu
vlcies centum milium passuum.

15 XIV. Ex his omnibus longe
sunt humanissimi qui Cantium
incolunt, quae regio est maritima
omnis, neque multum a Gallica
differunt consuetudine. In-

aoteriores plerique frumenta non

serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestlti. Om-
-nes vero se Britanm vitro mficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colo-
rem, atque hoc horribiliores sunt in pugna aspectu j capilloque

/ sunt promisso atque omnl parte corporis rasa praeter caput et

25labrum superius. Uxores habent dem duodemque inter se
communis, et maxime fratres cum fratribus parentesque cum
liberls ; sed qui sunt ex iis nati eorum habentur Hberi quo
primum virgo quaeque deducta est.

The Britons gain some slight advantages, but on the whole the Romans

are superior.

XV. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum equi-

30 tatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, ita tamen ut nostri omnibus

partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silvas collisque com-

pulermtj sed compluribus interfectls cupidius insecutl non

HISPAiM

BRITAIN ACCORDING TO CAESAR'S
DESCRIPTION

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 153

nullos ex suls amiserunt. At ill! intermisso spatio, imprudenti-
bus nostrls atque occupatis in munitidne castrorum subito se ex
silvis eiecerunt, impetuque in eos facto qui erant in stati5ne pro
castris conlocati acriter pugnaverunt, duabusque missis subsidio
cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primls legionum duarum, cum 5
eae ;perexiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se constitissent, novp
genere pugnae perterritis nostrls per medios audacissime perra-
perunt seque inde incolumis receperunt. Eo die Q. Laberius
Durus, tribunus militum, interficitur. 111! pluribus submissis
cohortibus repelluntur. 10

XVI. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis omnium
ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est nostros propter gravi-
tatem armorum, quod neque insequl cedentis possent neque
ab sigms discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad huius generis
hostem ; equites autem magno cum periculo proelio dTmicare, 15
propterea quod illl etiam consulto plerumque cederent, et cum
paulum ab legionibus nostr5s removissent, ex essedis desilirent
et pedibus disparl proelio contenderent. Equestris autem
proeli ratio et cedentibus et Insequentibus par atque idem peri-
culum mferebat. Accedebat hue ut numquam confertl, sedzo
ran magmsque intervallis proeliarentur, stationesque dispositas
haberent atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integrique et
recentes defatigatis succederent. I/

XVII. Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus con-
stiterunt, rarique se ostendere et lenius quani prldie nostros 25
equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie, cum Caesar
pabulandi causa tris legiones atque omnem equitatum cum C.
Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabu-
latores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non absis-
terent.- Nostrl acriter in eos impetu fact5 reppulerunt, neque 3
fmem sequendl fecerunt quoad subsidio conf is! equites, cum
post se legiones viderent, praecipitis hostis egerunt, magnoque
eorum numero interfecto neque sul conligendl neque consistendi
aut ex essedis desiliendl facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga
protinus quae undique convenerant auxilia discesserunt, neque 35

154 THE GALLIC WAR V

post id tempus umqdam summis nobiscum copiis hostes con-
tenderunt.

Caesar crosses the Thames.

XVIII. Caesar cognito consilio eorum ad flumen Tamesim
in finis Cassivellaum exercitum duxit ; quod flumen uno ommno

5 loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transfri potest. E6 cum ve-
nisset, animadvertit ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse
copias hostium mstructas. RTpa. autem erat acutis sudibua
praefixlsque munita, eiusdemque generis sub aqua defixae sudes
flumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis a captMs perfugisque

10 Caesar praemisso equitatu confestim legiones subsequi iussit.
Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetii mllites ierunt, cum capita
sold ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque
equitum sustinere non possent ripasque dimitterent.ac se fugae
mandarent.

Many tribes surrender to him.

15 XIX. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omm depo-
sita spe contentionis, dlmissls amplioribus copiis, milibus circiter
quattuor essedariorum relictis itinera nostra servabat paulumque
ex via excedebat locisque impedltis ac silvestribus sese occulta-
bat, atque iis regionibus quibus nos iter facturos cognoverat

20 pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat ; et cum
equitatus noster liberius praedandi vastandique causa se in
agros effunderet, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis
emittebat, et magno cum perlculo nostrorum equitum cum his
confligebat atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. Relin-

25 quebatur ut neque longius ab agmine legionum disced! Caesar
pateretur, et tantum agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis
hostibus noceretur quantum in labore atque itinere legionarii
mllites efficere poterant.

XX. Interim Trinovantes, prope firmissima earum regionum

30 civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens Caesaris fidem secutus
ad eum in continentem venerat, cuius pater in ea civitate reg-
num obtinuerat interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 155

mortem vitaverat, legates ad Caesarem mittunt pollicenturque
sese el dedituros atque imperata facturos ; petunt ut Mandubra-
cium ab miuria Cassivellauni defendat atque in civitatem mittat,
qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat ob-
sides XL frumentumque exercitui, Mandubraciumque ad eos 5
.mittit. 111! imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum
frumentumque miserunt.

XXI. Trinovantibus defensis atque ab omm militum iniuria
prohibits Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi lega-
tionibus missis sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit non 10
longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellaum abesse silvis paludi-
busque munitum, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque nume-
rus convenerit. Oppidum autem Britanni vocant .cum silvas
impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium
vitandae causa convenire consuerunt. Eo proficlscitur cum 15
legionibus ; locurn reperit egregie natura atque opere munitum ;
tamen hunc duabtis ex partibus oppugnare contendit. Host.es
paulisper moratl militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt sese-
que alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus peco-
ris repertus multlque in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti. 20

XXII. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad
Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus, quibus
regionibus quattuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taxi-
magulus, Segovax, nuntios mittit atque his imperat uti coactis
omnibus copiis castra navalia de improviso adoriantur atque 25
oppugnent. Hi cum ad castra venissent, nostri eruptione facta,
multis eorum interfectis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorlge
suos incolumis reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus hoc proelio nun-
tiato, tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis fmibus, maxime etiam
permotus defectione civitatum legates per Atrebatem Commium 3
de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar cum cSnstituisset
hiemare in continent! propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque
multum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intel-
legeret, obsides imperat et quid in annos singulos vectigalis
populo Romano Britannia penderet constituit ; interdicit atque 35

156 THE GALLIC WAR V

imperat Cassivellauno ne Mandubracid neu Trinovantibus
noceat.

He returns to Gaul.

XXIII. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, navis
invenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum

5 numerum habebat et non nullae tempestate deperierant naves,
duobus co.mmeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic
accidit utl ex tanto navium nuinero tot navigationibus neque hoc
neque superiore anno ulla omnmo navis quae milites portaret
desideraretur ; at ex iis quae inanes ex continent! ad eum remit-

10 terentur prioris commeatus expositls militibus, et quas postea
Labienus faciendas curaverat numero LX, perpaucae locum
caperent, reliquae fere omnes reicerentur. Quas cum ali-
quamdiii Caesar frustra exspectasset, ne anni tempore a navi-
gatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario

15 angustius milites conlocavit, ac surama tranquillitate consecuta,
secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terrain attigit
ommsque incolumis navis perduxit.

UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL

The legions are placed in winter quarters.

XXIV. Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobri-
vae peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter sicci-

20 tates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter ac superioribus
annis exercitum in hiberms conlocare legionesque in pluris
civitates distribuere. Ex quibus unam in Morinos diicendam
C. Fabi5 legato dedit, alteram in Nervios Q. Ciceroni, tertiam
in Esuvios L. Roscio ; quartam in Remis cum T. Labieno in

25 confmio Treverorum hiemare iussit ; tris in Bellovacls conlo-
cavit, his M. Crassum et L. Munatium Plancum et C. Trebo-
nium legates praefecit. Unam legionem, quam proxime trans
Padum conscripserat, et cohortis quinque in Eburones, quorum
pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 157

Ambiorigis et Catuvolcl erant, misit. His militibus Q. Titurium
Sabmum et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legates praeesse iussit. Ad
hunc modum distributis legionibus facillime inopiae rei frumen-
tariae sese mederi posse existimavit. Atque harum tarn en
omnium legionum hiberna, praeter earn quam L. Roscio in s
pacatissimam et quietissimam partem diicendam dederat, mili-
bus passuum c continebantur. Ipse interea, quoad legiones
conlocatas mumtaque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari
constituit.

The murder of Tasgetius.

XXV. Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cuius 10
maiores in sua clvitate regnum obtinuerant. Huic Caesar pro
eius virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis
singular! eius opera fuerat usus, maiorum locum restituerat.
Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimici palam multis ex
clvitate auctoribus interfecerunt. Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. 15
Ille veritus., quod ad pluris pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu
deficeret, L. Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Car-
nutes proficlsci iubet ibique hiemare, quorumque opera cogno-
verit Tasgetium interfectum, hos comprehensos ad se mittere.
Interim ab omnibus quibus legiones tradiderat certior factusso
est in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse munitum.

The Eburones, led by Ambiorix, revolt,

XXVI. Diebus circiter xv quibus in hiberna ventum est
initium repeiitml tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambio-
rige et Catuvolco ; quT cum ad finis regnl sui Sabmo Cottaeque
praesto fuissent frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent, 25
Indutiomari Treveri nuntils impulsi suos concitaverunt, subi-
toque oppressls lignatoribus magna manu ad castra oppug-
nanda venerunt. Cum celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallumque
ascendissent, atque una ex parte Hispanls equitibus emissis
equestn proelio superiores fuissent, desperata re hostes suos ab 30
oppugnatione reduxerunt. Turn suo more conclamaverunt uti

158 THE GALLIC WAR V

aliqul ex nostris ad conloquium prodlret : ' Habere sese quae de
re commun! dicere vellent, quibus rebus controversies minui
posse sperarent.'

Ambiorix makes proposals to Sabinus and Cotta.

XXVII. Mittitur ad eos conloquendi causa C. Arpmeius,
5 eques Romanus, familiaris Q. Tituri, et Q. lunius ex Hispania
quidam, qui iam ante missu Caesaris ad Ambiorigem ventitare
consuerat. Apud quos Ambiorix ad hunc modum locutus est :
'Sese pro Caesaris in sebeneficiis plurimum el confiteri debere,
quod eius opera stlpendio liberatus esset quod Atuatucis, finiti-

10 mis suls, pendere consuesset, quodque el et filius et fratris filius
a Caesare remiss! essent, quos Atuatuci obsidum numero missos
apud se in servitute et catems tenuissent ; neque id quod
fecerit de oppugnatione castrorum aut iudicio aut voluntate
sua f ecisse, sed coactu civitatis ; suaque esse eius modi imperia

15 ut non minus haberet iuris in se multitudo quam ipse in multi-
tudinem. Civitati porro hanc fuisse belli causam, quod repen-
tmae Gallorum coniuratiom resistere non potuerit. Id se facile
ex humilitate sua probare posse, quod non adeo sit imperitus
rerum ut suis copiis populum Romanum superari posse con-

20 fidat. Sed esse Galliae commune consilium ; omnibus hibernls
Caesaris oppugnandis hunc esse dictum diem, ne qua legio
alter! legion! subsidio venire posset. Non facile Gallos Gall!s
negare potuisse, praesertim cum de recuperanda communl li-
bertate consilium initum videretur. Quibus quoniam pro pietate

25 satisfecerit, habere nunc se rationem offic! pro beneficils
Caesaris ; monere, orare Titurium pro hospitio ut suae ac
mllitum saluti coiasulat. Magnam manum Germanorum con-
ductam Rhenum transisse ; hanc adfore b!duo. Ipsorum esse
consilium, velintne, priusquam finitim! sentiant, eductos ex

30 hibernis m!lites aut ad Ciceronem aut ad Labienum deducere,
quorum alter mllia passuum circiter L, alter paulo amplius ab
iis absit. Illud se pollicer! et iure iurando conf!rmare, tutum
se iter per suos finis daturum. Quod cum faciat, et clvitat!

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 159

sese consul ere, quod hlbernls levetur, et Caesari pro eius raeri-
tls gratiam referre.' Hac oratione habita discedit Ambiorix.

The Romans hold a council of war. Sabinus and Cotta cannot agree.

XXVIII. ArpFneius et lunius quae audierant ad legates
deferunt. 111! repentma re perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea dice-
bantur, tamen non neglegenda existimabant, maximeque hac 5
re permovebantur, quod civitatem ignobilem atque humilem
Eburonum sua sponte populo Romano bellum facere ausam
vix erat credendum. Itaque ad consilium rem deferunt, mag-
naque inter eos exsistit controversia. L. Aunmculeius com-
pluresque tribum militum et primorum ordinum centuriones 10
nihil temere agendum neque ex hibernls iniussu Caesaris dis-
cedendum existimabant ; quantasvls copias etiam Germanorum
sustineri posse munltls hiberms docebant ; rem esse testimoni5,
quod primum hostium impetum multls ultro vulneribus inlatls
fortissime sustinuerint ; re frumentaria non premi ; interea et 15
ex proximis hiberms et a Caesare conventura subsidia; pos-
tremo, quid esse , levius aut turpius quam auctore hoste de
summis rebus capere consilium ?

XXIX. Contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, cum
maiores manus hostium adiunctis Germanis convenissent, aut 20
cum aliquid calamitatis in proximis hiberms esset acceptum.
'Brevem consulendl esse occasionem. Caesarem se arbitrari
profectum in Italian! ; neque aliter Carnutes interficiendi Tas-
geti consilium fuisse captures neque Eburones, si ille adesset,
tanta contemptione nostrl ad castra ventures. Sese non hos- 25
tern auctorem, sed rem spectare : subesse Rhenum ; magno
esse Germanis dolorl Ariovisti mortem et superiores nostras
victorias ; ardere Galliam tot contumeliis acceptis sub populi
Roman! imperium redactam, superiore gloria rel militaris ex-
stmcta. Postremo, quis hoc sibi persua.ieret, sine certa spes
Ambiorigem ad eius modi consilium descendisse ? Suam sen-
tentiam in utramque partem esse tutam : si nihil esset durius,
nullo cum periculo ad proximam legionem perventuros ; si

160 THE GALLIC WAR V

Gallia omnis cum Germams consentlret, unam esse in -eden-
tate positam salutem. Cottae quidem atque eorum qui dis- ;
sentlrent consilium quern habere exitum ? In quo si non
praesens periculum, at certe longinqua obsidione fames esset

5 timenda.' ;

XXX. Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum
a Cotta prlmlsque ordinibus acriter resisteretur, "Vincite,"
inquit, " si ita vultis," Sablnus, et id clariore voce, ut magna
pars militum exaudiret ; " neque is sum," inquit, " qui gravis-

10 sime ex vobls mortis periculo terrear. Hi sapient j si gravius
quid accident, abs te rationem reposcent ; qui, si per te liceat,
perendino die cum proximis hlbernis coniuncti commiinem cum
reliquls belli casum sustineant, non reiectl et relegatl longe a
ceteris aut ferro aut fame intereant."

The Romans abandon their camp.

15 XXXI. Consurgitur ex consilio ; comprehendunt utrumque
et orant ne sua dissensione et pertinacia rem in summum peri-
culum deducant : ' Facilem esse rem, seu maneant seu proficis-
cantur, si modo unum omnes sentiant ac probent ; contra in
dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere.' Res disputatione

20 ad mediam noctem perducitur. Tandem dat Cotta permotus
manus, superat sententia Sabmi; pronuntiatur prima luce
ituros. Consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, cum sua quis-
que miles circumspiceret, quid secum portare posset, quid ex
instrumento hibernorum relinquere cogeretur. Omnia excogi-

25 tantur quare nee sine periculo maneatur et languore militum et .
vigiliis periculum augeatur. Prima luce sic ex castris proficls-
cuntur ut quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine
amicissimo consilium datum, longissimo agmine maximisque
impedimentls.

They are attacked on the march by Ambiorix.

3 o XXXII. At hostes posteaquam ex nocturne fremitu vigili-
isque de profectione eorum senserunt, conlocatls Insidils bi-

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 161

partito in silvis opportune atque occulto loco a milibus passuum
circiter duobus Romanorum adventum exspectabant ; et cum
se maior'pars agminis in magnam convallem demisisset, ex
utraque parte eius vallis subito se ostenderunt, novissimosque
premere et primes prohibere ascensu atque imquissimo nostris 5
loco proelium committere coeperunt.

XXXIII. Turn demum Titurius, qui nihil ante providisset,
trepidare et concursare cohortisque disponere, haec tamen
ipsa timide atque ut eum omnia deficere viderentur, quod
plerumque iis accidere consuevit qui in ipso negotio consilium 10
capere coguntur. At Cotta, qui cogitasset haec posse in iti-
nere accidere atque ob earn causam profectionis auctor non
fuisset, nulla in re commum saluti deerat, et in appellandis
cohortandisque militibus imperatoris et in pugna militis officia

-praestabat. , Cum propter longitudinem agminis non facile 15
per se omnia obire et quid quoque loco faciendum esset
providere possent, iusserunt pronuntiari ut impedimenta
relinquerent atque in orbem consisterent. Quod consilium,
etsi in eius modi casu reprehendendum non est, tamen
incommode cecidit ; nam et nostris militibus spem minuit 20
et hostis ad pugnam alacriores effecit, quod non sine summo
timore et desperatione id factum videbatur. Praeterea
accidit, quod fieri necesse erat, ut vulgo milites ab sighis
discederent, quaeque quisque eorum carissima haberet ab
impedimentis petere atque adripere properaret, clamore etss
fletu omnia complerentur.

After a long fight the Romans are defeated. The few survivors kill

themselves.

XXXIV. At barbaris c5nsilium non defuit. Nam duces
eorum rota acie pronuntiari iusserunt ne quis ab loco disce-
deret : ' Illorum esse praedam atque illis reservari quaecumque
Romani reliquissent ; proinde omnia in victoria posita ex!s-3
timarent.' Erant et virtute et genere pugnandl pares. Nostri
tametsl ab duce et a fortuna deserebantur, tamen omnem spem

M

1 62 THE GALLIC WAR V

salutis in virtute ponebant, et quotiens quaeque cohors pro-
currerat, ab ea parte magnus numerus hostium cadebat. Qua
re animadversa Ambiorlx pronuntiari iubet ut procul'tela con-
iciant neu propius accedant, et quam in partem Roman!
5 impetuin f ecerint, cedant : 'Levitate armorum et cottldiana exer-
citatione nihil his noceri posse j ' rursus se ad slgna recipients
msequantur.

XXXV. Quo praecepto ab ils dlligentissime observato, cum
quaepiam cohors ex orbe excesserat atque impetum fecerat,

10 hostes velocissime refugiebant. Interim earn partenr nudarl
necesse erat et ab latere aperto tela recipere. Rursus cum in
eum locum unde erant progress! revert! coeperant, et ab iis qu!
cesserant et ab i!s qu! proxim! steterant circumveniebantur ; sin
autem locum tenere vellent, nee virtut! locus relinquebatur

15 neque ab tanta multitudine coniecta tela^ confert! v!tare pote-
rant. Tarneri tot incommodis conflictat! mult!s vulneribus ac-
cept!s resistebant, et magna parte die! consumpta, cum a prima
luce ad horam octavam pugnaretur, nihil quod ipsis esset in-
dignum .committebant. Turn T. Balventio, qu! superiore anno

so primum p!lum duxerat, virp fort! et magnae auctoritatis, utrum-
que femur tragula traicitur ; Q. Lucanius, eiusdem ordinis,
fortissime pugnans, dum circumvento filio subvenit, interfi-
citur ; L. Cotta legatus omms cohortis ordinesque adhortans in
adversum os funda vulneratur.

25 XXXVI. His rebus permotus Q. Titurius, cum procul
Ambiorigem suos cohortantem conspexisset, interpretem suum
Cn. Pompeium ad eum mittit rogatum ut sibi militibusque
parcat. Ille appellatus respondet : ' Si velit secum conloqui,
licere ; sperare a multitudine impetrar! posse quod ad mllitum

30 salutem pertineat ; ips! vero nihil nocitum iri, inque earn rem
se suam fidem interponere.' Ille cum Cotta saucio commu-
nicat, si videatur, pugna ut excedant et cum Ambiorige una
conloquantur : ' Sperare se ab eo de sua ac militum salute im-
petrari posse.' Cotta se ad armatum hostem iturum negat

35 atque in eo perseverat.

V- UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 163

XXXVII. Sabmus quos in praesentia tribunes militum circum
se habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones se sequi iubet,
et cum propius Ambiorigem accessisset, iussus arma abicere im-
peratum facit sulsque ut idem faciant imperat. Interim dum
de condicionibus inter se agunt longiorque consulto ab Ambio- 5
rlge instituitur sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitur. Turn
vero suo more victoriam conclamant atque ululatum tollunt
impetuque in nostros facto ordines perturbant. Ibi L. Cotta
pugnans interficitur cum maxima parte militum. Reliqui se in
castra recipiunt unde erant egressi. Ex quibus L. Petrosidius 10
aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, aquilam
intra vallum proicit; ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occi-
ditur. Illi aegre ad noctem oppugnationem sustinent ; nocte ad
unum omnes desperata salute se ipsi interficiunt. Pauci ex
proelio elapsl incertis itineribus per silvas ad T. Labienum 15
legatum in hiberna perveniunt atque eum de rebus gestis certi-
orem faciunt.

Ambiorix induces the Nervii to revolt.

XXXVIII. Hac victoria sublatus Ambiorix statim cum equi-
tatu in Atuatucos, qui erant eius regno finitimi, proficlscitur ;
neque noctem neque diem intermittit, peditatumque se subsequl 20
iubet. Re demonstrate Atuatucisque concitatls postero die in
Nervios pervenit, hbrtaturque ne suT in perpetuum Hberandi atque
ulciscendi Romanos pro iis quas acceperint iniuriis occasionem
dlmittant. Interfectos esse legatos duos magnamque partem ex-
ercitus interisse demonstrat ; nihil esse negoti subito oppressam 25
legionem quae cum Cicerone hiemet interficT. Se ad earn rem
profitetur adiutorem. Facile hac oratione Nerviis persuadet.

The Eburones and Nervii and their allies attack Cicero's camp, but meet

a vigorous resistance.

XXXIX. Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones,
Grudios, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumnos, qui omnes sub eorum
imperio sunt, quam maxima's possunt manus cogunt, et de im- 3

164 THE GALLIC WAR V

proviso ad Ciceroriis hiberna advolant nondum ad eum fama de
Titurl morte perlata. Huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse,
ut non nulll mllites, qui lignationis raumtionisque causa in sil-
vas discessissent, repentmo equitum adventu interciperentur.

5 His circumventls magna manu Eburones, Nervii, Atuatuci,
atque horum omnium socii et clientes legionem oppugnare
incipiunt. Nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum con-
scendunt. Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod omnera spem hostes
in celeritate ponebant, atque hanc adept! victoriam in per-

10 petuum se fore victores conf idebant.

XL. Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim a Cicerone litterae,
magnls propositls praemiTs si pertulissent ; obsessls omnibus
vils missi intercipiuntur. Noctu ex materia quam mumtionis
causa comportaverant turres admodum cxx excitantur incre-

15 dibill celeritate ; quae deesse open videbantur perficiuntur.
Hostes postero die multo maioribus coactls copils castra op-
pugnant, fossam complent. A nostris eadem ratione qua pridie
resistitur. Hoc idem reliquis deinceps fit diebus. Nulla pars
nocturni temporis ad laborem intermittitur non aegris, non

20 vulneratls facultas quietis datur. Quaecumque ad proximl die!
oppugnationem opus sunt noctu comparantur ; multae praeus-
tae sudes, magnus muralium pilorum numerus Instituitur ; turres
contabulantur, pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus attexuntur. Ipse
Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine esset, ne nocturnum quidem

25 sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat, ut ultro militum concursu
ac vocibus sibi parcere cogeretur.

XLI. Turn duces principesque Nerviorum, qui aliquem ser-
monis aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerone habebant,
conloqui sese velle dlcunt. Facta potestate eadem quae Am-

sobiorix cum Titurio egerat commemorant : 'Omnem esse in
armis Galliara, Germanos Rhenum translsse, Caesaris reliquo-
rumque hiberna oppugnari.' Addunt etiam de Sabim morte ;
Ambiorigem ostentant fidei faciendae causa. Errare eos dlcunt,
si quicquam ab iis praesidi sperent qui suls rebus diffidant;

35 sese tamen hoc esse in Ciceronem populumque Rom ami m

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 165

animo ut nihil nisi hiberna recusent atque hanc inveterascere
consuetudinem nolint ; licere illis per se incolumibus ex hiber-
ms discedere et quascumque in partis velint sine metu pro-
ficisci. Cicero ad haec unum modo respondet : 'Non esse
consuetudinem popull- Roman! accipere ab hoste armato con- 5
dicionem ; si ab armis discedere velint, se adiutore utantur
legatosque ad Caesarem mittant; sperare se pro eius iustitia
quae petierint impetraturos.'

The Gauls undertake a siege.

XLII. Ab hac spe repulsi Nervii valid pedum decem et fossa
pedum xv hiberna cingunt. Haec et superiorum annorum 10
consuetudine a nobis cognoverant et quosdam de exercitu nacti
captivos ab his docebantur ; sed nulla ferramentormn copia
quae essent ad hunc usura idonea, gladiTs caespites circumci-
dere, manibus sagulisque terrain exhaurire cogebantur. Qua
quidem ex re hominum multitudo cognosci potuit ; nam minus 15
horis tribus mllium passuum trium in circuitu munltionem per-
fecerunt. Reliquls diebus turns ad altitudinem valli, falcis,
testudinesque, quas Idem captivi docuerant, parare ac facere
coeperunt.

XLIII. Septimo oppugnationis die maximo coorto vento fer- 20
ventis fusills ex argilla glandis fundis et fervefacta iacula in
casas, quae more Gallico stramentis erant tectae, iacere coepe-
runt. Hae celeriter ignem comprehenderunt et venti magni-
tudine in omnem locum castrorum distulerunt. Hostes maximo
clamore, sicuti parta iam atque explorata victoria, turns testu- 25
dinesque agere et scalis vallum ascendere coeperunt. At tanta
militum virtus atque ea praesentia animl fuit ut, cum undique
flamma torrerentur maximaque telorum multitudine premeren-
tur suaque omnia impedimenta atque omms fortunas confla-
grare intellegerent, non modo de vallo decederet nem5, sed 30
paene ne respiceret quidem quisquam, ac turn omnes acerrime
fortissimeque pugnarent. Hie dies nostris longe gravissimus
fuit, sed tamen hunc habuit eventum, ut eo die maximus nu-

1 66 THE GALLIC WAR V

meras hostium vulneraretur atque interficeretur, ut se sub ipso
vallo constfpaverant recessumque primis ultiml non dabant.
Paulum quidem intermissa flarama et quodam loco turn adacta
et contingente vallum tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo quo
5 stabant loco recesserunt suosque omms removerunt, nutu voci-
busque hostis, si introlre vellent, vocare coeperunt; quorum
progredl ausus est nemo. Turn ex omm parte lapidibus con- .
iectis deturbati turrisque succensa est.

The rivalry of Pullo and Vorenus.

XLIV. Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, centuriones, qui

10 iam primis ordinibus appropinquarent, T. Pullo et L. Vorenus.
Hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant, uter alter!
anteferretur, omnibusque annis de loco summis simultatibus
contendebant. Ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad mumtiones
pugnaretur, "Quid dubitas," inquit, " Vorene? Aut quern locum

istuae probandae virtutis exspectas? Hie dies de nostris con-
troversils iudicabit." Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra mu-
mtiones, quaeque pars hostium confertissima est visa, inrumpit.
Ne Vorenus quidem sese turn vallo continet, sed omnium veri-
tus exlstimationem subsequitur. Mediocrl spatio relicto Pullo

20 pilum in hostis immittit atque unum ex multitudine procurren-
tem traicit ; quo percusso et exanimato, hunc scutls protegunt
hostes, in ilium universl tela coniciunt neque dant progrediendi
facultatem. Transfigitur scutum PullonI et verutum in balteo
defigitur. Avertit hie casus vagmam et gladium educere co-

asnanti dextram moratur manum, impeditumque hostes circum-
sistunt. Succurrit inimicus ill! Vorenus et laborantl subvenit.
Ad hunc se confestim a Pullone omnis multitudo convertit ;
ilium veruto tran'sfixum arbitrantur. Gladio comminus rem
gerit Vorenus atque uno interfecto reliquos paulum propellit ;

sodum cupidius Instat, in locum deiectus Inferiorem concidit.
Huic rursus circumvento subsidium fert Pullo, atque ambo in-
columes compluribus interfectis summa cum laude sese intra
mumtiones recipiunt. Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 167

utrumque versavit lit alter alter! inimicus auxilio salutique esset,
neque diiudicari posset uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur.

Caesar learns of the danger and hastens to the relief of Cicero.

XLV. Quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio,
et maxime quod magna parte militum confecta vulneribus res
ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, tanto crebriores litterae 5
nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur ; quorum pars deprehensa
in conspectu nostrorum militum cum cruciatu necabatur. Erat
unus intus Nervius, nomine Vertico, loco natus honesto, qui a
prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat suamque el fidem
praestiterat. Hie servo spe Hbertatis magmsque persuadetio
praemiis ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat. Has ille in iaculo
inligatas effert, et Gallus inter Gallos sine ulla suspicione ver-
satus ad Caesarem pervenit. Ab eo de perlculis Ciceronis
legionisque cognoscitur.

XLVI. Caesar acceptis litteris hora circiter iindecima die! 15
statim nuntium in Bellovacos ad M. Crassum mittit, cuius
hiberna aberant ab eo milia passuum xxv ; iubet media nocte
legionem proficlsci celeriterque ad se venire. Exit cum nuntio
. Crassus. Alterum ad C. Fabium legatum mittit, ut in Atreba-
tium finis legionem adducat, qua sibi iter faciendum sciebat. 20
Scribit Labieno, si rel publicae commodo facere possit, cum
legione ad finis Nerviorum veniat. Reliquam partem exercitus,
quod paulo aberat longius, non putat exspectandam ; equites
circiter cccc ex proximls hlberms cogit.

XLVII. Hora circiter tertia ab antecursoribus de Grasses
adventu certior factus eo die milia passuum xx progreditur.
Crassum Samarobrivae praeficit legionemque el attribuit, quod
ibi impedimenta exercitus, obsides civitatum, litteras publicas,
frumentumque omne, quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa de-
vexerat, relinquebat. Fabius, ut imperatum erat, non ita mul- 30
turn moratus in itinere cum legione occurrit. Labienus interitu
Sabmi et caede cohortium cognita, cum omnes ad eum Treve-
rorum copiae venissent, veritus ne, si ex hibernis fugae similem

1 68 THE GALLIC WAR V

profectionem fecisset, hostium impetum sustinere non posset,

praesertim quos recent! victoria efferri sciret, litteras Caesarl

remittit quanto cum periculo legionem ex hiberms educturus

esset; rem gestam in Eburonibus perscribit; docet omms
5 equitatus peditatusque copias Treverorum tria milia passuum

longe ab suis castris consedisse.

XLVIII. Caesar consilio eius probato, etsi opinione trium

legionum deiectus ad duas reciderat, tamen iinum commum saluti

auxiliura in celeritate ponebat. Venit magnis itineribus in Ner-
xoviorum finis. Ibi ex captlvls cognoscit quae apud Ciceronem

gerantur quantoque in periculo res sit. Turn cuidam ex equiti-

bus Gallis magnis praemiis

persuadet uti ad Ciceronem

epistulam deferat. Hanc
15 Graecls conscriptam litteris

mittit, ne intercepta epistula

nostra ab hostibus consilia

cognoscantur. ffi_ adlre non TRAGULA ^ AMEVTUM

possit, monet ut tragulam cum
20 epistula ad amentum deligata intra munitiones castrorum abiciat.

In litteris scribit se cum legionibus profectum celeriter adfore ;

hortatur ut pristinam virtutem retineat. Gallus periculum veritus,

ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. Haec casu ad turrim ad-

haesit, neque a nostris biduo animadversa tertio die a quodam
25 mllite conspicitur, dempta ad Ciceronem defertur. Ille perlec-

tam in conventu inilitum recitat maximaque omms laetitia adficit.

Turn fumi incendiorum procul videbantur; quae res omnem

dubitationem adventus legionum expulit.

The Gauls raise the siege and go to meet Caesar. He defeats them.

XLIX. Galli re cognita per exploratores obsidionem relin-

soquunt, ad Caesarem omnibus copiis contendunt. Haec erant

armata circiter milia LX. Cicer5 data facultate Gallum ab

eodem Verticone quern supra demonstravimus repetit, qui

litteras ad Caesarem deferat. Hunc admonet iter caute dlligen-

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 169

terque faciat. Perscribit in litteris hostls ab se discessisse
omnemque ad eum multitudinem convertisse. Quibus litteris
circiter media nocte Caesar adlatis suds facit certiores eosque
ad dlmicandum animo confrrmat. Postero die luce prima
movet castra, et circiter milia passuum quattuor progressus 5
trans vallera et rivum multitudinem hostium conspicatur. Erat
magnl periculi res tantulis copils iniquo loco dimicare ; turn,
quoniam obsidione liberatum Ciceronem sciebat, aequo animo
remittendum de celeritate existimabat. Considit et quam
aequissimo potest loco castra communit ; atque haec etsi erant 10
exigua per se, vix hominum milium septem, praesertim nullls
cum impedimentis, tamen angustils viarum quammaxime potest
contrahit eo consilio, ut in summam contemptionem hostibus
veniat. Interim speculatoribus in o mills partis dimissis ex-
plorat quo commodissime itinere vallem transire possit. 15

L. Eo die parvulis equestribus proeliTs ad aquam factis
utrique sese suo loco continent, Galll, quod ampliores copias,
quae nondum convenerant, exspectabant ; Caesar, si forte
timoris simulatione hostls in suum locum elicere posset, ut
citra vallem pro castris proelio contenderet ; si id efficere non 20
posset, ut exploratls itineribus minore cum periculo vallem
rivumque transiret. Prima luce hostium equitatus ad castra
accedit proeliumque cum nostrls equitibus committit. Caesar
consulto equites cedere seque in castra recipere iubet ; simul
ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vallo muniri portasque 25
obstrul atque in his administrandis rebus quam maxime con-
cursari et cum simulatione agi timoris iubet.

LI. Quibus omnibus rebus hostes invitati copias traducunt
aciemque iniquo loco constituunt, nostrls vero etiam de vallo
deductis propius accedunt et tela intra munitionem ex omnibus 30
partibus coniciunt, praeconibusque circummissis pronuntiari
iubent, seu quis Gallus seu Romanus velit ante horam tertiam
ad se transire, sine periculo licere ; post id tempus non fore
potestatem. Ac sic nostros contempserunt ut obstructis in
speciem portis singulis ordinibus caespitum, quod ea non posse 35

170 THE GALLIC WAR V

introrumpere videbantur, alii vallum manu scindere, alii fossas
complere inciperent. Turn. Caesar omnibus portis eruptione
fac.ta equitatuque emisso celeriter hostls in fugam dat, sic ut!
omnino pugnandi causa resisteret nemo, magnumque ex ils

5 numerum occidit atque omms armis exuit.

y

Caesar joins Cicero, and finds that the latter's soldiers have suffered

severely in the siege.

LII. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque inter-
cedebant, omnibus suis incolumibus eodem die ad Ciceronem
pervenit. Institutes turns, testudines, munltionesque hostium
admiratur ; producta legione cognoscit non decimum quemque

10 esse reliquum militem sine vulnere ; ex his omnibus iudicat
rebus quanto cum periculo et quanta virtute res sint adminis-
tratae. Ciceronem pro eius merito legionemque conlaudat;
centuriones singillatim tribunosque militum appellat, quorum
egregiam fuisse virtutem testimonio Ciceronis cognoverat. De

iscasu Sabini et Cottae certius ex captivls cognoscit. Postero
die contione habita rem gestam proponit, milites consolatur et
confirmat; quod detrimentum culpa et temeritate legati sit
acceptum, hoc aequiore animo ferendum docet, quod beneficio
deorum immortalium et virtute eorum expiato incommodo neque

aohostibus diutina laetitia neque ipsis longior dolor relinquatur.

The Gauls abandon their intention of attacking the camps of Labienus and

Roscius.

LIU. Interim ad Labienum per Remos incredibili celeritate

de victoria Caesaris fama perfertur, ut, cum ab hlberms Ciceronis

milia passuum abesset circiter LX eoque post horam nonam die!

Caesar pervenisset, ante mediam noctem ad portas castrorum

25 clamor oreretur, quo clampre significatio victoriae gratulatioque

\

ab Remis Labieno fieret. Hac fama ad Treveros perlata In-
dutiomarus, qul postero die castra LabienI oppugnare decre-
verat, noctu profugit copiasque omnis in Treveros reducit.
Caesar Fabium cum sua legione remittit in hiberna, ipse cum

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL I/I

tribus legionibus circum Samarobrivam trims hiberms hiemare
constituit; et quod tanti motus Galliae exstiterant, totam hie-
mem ipse ad exercitum manere decrevit. Nam illo incommode
de Sabim morte perlato omnes fere Galliae clvitates de bello
consultabant, nuntios legationesque in omnls partis dimittebant, 5
et quid reliqul consili caperent atque unde initium belli'.fieret
explorabant, nocturnaque in locis desertis concilia habebant.
Neque ullum fere totius hiemis tempus sine sollicitiidine Cae-
saris intercessit, t qum aliquem de consilils ac motu Gallorum
nuntium acciperet. In his ab L. Roscio, quem legion! tertiae ro
decimae praefecerat, certior factus est magnas Gallorum copias
earum civitatum quae Aremoricae appellantur oppugnandi sui
causa convenisse, neque longius milibus passuum octo ab hiber-
ms suis afuisse, sed nuntio adlato de victoria Caesaris discessisse,
adeo ut fugae similis discessus videretur. 15

The Senones expel Cavarinus and disobey Caesar's command. Gaul is in

confusion.

LIV. At Caesar principibus cuiusque civitatis ad se evocatis
alios territando, cum se scire quae fierent denuntiaret, alios
cohortando magnam partem Galliae in officio tenuit. Tarn en
Senones, quae est clvitas in primis f Irma et magnae inter Gallos
auctoritatis, Cavarinum, quem Caesar apud eos regem con- 20
stituerat, cuius frater Moritasgus adventu in Galliam Caesaris
cuiusque maiores regnum obtinuerant, interficere publico con-
silio conati, cum ille praesensisset ac profugisset, usque ad finis
Insecutl regno domoque expulerunt; et missis ad Caesarem
satisfaciendi causa legatls, cum is omnem ad se senatum venire 25
iussisset, dicto audientes non fuerunt. Ac tantum apud homines
barbaros valuit esse aliquos repertos principes belli inferendi
tantamque omnibus voluntatum commutationem attulit ut
praeter Haeduos et Remos, quos praecipuo semper honore
Caesar habuit, alteros pro vetere ac perpetua erga populumao
Romanum fide, alteros pro recentibus Gallic! bell! offici!s nulla
fere clvitas fuerit non suspecta nobis. Idque adeo haud scio

172 THE GALLIC WAR V

i

mirandumne sit, cum compluribus aliis de causis, turn maxime
quod qui virtute belli omnibus gentibus praeferebantur, tantum
se eius opinionis deperdidisse ut popull Roman! imperia per-
ferrent gravissime dolebant.

Indutiomarus tries to bring about a general uprising, but is defeated by

Labienus and killed.

5 LV. Treveri vero atque Indutiomarus totius hiemis nullum
tempus intermlserunt qum trans Rhenum legates mitterent,
civitates sollicitarent, pecunias pollicerentur, magna parte exer-
citus nostri interfecta multo minorem superesse dicerent par-
tern. Neque tamen ulli civitatl Germanorum persuader! potuit

10 ut Rhenum transiret, cum se bis expertos dicerent, Ariovist!
bello et Tencterorum transitu; non esse amplius fortunam
temptaturos. Hac spe lapsus Indutiomarus nihilo minus co-
pias cogere, exercere, a f!nitim!s equos parare, exsules damna-
tosque tota Gallia magnis praemiis ad se adlicere coepit. Ac

15 tantam sibi iam h!s rebus in Gallia auct5ritatem comparaverat ut
undique ad eum legationes concurrerent, gratiam atque am!ci-
tiam publice privatimque peterent.

LVI. Ubi intellexit ultro ad se vemri, altera ex parte Se-
nones Carnutesque conscientia facinoris mstigari, altera Nervios

20 Atuatucosque bellum Romanis parare, neque sibi voluntariorum
copias defore, si ex finibus suis progred! coepisset, armatum con-
cilium indicit. Hoc more Gallorum est initium bell! ; quo lege
commun! omnes puberes armat! convenire coguntur. Qu! ex iis
novissimus venit, in conspectu multitudinis omnibus cruciatibus

asadfectus necatur. In eo concilio Cingetongem, alterius prin-
cipem factionis, generum suum, quern supra demonstravimus
Caesaris secutum fidem ab eo non discessisse, hostem iudicat '
bonaque eius piiblicat. His rebus confe.ct!s in concilio pro-
nuntiat arcessitum se a Senonibus et Carnutibus ali!sque com-

30 pluribus Galliae civitatibus ; hue iturum per finis Remorum
eorumque agros populaturum ac, priusquam id faciat, castra
Labien! oppugnaturum. Quae fieri velit praecipit.

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 173

LVII. Labienus cum et loci natura et manu munitissimis
castris sese teneret, de suo ac legionis perlculo nihil timebat,
ne quam occasionem rel bene gerendae dlmitteret cogitabat.
Itaque a Cingetorige atque eius propinquls oratione Induti-
omarl cognita, quam in concilio habuerat, nuntios mittit ad 5
fmitimas civitates equitesque undique evocat ; his certain diem
conveniendi dicit. Interim prope cottidie cum omnl equitatu
, Indutiomarus sub castris eius vagabatur, alias ut situm cas-
trorum cognosceret, alias conloquendi aut territandi causa;
equites plerumque omnes tela intra vallum coniciebant. Labi- 10
enus suos intra mumtionem continebat timorisque opmionem
quibuscumque poterat rebus augebat.

LVIII. Cum maiore in dies contemptione Indutiomarus
ad castra accederet, nocte una intromissis equitibus omnium
finitimarum civitatum, quos arcessendos curaverat, tanta dili- 15
gentia omnis suos custodiis intra castra continuit ut nulla
ratione ea res enuntiari aut ad Treveros perferri posset. In-
terim ex consuetudine cottldiana Indutiomarus ad castra ac-
cedit atque ibi magnam partem die! consumit; equites tela
coniciunt et magna cum contumelia verborum nostros ad 20
pugnam evocant. Nullo ab nostris dato response, ubi visum
est, sub vesperum dispersi ac dissipati discedunt. Subito Labi-
enus duabus portls omnem equitaturn emittit ; praecipit atque
interdicit perterritis hostibus atque in fugam coniectis (quod
fore, sicut accidit, videbat) unum omnes petant Indutiomarum, 25
neu quis quern prius vulneret quam ilium interfectum vlderit,
quod mora reliquorum spatium nactum ilium effugere nolebat ;
magna proponit ils qul occlderint praemia ; submittit cohortis
equitibus subsidio. Comprobat hominis consilium fortuna, et
cum unum omnes peterent, in ipso fluminis vado deprehensus 30
Indutiomarus interficitur, caputque eius refertur in castra ; red-
euntes equites quos possunt consectantur atque occidunt.
Hac re cognita omnes Eburonum et Nerviorum quae convie-
nerant copiae discedunt, pauloque habuit post id factum Caesar
quietiorem Galliam. 35

BOOK VI

OPERATIONS IN NORTHERN GAUL AND THE SECOND PASSAGE OF

THE RHINE

Caesar augments his army.

I. Multis de causis Caesar maiorem Galliae' motum ex-
spectans per M. Silanum, C. Antistium Regmum, T. Sextium
legates dilectum habere mstituit ; simul ab Cn. Pompeio pro-
consule petit, quoniam ipse ad urbem cum imperio rei publicae

5 causa remaneret, quos ex Cisalpma Gallia consul sacramento
rogasset ad slgna convemre et ad se proficisci iuberet, magm
interesse etiam in reliquum tempus ad opmionem Galliae
existimans tantas videri Italiae facultates ut, si quid esset in
bello detrimenti acceptum, non modo id brevi tempore sarcm,

rosed etiam maioribus auger! copiis posset. Quod cum Pom-
penis et rei publicae et amicitiae tribuisset, celeriter confecto
per suos dilectu, tribus ante exactam hiemeni et constitutis et
adductis legionibus duplicatoque earum cohortium numero
quas cum Q. Titurio amiserat, et celeritate et copiis docuit

15 quid populi Roman! disciplina atque opes possent.

Expeditions against several rebellious states.

II. Interfecto Indutiomaro, ut docuimus, ad eius propin-
quos a Treveris imperium defertur. 111! finitimos Germanos
sollicitare et pecuniam polliceri non desistunt. Cum a proxi-
mis impetrare non possent, ulteriores temptant. Inventls non

20 nullis civitatibus iure iurando inter se confirmant obsidibusque
de pecunia cavent; Ambiorigem sibi societate et foedere
adiungunt. Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar, cum undique bel-
lum parari videret, Nervios, Atuatucos, Menapios adiunctis

174

VI OPERATIONS IN NORTHERN GAUL 175

Cisrhenanls omnibus Germams esse in armis, Senones ad im-
peratum non venire et. cum Carnutibus fmitimisque civitatibus
consilia communicare, a Treveris Germanos. crebris legationi-
bus sollicitari, maturius sibi de bello cogitandum putavit.

III. Itaque nondum hierne confecta proximis quattuor 5
coactis legionibus de improvise in finis Nerviorum contendit,
et priusquam ill! aut convenire aut profugere possent, magno
pecoris atque hominum numero capto atque ea praeda militi-
bus concessa vastatisque agris in deditionem venire atque
obsides sibi dare coegit.. Eo celeriter confecto negotio rursus 10
in hiberna legiones reduxit. Concilio Galliae primo vere, ut
instituerat, indicto, cum reliqui praeter Senones, Carnutes,
Treverosque venissent, initium belli ac defectionis hoc esse
arbitratus, ut omnia postponere videretur, concilium Lutetiam
Parisiorum transfert. Confines erant hi Senonibus civitatem- 15
que patrum memoria coniunxerant, sed ab hoc consilio afuisse
existimabantur. Hac re pro suggestu pronuntiata eodem die
cum legionibus in Senones proficlscitur magnisque itineribus
eo pervenit.

IV. Cognito eius adventu Acco, quT prmceps eius consill 2 o
fuerat, iubet in oppida multitudinem convenire. Conantibus,
priusquam id effici posset, adesse Romanos nuntiatur. Ne-
cessario sententia desistunt legatosque deprecandl causa ad
Caesarem mittunt; adeunt per Haeduos, quorum antiquitus
erat in fide civitas. Libenter Caesar petentibus Haeduls dat 25
veniam excusationemque accipit, quod aestivum tempus m-
stantis belli, non quaestionis esse arbitrabatur. Obsidibus im-
peratis c hos Haeduls custodiendos tradit. Eodem Carnutes
legates obsidesque mittunt usi deprecatoribus Reims, quorum
erant in clientela ; eadem ferunt responsa. Peragit cncilium 30
Caesar equitesque imperat civitatibus.

Caesar proceeds against the Menapii.

V. Hac parte Galliae pacata totus et mente et animo in
bellum Treverorum et Ambiorlgis Insistit. Cavarinum cum

176 THE GALLIC WAR VI

equitatu Senonura secum proficisci iubet, ne quis aut ex huius
Iracundia aut ex eo quod meruerat odio civitatis motus exsistat.
His rebus constitutis, quod pro explorato habebat Ambiorigem
prcelio non esse contenturum, reliqua eius consilia animo cir-

5 cumspiciebat. Erant Menapii propinqui Eburonum flnibus,
perpetuis paludibus silvisque munitl, qui uni ex Gallia de pace
ad Caesarem legatos numquam miserant. Cum his esse hospi-
tium Ambiorigl sciebat; item per Treveros venisse Germams
in amicitiam cognoverat. Haec prius ill! detrahenda auxilia

10 exlstimabat quam ipsum bello lacesseret, ne desperata salute
aut se in Menapios abderet aut cum Transrhenams congredi
cogeretur. Hoc inito consilio totms exercitus impedimenta ad
Labienum in Treveros mittit duasque ad eum legiones proficisci
iubet ; ipse cum legionibus expedltis quinque in Menapios pro-

15 ficlscitur. 111! nulla coacta manu loci praesidio fret! in silvas
paliidesque confugiunt suaque eodem conferunt.

VI. Caesar partltis copiis cum C. Fabio legato et M. Crasso
quaestore celeriterque effectis pontibus adit tripartito, aedificia
vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque hominum numero

sopotitur. Quibus rebus coactl^ Menapii legatos ad eum pacis
petendae causa mittunt Ille obsidibus acceptis hostium se
habiturum numero confirmat, si aut Ambiorigem aut eius
legatos flnibus suls recepissent. His confirmatis rebus Com-
mium Atrebatem cum equitatu custodis loco in Menapiis re-

25 linquit ; ipse in Treveros proficiscitur.

Labienus defeats the Treveri.

VII. Dum haec a Caesare geruntur, Treveri magnis coactis
peditatus equitatusque copiis Labienum cum una legione quae
in eorum flnibus hiemabat adorirl parabant, iamque ab eo non
longius bidul via aberant, cum duas venisse legiones missii

SoCaesaris cognoscunt. Positis castrls a mllibus passuum xv
auxilia Germanorum exspectare constituunt. Labienus hostium
cognito consilio sperans temeritate eorum fore aliquam dimi-
candl facultatem, praesidio quinque cohortium impedimentis

VI OPERATIONS IN NORTHERN GAUL 177

relicto cum xxv cohortibus magnoque equitatu contra hostem
proficiscitur et mllle passuum intermisso spatio castra com-
munit. Erat inter Labienum atque hostem difficili transitu
flumen ripisque praeruptls. Hoc neque ipse transire habebat
in animo neque hostis transituros exlstimabat. Augebatur 5
auxiliorum cottidie spes. Loquitur consulto palam, quoniam
German! appropinquare dicantur, sese suas exercitusque for-
tunas in dubium non devocaturum et postero die prima luce
castra moturum. Celeriter haec ad hostis deferuntur, ut ex
magno Gallorum equitum numero non nullos Gallicls rebus 10
favere natura cogebat. Labienus nocte tribunis militum pri-
misque ordinibus convocatis quid sui sit consili proponit, et qu5
facilius hostibus timoris det suspicionem, maiore strepitu et
tumultu quam populi Roman! fert consuetudo castra mover!
iubet. His rebus fugae similem profecti5nem efficit. Haec 15
quoque per exploratores ante lucem in tanta propinquitate
castrorum ad hostis deferuntur.

VIII. Vix agmen novissimum extra munitiones processerat,
cum Gall! cohortat! inter se ne speratam praedam ex manibus
dimitterent 'Longum esse perterritis R5man!s Germanorumao
auxilium exspectare, neque suam pat! dignitatem ut tantis
copiis tarn exiguam manum, praesertim fugientem atque impe-
ditam, adoriri non audeant' flumen transire et iniquo loco
committere proelium non dubitant. Quae fore suspicatus
Labienus, ut omnis citra flumen eliceret, eadem us us Simula- 25
tione itineris placide progredrebatur. Turn prae missis paulum
impedimentis atque in tumu!5 quodam conlocatis, " Habetis,"
inquit, " milites, quam petistis facultatem ; hostem impedito
atque iniquo loco tenetis. Praestate eandem nobis ducibus
virtutem quam saepenumero imperatori praestitistis, atque ilium 30
adesse et haec coram cernere existimate." Simul signa ad
hostem converti aciemque derig! iubet, et paucis turmis prae-
sidi5 ad impedimenta dimissis reliquos equites ad latera dis-
ponit. Celeriter nostri clamore sublato pila in hostis immittunt.
Illi ubi praeter spem quos fugere credebant infestis signis ad 35

N

178 THE GALLIC WAR VI

se ire vidertmt, impetum nostrorum ferre non potuerunt, ac
primo concursu in fugam coniecti proximas silvas petierunt.
Quos Labienus equitatu consectatus niagno numero interfecto,
compluribus captls paucis post diebus civitatem recepit. Nam
5 GermanI, qui auxilio veniebant, percepta Treverorum fuga sese
domum contulerunt. Cum his propinqui Indutiomari, qui
defectionis auctores fuerant, comitati eos ex civitate excesse-
runt. Cingetorlgi, quern ab initio permansisse in officio
denionstravimus, principatus atque imperium est traditum.

Caesar crosses the Rhine a second time.

10 IX. Caesar postquam ex Menapiis in Treveros venit, duabus
de causis Rhenum transire constituit. Quarum una erat quod
German! auxilia contra se Treveris miserant ; altera, ne ad eos
Ambiorix receptum haberet. His constitutis rebus paulo supra
eum locum quo ante exercitum traduxerat facere pontem insti-

15 tuit. Nota atque instituta ratione magno militum studio paucis
diebus opus efficitur. Firmo in Treveris ad pontem praesidio
rellcto, ne quis ab his subito motus oreretur, reliquas copias
equitatumque traducit. Ubii, qui ante obsides dederant atque
in deditionem venerant, purgandi sui causa ad eum legatos mit-

20 tunt, qui doceant neque auxilia ex sua civitate in Treveros
missa neque ab se fidem laesam; petunt atque orant ut sibi
parcat, ne communi odio Germanorum innocentes pro nocenti-
bus poenas pendant j si amplius obsidum velit dari, pollicentur.
Cognita Caesar causa reperit ab Suebis auxilia missa esse ;

25 Ubiorum satisfactionem accipit, aditus viasque in Suebos per-
quirit.

. X. Interim paucis post diebus fit ab Ubils certior Suebos
omms in unum locum copias cogere, atque ils nationibus quae
sub eorum sint imperio denuntiare ut auxilia pe'ditatus equita-

30 tusque mittant. His cognitls rebus rem frumentariam providet,
castris idoneum locum deligitj Ubils imperat ut pecora dedu-
cant suaque omnia ex agrls in oppida conferant, sperans bar-
baros atque imperitos homines inopia cibariorum adductos ad

VI THE SECOND PASSAGE OF THE RHINE 179

imquam pugnandi condicionem posse deduci ; mandat iit cre-
bros exploratores in Suebos mittant, quaeque apud eos gerantur
cognoscant. 1111 imperata faciunt et paucis diebus intermissis
refer unt : ' Suebos omms, posteaquam certiores nuntii de exer-
citu Romanorum venerint, cum omnibus suis sociortnnque 5
copiis, quas coegissent, penitus ad extremos finis se recepisse ;
silvam esse ibi Infimta magnitudine, quae appelletur Bacenis;
hanc longe introrsus pertinere, et pro nativo muro obiectam
Cheruscos ab Sueb5rum Suebosque ab Cheruscorum iniuriTs
incursionibusque prohibere ; ad eius silvae initium . Suebos 10
adventum Romanorum exspectare constituisse. '

GAUL AND GERMANY DESCRIBED AND COMPARED

Party spirit and parties in Gaul.

XI. Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, non alienum
esse videtur de Galliae Germaniaeque moribus et quo differant
hae nationes inter sese proponere. In Gallia non solum in
omnibus civitatibus atque in omnibus pagls partibusque sed 15
paene etiam in singulis domibus factiones sunt, earumque
factionum prmcipes sunt qui sum mam auctoritatem eorum
iudicio habere existimantur, quorum ad arbitrium iudiciumque
summa omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat. Idque eius
rel causa antiquitus Institutum videtur, ne quis ex plebe contra 20
potentiorem auxill egeret; suos eni'm quisque opprimi et cir-
cumvemri non patitur, neque, aliter si faciat, ullam inter suos
habeat auctoritatem. Haec eadem ratio est in summa totms
Galliae; namque omnes civitates divisae sunt in duas partis.

XII. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis prin- 25
cipes erant Haedui, alterius Sequam. Hi cum per se minus
valerent, quod summa auctoritas antiquitus erat in Haeduis
magnaeque eorum erant clientelae, Germanos atque Ariovistum
sibi* adiunxerant eosque ad se magms iacturis pollicitationi-
busque perduxerant. ProeliTs vero compluribus factis secundis 30
atque omm nobilitate Haeduorum interfecta tantum potentia

l8o THE GALLIC WAR VI

antecesserant ut magnam partem clientium ab Haeduis ad se
traducerent obsidesque ab his prlncipum filios aeciperent, et
publice iurare cogerent nihil se contra Sequanos consili initu-
ros, et partera fmitimi agri per vim occupatam possiderent
5 Galliaeque totius principatum obtinerent. Qua necessitate
adductus Dlviciacus auxill petendi causa Romam ad senatum
profectus mfecta re redierat. Adventu Caesaris facta commu-
tatione rerum, obsidibus Haeduis redditis, veteribus clientelis
restitiitis, novis per Caesarem comparatis, quod ii qui se ad

10 eorum amicitiam adgregaverant meliore condicione atque
aequiore imperio se iiti videbant, reliquis rebus eorum gratia
dignitateque amplificata Sequani principatum dimiserant. In
eorum locum Remi successerant ; quos quod adaequare apud
Caesarem gratia intellegebatur, ii qui propter veteres inimi-

15 citias nullo modo cum Haeduis coniungi poterant se Remis in
clientelam dicabant. Hos illl diligenter tuebantur ; ita et no-
vam et repente conlectam auctoritatem tenebant. E6 tamen
statii res erat ut longe principes haberentur Haedui, secundum
locum dlgnitatis Remi obtinerent.

The druids.

20 XIII. In omni Gallia eorum hominum qui aliquo sunt
numero atque honore genera sunt duo ; nam plebes paene
servorum habetur loco, quae nihil audet per se, null! adhibetur
consilio. Plerique, cum aut acre alieno aut magnitudine tribu-
torum aut iniuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem

25 dicant nobilibus ; quibus in hos eadem omnia sunt iura quae
domims in servos. Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est
druidum, alterum equitum. Illl rebus divmls intersunt, sacri-
ficia publica ac privata procurant, religiones interpretantur ;
ad eos magnus adulescentium numerus disciplmae causa con-

3 ocurrit, magnoque hi sunt apud eos honore. Nam fere de
omnibus controversiis publicls privatlsque constituunt, et si
quod est admissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, de
fmibus controversia est, Idem decernunt, praemia poenasque

VI GAUL AND GERMANY DESCRIBED 181

constituunt ; si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum decreto
non stetit, sacrifices interdicunt. Haec poena apud eos est
gravissima. Quibus ita est interdictum, hi numero impiorum
ac sceleratorum habentur, his omnes decedunt, aditura eorum
sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incoramodi s
accipiant, neque ils petentibus ius redditur neque honos ullus
communicatur. His autem omnibus druidibus praeest unus,
qui summam inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo aut,
si qui ex reliqtiis excellit dignitate, succedit aut, si sunt plures
pares, suffragio druidum, non numquam etiam armis de' princi- 10
patu contendunt. Hi certo anm tempore in fmibus Carnutum,
quae regio totms Galliae media habetur, considunt in loco
consecrate. Hue omnes undique qui controversies habent
conveniunt eorumque decretls iudiciisque parent. Disciplma
in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata existima- 15
tur, et nunc qui diligentius earn rem cognoscere volunt ple-
rumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur.

XIV. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa una
cum reliquls pendunt, militiae vacationem omniumque rerum
habent immunitatem. Tantis excitati praemiis et sua sponteso
multi in disciplinam conveniunt et a parentibus propinquisque
mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur.
Itaque annos non null! vlcenos in disciplma permanent. Neque
fas esse 'existimant ea. litteris mandare, cum in reliquls fere
rebus, publicls privatisque rationibus, Graecis litteris utantur. 25
Id mihi duabus de causis mstituisse videntur, quod neque in
vulgus disciplinam efferri velint neque eos qui discunt litteris
conflsos minus memoriae studere, quod fere plerisque accidit
ut praesidio litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memo-
riam remittant. In primis hoc volunt persuadere, nori interire 30
animas, sed ab aliis post mortem translre ad alios, atque hoc
maxime ad virtutem excitari putant metu mortis neglecto.
Multa praeterea de sideribus atque eorum motu, de mundi ac
terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum immor-
talium vi ac potestate disputant et iuventuti tradunt. 35

182 THE GALLIC WAR VI

The knights. '

XV. Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, cum est usus atque
aliquod bellum incidit (quod fere ante Caesaris adventum quot-
anms accidere solebat, utl aut ipsi iniurias mferrent aut inlatas
propulsarent) , omnes in bello versantur, atque eorum ut quis-

Sque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se
ambactos clientisque habet. Hanc imam gratiam potentiam-
que noverunt.

Human sacrifices.

XVI. Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religioni-
bus, atque ob earn causam qui sunt adfecti gravioribus morbis

loquique in proeliTs periculisque versantur aut pro victimls
homines iramolant aut se immolaturos vovent, administrisque
ad ea sacrificia druidibus utuntur, quod pro vita hominis nisi
horainis vita reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium numen
placari arbitrantur, publiceque eiusdem generis habent Instituta

15 sacrificia. Alii imraam magnitudine simulacra habent, quorum
contexta viminibus membra vlvls hominibus complent ; quibus
succensis circumvent! flam ma exanimantur homines. Supplicia
eorum qui in furto aut latrocinio aut aliqua noxia sint compre-
hensi gratiora dis immortalibus esse arbitrantur ; sed cum

20 eius generis copia deficit, etiam ad innocentiuin supplicia
descendunt.

The religion of the Gauls.

XVII. Deorum maxime Mercurium colunt, huius sunt
plurima simulacra, hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt,
mine viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestus pecuniae

25 mercaturasque habere vim maximam arbitrantur, post hunc,
Apollinem et Martem et lovem et Minervam. De his eandem
fere quam reliquae gentes habent opmi5nem : Apollinem mor-
bos depellere, Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia tra-
dere, lovem imperium caelestium tenere, Martem bella regere.

30 Huic, cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea quae bello cepe-
rint plerumque de vovent. Cum superaverunt, animalia capta

Vf GAUL AND GERMANY DESCRIBED 183

immolant, reliquas res in unum locum conferunt. Multis in
civitatibus harum rerum exstructos cumulos locis consecratis
conspicari licet; neque saepe accidit ut neglecta quispiam
religione aut capta apud se occultare aut posita tollere auderet,
gravissimumque el rel supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est. 5

%
Curious customs.

XVIII. Gall! se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant
idque ab druidibus proditum dicunt. Ob earn causam spatia
omnis temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium finiurit; dies
natalis et mensium et annorum initia sic observant ut- noctem
dies subsequatur. In reliquis vltae institutis hoc fere ab reli- 10
quls differunt, quod suos liberos, nisi cum adoleverunt, ut
munus militiae sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non pati-
untur, filiumque puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris
adsistere turpe ducunt.

XIX. Viri quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine ac- 15
ceperunt, tantas ex suls boms aestimatione facta cum dotibus
communicant. Huius omnis pecuniae coniunctim ratio habe-
tur fructusque servantur; uter eorum vita superavit, ad eum
pars utrmsque cum fructibus superi5rum temporum pervenit.
Viri in uxores sicuti in liberos vltae necisque habent potes-ao
tatem ; et cum pater familiae inlustriore loco natus decessit,
eius propinqui conveniunt, et de morte si res in suspicionem
venit, de uxoribus in servilem modum quaestionem habent, et

si compertum est, ignl atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas
interficiunt. Funera sunt pro cultu Gallorum magnifica etas
sumptuosaj omniaque quae vMs cordi fuisse arbitrantur in
Ignem inferunt, etiam animalia, ac paulo supra hanc memoriam
servi et clientes quos ab iis dilectos esse constabat mstls fune-
bribus confectis una cremabantur.

XX. Quae civitates commodius suam rem publicam ad- 30
ministrare existimantur habent legibus sanctum, si quis quid
de re publica a finitimis rumore ac f ama acceperit, uti ad magis-
tratum deferat neve cum quo alio communicet ; quod saepe

184 THE GALLIC WAR VI

homines teraerarios atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri et
ad facinus impelli et de summis rebus consilium capere cog-
nitum est. Magistrates quae visa sunt occultant, quae esse ex
usu iudicaverunt multitudim produnt. De re publica nisi per
5 concilium loqui non conceditur.

The religion and customs of the Germans.

XXI. German! multum ab hac consuetudine differunt.
Nam neque druides habent, qul rebus dlvims praesint, neque
sacrificiis student. Deorum numero eos solos ducunt quos
cernunt et quorum aperte opibus iuvantur, Solem et Vulcanum

io et Lunam ; reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt. Vita omnis
in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consistit ; a parvis
labor! ac duritiae student. Qu! diutissime impuberes perman-
serunt maximam inter suos ferunt laudem; hoc all staturam,
al! v!r!s nervosque confirmar! putant. Intra annum vero

15 vicesimum feminae notitiam habuisse in turpissimis habent
rebus ; cuius re!' nulla est occultatio, quod et promiscue in
fluminibus perluuntur et pellibus aut parvis renonum tegimen-
tis utuntur magna corporis parte nuda.

XXII. Agri culturae non stitdent, maiorque pars eorum
20 v!ctus in lacte, caseo, carne consistit. Neque quisquam agri

modum certum aut finis habet proprios, sed magistrates ac
principes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque homi-
num qulque una coierunt quantum et quo loco vlsum est
agri attribuunt, atque anno post alio transire cogunt. Eius re!

25 multas adferunt causas : ne adsidua consuetudine capti stu-
dium belli gerendi agri cultura commutent; ne latos finis
parare studeant potentiores atque humiliores possessionibus
expellant ; ne accuratius ad frigora atque aestus vitandos aedi-
ficent ; ne qua oriatur pecuniae cupiditas, qua ex re factiones

30 dissensionesque nascuntur ; ut anim! aequitate plebem con-
tineant, cum suas quisque opes cum potentissirms aequari videat.

XXIII. Cfvitatibus maxima laus est quam latissime circum
se vastatis finibus solitudines habere. Hoc proprium virtutis

VI GAUL AND GERMANY DESCRIBED 185

existimant, expulsos agris fmitimos cedere neque quemquam
prope se audere consistere ; simul hoc se fore tutiores arbi-
trantur repentmae incursionis timore sublato. Cum bellum
clvitas aut inlaturn defendit aut Infert, magistrates qui el bello
praesint et vitae necisque habeant potestatem deliguntur. In 5
pace nullus est communis magistratus, sed principes regionum
atque pagorum inter suds ius dicunt controversiasque minuunt.
Latrocinia nullara habent mfamiara quae extra fmls cuiusqiie
clvitatis f runt, atque ea iuventutis exercendae ac desidiae minu-
endae causa fieri praedicant. Atque ubi quis ex principtbus in 10
concilio dlxit se ducem fore, qui sequi velint profiteantur, con-
surgunt ii qui et causam et hominera probant suumque auxilium
pollicentur atque a multitudine conlaudantur ; qm ex his secuti
non sunt in desertorura ac proditorum numero ducuntur, omni-
umque his rerum postea fides derogatur. Hospitem violare 15
fas non putant ; qui quacumque de causa ad eos venerunt ab
inmria prohibent sanctosque habent, hisque omnium domus
patent victusque communicatur.

Gauls and Germans compared.

XXIV. Ac fuit antea tempus cum Germanos Galli virtute
superarent, ultro bella mferrent, propter hominum multitu- 20
dinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum colonias mitterent.
Itaque ea quae fertilissima Germaniae sunt loca, circum
Hercyniam silvam (quam Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecls
fama notam esse video, quam illl Orcyniam appellant), Volcae
Tectosages occupaverunt atque ibi consederunt; quae gens 25
ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese continet summamque habet
iustitiae et bellicae laudis opmionem. Nunc, quod in
eadem inopia, egestate, patientia qua ante German! per-
manent, e5dem victu et cultu corporis utuntur, Gallis autem
provinciarum propinquitas et transmarinarum rerum notitiaso
multa ad copiam atque usus largltur, paulatim adsuefactT
superari multisque victi proeliis ne se quidem ipsi cum illis
virtute comparand

1 86 THE GALLIC WAR VI

The Hercynian Forest and the animals inhabiting it.

XXV. Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est,
latitude novem dierum iter expedite patet; non enim aliter
finiri potest, neque mensuras itmerum noverunt. Oritur ab
Helvetiorum et Nemetum et Rauracorum fmibus, rectaque

5 fluminis Danuvi regione pertinet ad finis Dacorum et Anar-

tium ; hinc se flectit sinistrdrsus dlversls a flumine regionibus

multarumque gentium finis propter magnitudinem attingit;

neque quisquam est huius Germaniae qul se aut adisse ad

. initium eius silvae dlcat, cum dierum iter LX processerit, aut

10 quo ex loco oriatur acceperit ; multaque in ea genera ferarum

nascl constat quae reliquls in locls visa non sint, ex quibus

quae maxime differant a ceteris et memoriae prodenda videan-

tur haec sunt.

XXVI. Est bos cervl figiira, cuius a media fronte inter
15 auris unum cornu exsistit excelsius magisque derectum his

quae nobis nota sunt cornibus. Ab eius summo sicut palmae
ramique late diffunduntur. Eadern est feminae. marisque na-
tura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum.

XXVII. Sunt item quae appellantur alces. Harum est
20 consimilis capris figura et varietas pellium, sed magnitudine

paulo antecedunt mutilaeque sunt cornibus et crura sine nodls
articullsque habent, neque quietis causa procumbunt neque,
si quo adfllctae casu conciderunt, erigere sese ac sublevare
possunt. His sunt arbores pro cubllibus; ad eas se ap-

25 plicant atque ita paulum modo reclmatae quietem capiunt.
Quarum ex vestigils cum est animadversum a venatoribus
quo se recipere consuerint, omnls eo loco aut ab radlcibus
subruunt aut accldunt arbores, tantum ut summa species
earum stantium relinquatur. Hue cum se consuetudine re-

30 clmaverunt, Inflrmas arbores pondere adfllgunt atque una
ipsae concidunt. ^ , , - ^A,

XXVIII. Tertium est genus eorum qul uri appellantur. Hi
sunt magnitudine paulo Infra elephantos, specie et colore et
figura taurl. Magna vis eorum est et magna velocitas, neque

VI GAUL AND GERMANY DESCRIBED 187

homini neque ferae quam conspexerunt parcunt. Hos studiose
foveis captos interficiunt. Hoc se labore durant adulescentes
atque hoc genere venationis exercent, et qui plurimos ex his
interfecerunt, relatis in publicum cornibus, quae sint testimonio,
raagnam ferunt laudem. Sed adsuescere ad homines et man- 5
suefieri ne parvuli quidem except! possunt. Amplitude cor-
nuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum bourn cornibus
differt. Haec studiose conquisita ab labris argento circumclu-
dunt atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculls utuntur.

SIGHT-READING

THE WAR UPON AMBIORIX AND THE EBURONES

Caesar invades the land of the Eburones. Ambiorix escapes.

XXIX. Caesar postquam per Ubios exploratores comperit 10
Suebos sese in silvas recepisse, inopiam frumenti veritus, quod,
ut supra demonstravimus, minime homines German! agri cul-
turae student, constituit non progred! longius ; sed ne ommno
metum reditus sui barbaris tolleret, atque ut eorum auxilia
tardaret, reducto exercitu partem ultimam pontis, quae ripas 15
Ubiorum contingebat, in longitudinem pedum cc rescindit,
atque in extremo ponte turrim tabiilatorum quattuor constituit
praesidiumque cohortium xn pontis tuendi causa ponit mag-
nisque eum locum mumtionibus firmat. Ei loco praesidioque
C. Volcacium Tullum adulescentem praeficit. Ipse, cum ma- 20
turescere frumenta inciperent, ad bellum Ambiongis profectus
per Arduennam silvam, quae est totius Galliae maxima atque
ab ripis Rhen! finibusque Treverorum ad Nervios pertinet
milibusque amplius D in longitudinem patet, L. Miriucium

10. Caesar: the story is now resumed from Chap. X. 17. tabu-
latorum quattuor : of four stories . 20. maturescere : cf. matiirus.
24. D : an exaggeration.

1 88 THE GALLIC WAR VI

Basilum cum omm equitatu praemittit, si quid celeritate iti-
neris atque opportunitate temporis proficere possit ; monet ut
Ignis in castris fieri prohibeat, ne qua ems adventus procul sig-
nificatio flat ; sese confestim subsequi dicit.

5 XXX. Basilus ut imperatum est facit. Celeriter contraque
omnium opmionem confecto itinere multos in agris inopinantis
deprehendit ; eorum indicio ad ipsum Ambiorigem contendit,
quo in loco cum paucis equitibus esse dlcebatur. Multum cum
in omnibus rebus turn in re mllitarl potest fortuna; nam ut

.lomagno accidit casu ut in ipsum incautum etiam atque impa-
ratum incideret, priusque eius adventus ab hominibus videretiir
quam fama ac nuntius adferretur, sic magnae fuit fortunae omm
militari mstrumento quod circum se habebat erepto, raedis
equisque comprehensis ipsum effugere mortem. Sed hoc

15 factum est, quod aedificio circumdato silva, ut sunt fere do-
micilia Gallorum, qul vltandi aestus causa plerumque silvarum
ac fluminum petunt propinquitates, comites familiaresque eius
angusto in loco paulisper equitum nostrorum vim sustinuerunt.
His pugnantibus ilium in equum quidam ex suls intulit ; fugi-

20 entem silvae texerunt. Sic et ad subeundum periculum et ad
vltandum multum fortuna valuit.

XXXI. Ambiorix copias suas iudicione non conduxerit,
quod proelio dimicandum non existimaret, an tempore ex-
clusus et repentmo equitum adventu prohibitus, cum reliquum

25 exercitum subsequi crederet, dubium est ; sed certe dimissis
per agros nuntiis sibi quemque consulere iussit. Quorum pars
in Arduennam silvam, pars in continentis paludes profugit ;

I. si quid proficere possit: ( & see) if he can effect anything,
i.e. to effect something, if he can. 7. indicio : on information. 9. ut :
as, answered by sic, so also. 10. ipsum: Ambiorix. incautum: off his
guard. 12. magnae fait fortunae: it was due chiefly to hick that,
lit. it was (a thing) of great luck. 13. erepto : concessive. raedis :
wagons. 1 6. aestus -.heat. 17. comites : companions. 22. iudicione:
iudicio, designedly +-ne, whether. 27. continentis: continuous, wide-
extended, i

VI THE WAR UPON AMBIORIX 189

qui proximi Oceano fuerunt, hi insulis sese occultaverunt quas
aestus efficere consuerunt ; raulti ex suls fmibus egress! se
suaque omnia alienissimls crediderunt. Catuvolcus, rex dimi-
diae partis Eburonum, qui una cum Ambiorige consilium in-
ierat, aetate iara cdnfectus, cum laborem belli aut fugae ferre 5
non posset, omnibus precibus detestatus Ambiorigem, qui eius
consili auctor fuisset, taxo (cuius magna in Gallia Germaniaque
copia est) se exanimavit.

One legion is stationed at Atuatuca. Caesar divides the rest of the

army into three parts.

XXXII. Segm Condrusique ex gente et numerd Germano-
rum, qui sunt inter Eburones Treverosque, legates ad Caesa- 10
rem miserunt oratum ne se in hostium numero duceret, neve
omnium Germanorum qui essent citra Rhenum unam esse
causam iudicaret : ' Nihil se de bello cogitavisse, nulla Ambiongl
auxilia misisse.' Caesar explorata' re quaestione captlvorum, si
qui ad eos Eburones ex fuga convenissent, ad se ut reduceren- 15
tur imperavit ; si ita f ecissent, finis eorum se violaturum nega-
vit. Turn copils in tris partis distributls impedimenta omnium
legionum Atuatucam contulit. Id castelll nomen est. Hoc
fere est in medils Eburonum flnibus, ubi Titurius atque Au-
runculeius hiemandl causa consederant. Hunc cum reliqulszo
rebus locum probabat, turn quod superioris annl munltiones
integrae manebant, ut mllitum laborem sublevaret. Praesidio
impedimentis legionem quartam decimam rellquit, unam ex
his tribus quas proxime conscrlptas ex Italia traduxerat. El
legionl castrisque Q. Tullium Ciceronem praef ecit ducentosque 25
equites el attribuit.

XXXIII. Partlto exercitu T. Labienum cum legionibus

I. insulis: slight elevations of land surrounded by water at high tide.
3. alienissimis : to absohtte strangers. dimidiae partis : of half.
6. detestatus : cursing. 7. taxo : with yew. The bark and leaves are
poisonous. 22. sublevaret : he could lighten.

igo THE GALLIC WAR VI

tribus ad Oceanum versus in eas partis quae Menapios attin-
gunt proficlscl iubet ; C. Trebonium cum par! legionura nu-
mero ad earn regionem quae Atuatucis adiacet depopulandam
mittit ; ipse cum reliquis tribus ad flumen Sabim, quod influit
Sin Mosam, extremasque Arduennae partis ire constituit, quo
cum paucls equitibus profectum Ambiorigem audiebat. Dis-
cedens post diem septimum sese reversurum conflrmat, quam
ad diem el legion! quae in praesidio relinquebatur frumentum
deberi sciebat. Labienum Treboniumque hortatur, si rel pub-
lolicae commodo facere possint, ad earn diem revertantur, ut
rursus communicato consilio exploratisque hostium rationibus
aliud initium belli capere possint.

He invites other Gallic states to plunder the Eburones.

XXXIV. Erat, ut supra demonstravimus, manus certa nulla,
non oppidum, non praesidium quod se armls defenderet, sed

15 in omnls partis dispersa mjultitudo. Ubi cuique aut valles
abdita aut locus silvestris aut palus impedlta spem praesidi aut
salutis aliquam offerebat, consederat. Haec loca vlclnitatibus
erant nota, magnamque res dlligentiam requirebat, non in
summa exercitus tuenda (nullum enim poterat universis a per-

aoterritls ac dispersls perlculum accidere), sed in singulls mlliti-
bus conservandls ; quae tamen ex parte res ad salutem
exercitus pertinebat. Nam et praedae cupiditas multos
longius sevocabat et silvae incertls occultisque itineribus con-
fertos adlre prohibebant. SI negotium conficl stirpemque

sshominum sceleratorum interfici vellet, dimittendae plures
manus dlducendlque erant mllites ; si continere ad signa

I. ad Oceanum versus : toward the ocean. 3. adiacet: lies next.
10. commodo : abl. 13. manus certa : i.e. of the Eburones.
17. vicinitatibus : to the neighbors {neighborhoods). 19. summa: the
whole. 21. ex parte: to some extent. 24. stirpem homimim
sceleratorum : race (lit. stock) of scoundrels. The loss of his soldiers
described in the previous book had made Caesar very bitter against the
Eburones.

VI THE WAR UPON AMBIORIX 191

manipulos vellet, ut mstituta ratio et consuetude exercitus
Roman! postulabat, locus ipse erat praesidio barbaris, neque
ex occulto msidiandi et dispersos circumveniend! singulis
deerat audacia. Ut in eius modi difficultatibus, quantum dili-
gentia provider! poterat providebatur, ut potius in nocendo 5
aliquid praetermitteretur, etsi omnium animi ad ulciscendum
ardebant, quam cum aliquo militum detrimento noceretur.
Dimittit ad fmitimas civitates nuntios Caesar omnis evocat
spe praedae ad dlripiendos Eburones, ut potius in silvis Gallo-
rum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut magnaio
multitudine circumfusa pro tali facinore stirps ac nomen civir
tatis tollatur. Magnus undique numerus celeriter convenit.

Germans cross the Rhine, induced by the hope of sharing in the plunder.

XXXV. Haec in omnibus Eburonum partibus gerebantur,
diesque appetebat septimus, quern ad diem Caesar ad impedi-
menta legionemque revert! constituerat. Hie quantum in bello-is
fortuna possit et quantos adferat casus cognosc! potuit. Dissi-
patis ac perterritis hostibus, ut demonstravimus, manus erat
nulla quae parvam modo causam timoris adferret. Trans
Rhenum ad Germanos pervenit fama diripi Eburones atque
ultr5 omnis ad praedam evocari. C5gunt equitum duo miliazo
Sugambri, qui sunt proximi Rheno, a quibus receptos ex fuga
Tencteros atque Usipetes supra docuimus. Transeunt Rhenum
navibus ratibusque xxx milibus passuum infra eum locum ubi
pons erat perfectus praesidiumque a Caesare relictum ; primos
Eburonum finis adeunt; multos ex fuga dispersos excipiunt, 25
magno pecoris numero, cuius sunt cupidissim! barbari, potiun-
tur. Invitat! praeda longius procedunt. Non hos paludes
bello latrociniisque natos, non silvae morantur. Quibus in

3. ex occulto insidiandi : for making an attack from ambush.
7. quam: completes the thought of potius, noceretur: harm sho^lld
be done, sc. barbaris. 10. periclitetur : in pericuhim veniat. 14. ap-
petebat: appropinquabat. 1 8. modo : even. 20. ultro : more than
that. 28. latrociniis : for robberies, with natos.

192 THE GALLIC WAR VI

locis sit Caesar ex captivis quaerunt ; profectum longius re-
periunt omnemque exercitum discessisse cognoscunt. Atque
unus ex captivis, " Quid vqs," inquit, " hanc miseram ac
tenuem sectamim praedam, quibus licet iam esse fortu-

5 natissimos ? Tribus horis Atuatucam venire potestis ; hue
orams suas fortunas exercitus Romanorum contulit ; praes.idi
tantum est ut ne murus quidem cingi possit neque quisquam
egredi extra munltiones audeat." Hac oblata spe German!
quam nacti erant praedam in occulto relinquunt ; ipsi

10 Atuatucam contendunt us! eodem duce cuius haec indicio
cognoverant.

They are diverted from their purpose and attack Cicero's camp at

Atuatuca.

XXXVI. Cicero, qui omnls superiores dies praeceptis Caesaris
summa diligentia milites in castiis continuisset, ac ne calonem
quidem quemquam extra munitionem egredi passusesset, septimo

15 die difHdens de numero dierum Caesarem fidem servaturum, quod
longius progressum audiebat neque ulla de reditu eius fama
adferebatur, simul eorum permotus vocibus qui illius patientiam
paene obsessionem appellabant, si quidem ex castiis egredi non
liceret, nullum eius modi casum exspectans quo novem oppo-

20 sifis legionibus maxim oque equitatu, dispersis ac paene deletls
hostibus in milibus passuum tribus offend! posset, qumque
cohortis frumentatum in proximas segetes mittit, qnas inter et
castra unus omnmo collis intererat. Complures erant in cas-
tris ex legionibus aegri relict! ; ex quibus qu! hoc spatio dierum

25 convaluerant, circiter ccc, sub vexillo una mittuntur. Magna

I. prof eGtum : sc. eum esse. 4. sectamini: sector, -art, derived
from sequor. 7. tantum : so little. 15. diffidens : feeling doubtful.
18. obsessionem: siege. 19. liceret: this is the thought of those
who complained. quo offendi posset : whereby a disaster could be
suffered. oppositis: opposing (the enemy). The nine legions were
those off on expeditions, as told in Chap. XXXIII. 22. segetes : grain-
Jields. 24. aegri: ill. .25. convaluerant : cf. Eng. ' convalescent.'

VI THE WAR UPON AMBIORIX 193

praeterea multitude calonum, magna vis iumentorum, quae in
castris subsederat, facta potestate sequitur.

XXXVII. Hoc ipso tempore casu German! equites inter-
veniunt, protinusque eodem illo quo venerant cursu ab decu-
mana porta in castra inrumpere conantur, nee prius sunt visl 5
obiectls ab ea parte silvis quam castris appropinquarent, usque
eo ut qui sub val!5 tenderent mercatores recipiendi sui faculta-
tem non haberent. InopTnantes nostii re nova perturbantur, ac
vix primum impetum cohors in statione sustinet. Circumfun-
duntur hostes ex reliquis partibus, si quern aditum reperire I D
possint. Aegre portas nostri tuentur, reliquos aditus locus ipse
per se mumtioque defendit. Tods trepidatur castris, atque alius
ex alio causam tumultus quaerit ; neque quo signa ferantur
neque quam in partem quisque conveniat provident. Alius
castra iam capta pronuntiat, alius deleto exercitu atque impera- 15
tore victores barbaros venisse contendit ; plerlque novas sibi ex
loco religiones fingunt Cottaeque et Tituri calamitatem, qui in
eodem occiderint castello, ante oculos ponunt. Tall timore
omnibus perterritis confirmatur opinio barbaris, ut ex captivo
audierant, nullum esse intus praesidium. Perrumpere nituntur 20
seque ipsi adhortantur ne tantam fortunam ex manibus dimit-
tant.

XXXVIII. Erat aeger in praesidio relictus P. Sextius Baculus,
qui primum pilum apud Caesarem duxerat, cuius mentionem
superioribus proeliis f ecimus, ac diem iam qumtum cibo 25
caruerat. Hie difflsus suae atque omnium saliiti inermis ex
tabernaculo proditj videt imminere hostis atque in summo
rem esse discrlmine ; capit arma a proximls atque in porta con-

2. subsederat: had stayed behind. 4. protinus :. straight forward,

6. usque eo : even to this extent^ i.e. and so completely was this the case.

7. tenderent: had booths (tentorid}. 12. trepidatur: impersonal.
17. religiones: superstitious fears. 24. primum pilum duxerat :
he had been chief centurion of a legion, and was probably at this time
an evocatiis.. 25. cibo caruerat: had eaten nothing. 27. imminere:
threaten. 28. discrimine : peril.

o

1 94 THE GALLIC WAR VI

i
sistit. Consequuntur hunc centuriones eius cohortis quae in

statione eratj paulisper una proelium sustinent. Relinquit
animus Sextium gravibus acceptis vulneribus ; aegre per manus
traditus servatur. Hoc spatio interposito reliqui sese confir-
5 mant tantum ut in mumtionibus consistere audeant speciemque
defensorum praebeant.

XXXIX. Interim confecta frumentatione milites nostri cla-
morem exaudiunt ; praecurrunt equites, quanto res sit in
periculo cognoscunt. Hie vero nulla mumtio est quae perter-

10 ritos recipiat ; modo conscript! atque usus militaris imperitl ad
tribunum militum centurionesque ora convertunt, quid ab his
praecipiatur exspectant. Nemo est tarn fortis qum rei novi-
tate perturbetur. Barbari signa procul conspicati oppugnatione
desistunt ; redisse primo legiones credunt, quas longius disces-

15 sisse ex captlvls cognoverant ; postea despecta paucitate ex
omnibus partibus impetum faciunt.

They are repulsed, but the Romans lose many men. Caesar arrives at the

camp.

fc

XL. Calones in proximum tumulum procurrunt ; hinc cele-
riter deiecti se in signa manipulosque coniciunt, eo magis
timidos perterrent mllites. Alii cuneo facto ut celeriter per-

20 rumpant censent : ' Quoniam tarn propinqua sint castra, etsi pars
aliqua circumventa ceciderit, at reliquos servarl posse; ' alii ut in
iugo consistant atque eundem omnes ferant casum. Hoc
veteres non probant mllites, quos sub vexillo una profectos
docuimus. Itaque inter se cohortati duce C. Trebonio, equite

25 Romano, qui iis erat praepositus, per medios hostis perrumpunt
incolumesque ad unum omnes in castra perveniunt. Hos sub-
secuti calones equitesque eodem impetu militum virtute servan-
tur. At ii qui in iugo constiterant niillo etiam nunc usu rei
militaris percepto neque in eo quod probaverant consilio per-

3. animus: consciousness, per manus : from hand to hand. 18. Be
coniciunt : for safety. 19. cuneo : a -wedge. 28. nullo usu percepto :

having gained no experience.

VI THE WAR UPON AMBIORIX 195

manere, ut se loco superiore defenderent, neque earn quam
profuisse aliis vim celeritatemque viderant imitari potuerunt,
sed se in castra recipere conati inlquura in locum demiserant.
Centuriones, quorum non null! ex mferioribus ordinibus reliqua-
rum legionum virtutis causa in superiores erant ordines huius 5
legionis traducti, ne ante partam rel militaris laudem amit-
terent, fortissime pugnantes conciderunt. Militum pars horum
virtute submotis hostibus praeter spem incolumis in castra per-
venit, pars a barbarls circumventa periit.

XLI. German! desperata expugnatione castrorum, quodio
nostros iam constitisse in mumtionibus videbant, cum ea praeda
quam in silvis deposuerant trans Rhenum sese receperunt. Ac
tantus fuit etiam post discessum hostium terror ut ea nocte,
cum C. Volusenus missus cum equitatu in castra venisset,
fidem non faceret adesse cum incolumi Caesarem exercitu. 15
Sic omnium animos timor occupaverat ut paene alienata
mente deletis omnibus copiis equitatum se ex fuga recepisse
dicerent, neque incolumi exercitu Germanos castra oppugna-
turos fuisse contenderent. Quern tim5rem Caesaris adventus
sustulit. 20

XLIL Reversus ille, eventus belli non ignorans, unum, quod
cohortes ex statione et praesidio essent emissae, questus (' Ne
minimum quidem casui locum relinqul debuisse ') multum
fortunam in repentino hostium adventu potuisse iudicavit,
multo etiam amplius quod paene ab ipso vallo portisque cas-25
trorum barbaros avertisset. Quarum omnium rerum maxime
admlrandum videbatur quod GermanT, quT eo consilio Rhenum
transierant, ut Ambiorigis finis depopularentur, ad castra
Romanorum delati optatissimum Ambiorigl beneficium obtu-
lerant. . 3 o

2. profuisse : to have helped. 6. partam : won: 15. fidem non
faceret: i.e. he was not believed. 16. alienata mente: deprived of
reason; an abl. abs. 18. oppugnaturos fuisse: in direct discourse
oppugnavissent ; incolumi exercitu forms its protasis. 26. avertisset:
the subject \s fortuna. 29. optatissimum: most welcome.

196 THE GALLIC WAR VI

Renewed operations against the Eburones. Ambiorix again escapes.
The army is placed in winter quarters.

XLIII. Caesar rursus ad vexandos hostis profectus magno
equitum coacto numero ex fmitimis civitatibus in omms partis
dimittit. Omnes vicl atque omnia aedificia quae quisque con-
spexerat incendebantur ; praeda ex omnibus locis agebatur ;

sfrumenta non solum a tanta multitudine iumentorum atque
hominum consumebantur sed etiam anm tempore atque
imbribus procubuerant, ut si qui etiam in praesentia se
occultassent, tamen his deducto exercitu rerum omnium
inopia pereundum videretur. Ac saepe in eum locum ventum

xoest, tanto in omms partis dimisso equitatu, ut modo visum
ab se Ambiorigem in fuga circumspicerent captivl, nee plane
etiam abisse ex conspectu contenderent j ut spe consequendi
inlata atque infimto labore suscepto qui se summam a
Caesare gratiam inituros putarent paene naturam studio

isvincerent, semperque paulum ad summam felicitatem de-
fuisse videretur, atque ille latebris aut saltibus se eriperet,
et noctu occultatus alias regiones partisque peteret non
maiore equitum praesidio quam quattuor, quibus soils vitam
suam committere audebat.

20 XLIV. Tali modo vastatis regionibus exercitum Caesar dua-
rum cohortium damno Durocortorum Remorum deducit, con-
cilioque in eum locum Galliae indicto de coniuratione Seno-
num et Carnutum quaestionem habere instituit, et de Accone,
qui prlnceps eius consili fuerat, graviore sententia pronuntiata

25 more maiorum supplicium sumpsit. Non nulll iudicium ve-

7. procubuerant: had become lodged {on the groimd}. 10. modo:
only an instant before. 1 1. circumspicerent: looked round in search
of. nec plane : and... not entirely. 13. inlata: being inspired (in
theni). 16. latebris aut saltibus: by (iising) hiding-places or wooded
glens. 21. damno: -with the loss. 22. indicto : having been convoked.
23. quaestionem: investigation. 25. more maiorum: the "good old-
fashioned Roman mode " was to flog the traitor to death and then cut off
his head.

VI THE WAR UPON AMBIORIX 197

ritl profugerunt. Quibus cum aqua atque igni interdixisset,
duas legiones ad finis Treverorum, duas in Lingonibus, sex re-
liquas in Senonum f inibus Agedinci in hibernis conlocavit ;
frumentoque exercitui proviso, ut instituerat, in Italiam ad con-
ventus agendos profectus est.

I. Quibus . . . interdixisset : and when he had cut these off from fire
and water, the regular formula for banishment and outlawry.

111 31 811 HI t Oil Illl Qli /III ill! III! (III III Hi! (Ill till III 1 Oil !RI Wilt III! Ilii HI IIS III) till 1 (III HI III III III III III III HI III HI 111 III J te

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VERCINGETOR1X
(A modern statue)

198

BOOK VII

A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL

The Carnutes revolt.

1. Quieta Gallia Caesar, ut constituerat, in Italiam ad con-
ventus agendos proficiscitur. Ibi cognoscit de P. ClodT caede ;
de senatusque consulto certior factus, ut omnes iuniores Italiae
coniurarent, dilectum tota provincia habere mstituit. Eae res
in Galliam Transalpmam celeriter perferuntur. Addunt ipsi 5
et adfingunt rumoribus Galli, quod res poscere videbatur, reti-
neri urbano motu Caesarem neque in tantis dissensi5nibus ad
exercitum venire posse. Hac impulsl occasione qui iam ante se
populi Roman! imperio subiectds dolerent liberius atque auda-
cius de bello consilia imre incipiunt. Indictis inter se princi- 10
pies Galliae conciliis silvestribus ac remotis locis queruntur de
Acconis morte ; posse hunc casum ad ipsos recidere demon-
strant; miserantur communem Galliae fortunam ; omnibus polli-
citationibus ac praemiis deposcunt qui belli initium faciant et
sul capitis periculo Galliam in libertatem vindicent. In primis 15
rationem esse habendam dicunt, priusquam eorum clandestina
consilia efferantur, ut Caesar ab exercitu intercludatur ; id
esse facile, quod neque legion es audeant absente imperatore ex
hlberms egredi neque imperator sine praesidio ad legiones
pervemre possit ; postremo, in acie praestare interfici quam 20

2. Clodi : the rioting which followed the death of Clodius reached al-
most the proportions of a civil war. 3. consulto: decree. iuniores:
i.e. the men of military age. 4. coniurarent : should take the military
oath. 6. adfingunt: make up. 12. recidere: with ad, befall, come
home to. 15. in libertatem vindicent : claim for freedom, i e. declare
to be free. 17. efferantur: are made known.

199

200 THE GALLIC WAR VII

non veterem belli gloriam Hbertatemque quam a maioribus ac-
ceperint recuperare.

II. His rebus agitatis profitentur Carnutes se nullum pericu-
lum commiinis salutis causa recusare principesque ex omnibus

5 bellum facturos pollicentur, et quoniam in praesentia obsidibus
cavere inter se non possint, ne res efferatur, at iure iurando ac
fide sanciatur petunt conlatls mllitaribus sigms, quo more eorum
gravissima caerimonia continetur, ne facto initio belli ab reli-
quis deserantur. Turn conlaudatis Carnutibus, dato iure iu-

icrando ab omnibus qui aderant, tempore eius rei constituto a
concilio disceditur.

III. Ubi ea dies venit, Carnutes Cotuato et Conconnetodumno
ducibus, desperatis hominibus, Cenabum signo dato concurrunt,
civisque Romanes qui negotiandl causa ibi constiterant, in his

15 C. Fufium Citam, honestum equitem Romanum, qui rei fru-
mentariae iussu Caesaris praeerat, interficiunt bonaque eorum
diripiunt. Celeriter ad ornnis Galliae civitates fama perfertur.
Nam ubi quae maior atque inlustrior incidit res, clamore per
agros regionesque significant; hunc alii deinceps excipiunt et

aoproximis tradunt, ut turn accidit Nam quae Cenabi oriente
sole gesta essent ante primam confectam vigiliam in finibus
Arvernorum audita sunt, quod spatium est milium passuum
circiter CLX.

The Arverni, led by Vercingetorix, revolt, and are joined by many other

states.

IV. Simill ratione ibi Vercingetorix, Celtilli filius, Arvernus,
assummae potentiae adulescens, cuius pater principatum totlus

Galliae obtinuerat et ob earn causam, quod regnum appetebat,

3. agitatis : having been discussed. 6. cavere inter se : to take
precautions against one another. 7. sanciatur : that assurance be given.
8. caerimonia: rite. 14. civis: citizens. negotiandi: the business
was chiefly lending money, trading in grain and slaves, and farming the
revenues. 16. iussu: by order. 18. quae: any. 19. deinceps: in
turn.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 2OI

a civitate erat interfectus, convocatis suls clientibus facile in-
cendit. Cognito eius consilio ad arraa concurritur. Prohibetur

a Gobannitione, patruo suo, re-
liquisque principibus, qui hanc
temptandam fortunam non ex- 5
istimabant, expellitur ex oppido

A COIN OF VERCINGETORIX Gergovia ; non desistit tamen

atque in agris habet dilectum

egentium ac perditorum. Hac coacta manu quoscumque adit
ex civitate ad suam sententiam perducit; hortatur ut communis 10
Hbertatis causa arraa capiant, magnisque coactis copiis adver-
saries suos, a quibus paulo ante erat eiectus, expellit ex civitate.
Rex ab suls appellatur. Dimittit quoqueversus legationes ;
obtestatur ut in fide maneant. Celeriter sibi Senones, Parisios,
Pictones, Cadurcos, Turonos, Aulercos, Lemovices, Andos, 15
reliquosque omms qui Oceanum attingunt adiungit; omnium
consensu ad eum defertur imperium. Qua oblata potestate
omnibus his civitatibus obsides imperat, certum numerum mili-
tum ad se celeriter adducl iubet, armoram quantum quaeque
civitas doml quodque ante tempus efficiat constituit ; in primis 20
equitatui studet. Summae diligentiae summam imperi seve-
ritatem addit ; magnitudine supplici dubitantis cogit. Nam
maiore commisso delict5 Igni atque omnibus tormentis necat ',
leviore de causa auribus desectis aut singulis effossis oculis
domum remittit, ut sint reliquis documento et magnitudine 25
poenae perterreant alios.

V. His suppliciis celeriter coacto exercitu Lucterium Cadur-
cum, summae hominem audaciae, cum parte copiarum in
Rutenos mittit; ipse in Bituriges proficiscitur. Eius adventii
Bituriges ad Haeduos, quorum erant in fide, legates mittuntso

3. patruo: uncle (father's brother}. 9. egentium: part, of egeo,to
be in -want. 13. quoqueversus: in all directions. 14. obtestatur:
he implores. 20. quod : an interrogative agreeing with tempus. 23. de-
licto : crime. 24. desectis : cut off. effossis : torn out. 25. do-
cumento : a warning.

202 THE GALLIC WAR VII

subsidium rogatum, quo facilius hostium copias sustinere possint.
Haedui de consilio legatorum quos Caesar ad exercitum reli-
querat copias equitatus peditatusque subsidio Biturlgibus mit-
tunt. Qui cum ad flumen Ligerira venissent, quod Bituriges ab
5 Haeduls dividit, paucos dies ibi morati neque flumen transire
ausl domum revertuntur, legatisque nostris renuntiant se Bitu-
rigum perfidiam veritos revertisse, quibus id consili fuisse cog-
noverint, ut, si flumen translssent, una ex parte ipsT, altera
Arverni se circumsisterent. Id eane de causa quam legatis
10 pronuntiarint an perfidia adducti fecerint, quod nihil nobis
constat, non videtur pro certo esse ponendum. Bituriges
eorum discessu statim se cum Arvernls coniungunt.

Caesar hastens from Italy, repels a threatened attack on the province,
and himself threatens the Arverni.

VI. His rebus in Italiam Caesar! nuntiatis, cum iam ille
urbanas res virtute Cn. Pompei commodiorem in statum per-

isvenisse intellegeret, in TransalpTnam Galliam profectus est.
Eo cum venisset, magna difficultate adficiebatur qua ratione ad
exercitum pervemre posset. Nam si legiones in provinciam
arcesseret, se absente in itinere proelio dlmicaturas intellegebat ;
si ipse ad exercitum contenderet, ne iis quidem e5 tempore

aoqul quiet! viderentur suam salutem recte committi videbat.

VII. Interim Lucterius Cadurcus in Rutenos missus earn
civitatem Arvernls conciliat. Progressus in Nitiobroges et
Gabalos ab utrlsque obsides accipit, et magna coacta manu in
provinciam Narbonem versus inruptionem facere contendit.

25 Qua re nuntiata Caesar omnibus consilils antevertendum exls-
timavit ut Narbonem proficisceretur. Eo cum venisset, timen-
tls confirmat, praesidia in Rutenls provincialibus, Volcis

10. nihil constat : it is by no means clear. 14. Cn. : Gnaei, gen. of
Gnaeus. 20. recte : well, or safely. 22. conciliat : wins over.
24. Narbonem versus: towards Narbo. 25. antevertendum:

ought to take precedence of; its subject is ut Narbonem proficisceretur.
27. provincialibus: of the province.

THE CAMPAIGN OF 52 B.C.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 203

Arecomicis, Tolosatibus, circumque Narbonem, quae.loca hos-
tibus erant finitiraa, constituit, partem copiarum ex provincial
supplementumque, quod ex Italia adduxerat, in Helvios, qui
finis Arvernorum contingunt, convenire iubet.

VIII. His rebus comparatls, represso iam Lucterio et re- 5
motc^quod intrare intra praesidia periculosum putabat, in
Helvios proficiscitur. Etsi mons Cebenna, qui Arvernos ab
Helviis discludit, durissimo tempore anm altissima nive iter
impediebat, tamen discussa nive in altitudinem pedum sex
atque ita viis patefactis summo militum labore ad finis 10
Arvernorum pervenit. Quibus oppressis inopmantibus, quod
se Cebenna ut muro munltos existimabant, ac ne singular!
quidem umquam homim eo tempore anm semitae patuerant,
equitibus imperat ut quam latissime possint vagentur et
quam maximum hostibus terrorem mferant. Celeriter haec 15
fama ac nuntii ad Vercingetorigem perferuntur ; quern per-
territi omnes Arverm circumsistunt atque obsecrant ut suls
fortunls consulat, neu se ab hostibus dm pi patiatur, prae-
sertim cum videat omne ad se bellum translatum. Quorum
ille precibus permotus castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arver- 20
nos versus.

He starts to the relief of Gorgobina, a town of the Boii, which Vercinget-

orix has attacked.

IX. At Caesar biduum in his locis moratus, quod haec de
Vercingetorige usii ventura opinione praeceperat, per causam
supplement! equitatusque cogendi ab exercitu discedit, Brutum
adulescentem his copiis praeficit hunc monet ut in omnis 25
partis equites quam latissime pervagentur : ' Daturum se operam
ne longius triduo a castris absit.' His constitutis rebus, suls

3. supplementum : reinforcements. 8. durissimo tempore : it
was the depth of winter. nive: snow. 9. discussa: having been
cleared away. 13. semitae patuerant : paths had been open. 17. ob-
secrant : beg. 23. usu ventura : would come to pass. opinione
praeceperat: had anticipated. per causam: on the pretext.

204 THE GALLIC WAR VII

inoplnantibus quara maximls potest itineribus Viennam per-
venit. Ibi nactus recentem equitatum, quern multis ante die-
bus eo praemiserat, neque diurno neque nocturne itinere inter-
misso per finis Haeduorum in Lingones contendit, ubi duae
5 legiones hiemabant, ut si quid etiam de sua salute ab Haeduls
imretur consili, celeritate praecurreret. Eo cum pervenisset,
ad reliquas legiones mittit, priusque omnls in unum locum
cogit quam de eius adventu Arverms nuntiari posset. Hac re
cognita Vercingetorix riirsus in Bituriges exercitum reducit,

joatque inde profectus Gorgobinam, B5i5rum oppidum, quos ibi
Helvetico proelio victos Caesar conlocaverat Haedulsque
attribuerat, oppugnare mstituit.

X. Magnam haec res Caesarl difficultatem ad consilium
capiendum adferebat : si reliquam partem hiemis uno loco

15 legiones contineret, ne stipendiariis Haeduorum expugnatis
cuncta Gallia deficeret, quod nullum amlcis in eo praesidium
positum videret ; si matiirius ex hlberms educeret, ne ab re
frumentaria duns subvectionibus laboraret. Praestare visum.
est tamen omnls difficultates perpeti quam tanta contumelia

20 accepta omnium suorum voluntates alienare. Itaque cohorta-
tus Haeduos de supportando commeatu praemittit ad Boios
qui de suo adventu doceant hortenturque ut in fide maneant
atque hostium impetum magno ammo sustineant. Duabus
AgedincT legionibus atque impedimentis totlus exercitus relictis

25 ad Boios proficiscitur.

On the way he takes Vellaunodunum, Cenabum, and Nqviodunum. Ver-
cingetorix raises the siege of Gorgobina.

XL Altero die cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodunum

. venisset, ne quern post se hostem relinqueret et quo expedi-

tiore re frumentaria uteretur, oppugnare mstituit eoque biduo

2. recentem: fresh; a predicate adj. 15. stipendiariis: depend-
ents. 1 6. quod . . . videret: seeing that there was in him no protection
for friends. 1 8. subvectionibus: transportation. 19. perpeti:
per + pati. 27. quo., .uteretur: that he might Jind provisioning an
easier matter.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 205

circumvallavit ; tertio die missis ex oppido legatis de deditione
arma conferri, iumenta produci, se,scentds obsides dari iubet.
Ea qui conficeret, C. Trebonium legatum relinquit; ipse, ut
quam primum iter conficeret, Cenabum Carnutum proficiscitur.
Qui turn primum adlato rmntio de oppugnatione Vellaunoduni, 5
cum longius earn rem ductum Iri exlstimarent, praesidium
CenabI tuendi causa, quod eo mitterent, comparabant. Hue
blduo pervenit. Castris ante oppidum positis diel tempore
exclusus in posterum oppugnationem differt, quaeque ad earn
rem usui sint militibus imperat ; et quod oppidum Cenabum 10
pons fluminis Ligeris contingebat, veritus ne noctu ex oppido
profugerent, duas legiones in armis excubare iubet. Cena-
benses paulo ante mediam noctem silentio ex oppido egress!
flumen transire coeperunt. Qua re per exploratores nuntiata
Caesar legiones, quas expedltas esse iusserat, portis incensis 15
intromittit atque oppido potitur perpaucls ex hostium numero
desideratis qum cuncti caperentur, quod pontis atque itinerum
angustiae multitudini fugam intercluserant. Oppidum diripit
atque incendit, praedam militibus donat, exercitum Ligerim
traducit atque in Biturigum finis pervenit. 20

XII. Vercingetoiix, ubi de Caesaris adventu cognovit,
oppugnatione desistit atque obviam Caesari proficiscitur. Ille
oppidum Biturigum positum in via, Noviodunum, oppugnare
instituerat. Quo ex oppido cum legati ad eum venissent ora-
tum ut sibi ignosceret suaeque vltae consuleret, ut celeritateas
reliquas res conficeret qua pleraque erat consecutus, arma con-
ferri, equos produci, obsides dari iubet. Parte iam obsidum
tradita, cum reliqua administrarentur, centurionibus et paucls
militibus intromissis, qui arma iumentaque conqulrerent, equita-
tus hostium procul vlsus est, qui agmen Vercingetorigis ante- 30

9. posterum: sc. diem. 12. excubare: bivouac outside the camp.
1 6. perpaucis . . . caperentur: i.e. all the enemy were taken except a
very few. 17. desideratis. being lacking. 19. praedam: no doubt the
people themselves as well as their effects. 22. obviam proficiscitur:
starts to meet.

206 THE GALLIC WAR VII

cesserat. Quern simul atque oppidan! conspexerunt atque
in spem auxili venerunt, clamore sublato arma capere, portas
claudere, murum complere coeperunt. Centuriones in oppido,
cum ex significatione Gallorum novl aliquid ab ils iniri consili
5 intellexissent, gladiis destrictis portas occupaverunt suosque
omms incolurms receperunt.

XIII. Caesar ex castris equitatum educl iubet proeliumque
equestre committit ; laborantibus iam suis Germanos equites
circiter cccc submittit, quos ab initio secum habere Institu-

10 erat. Eorura impetum Galli sustinere non potuerunt atque in

fugara coniecti multis amissis se ad agmen receperunt. Quibus

profllgatls rursus oppidan! perterriti comprehensos eos quorum

opera plebem concitatam exlstimabant ad Caesarem perdux-

. erunt seseque el dediderunt. Quibus rebus confectis Caesar

15 ad oppidum Avaricum, quod erat maximum nmnitissimuinque
in flnibus Biturigum atque agri fertilissima regione, profectus
est, quod eo oppido recepto civitatem Biturigum se in potesta-
tem redacturum confidebat.

The Gauls change their plan of action. The towns of the Bituriges
are burned, except Avaricum.

XIV. Vercingetorix tot continuls incommodis Vellauno-
soduni, Cenabi, Novioduni acceptis suos ad concilium convocat.

Docet longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum atque antea
gestum sit. Omnibus modis huic rei studendum, ut pabulati-
one et commeatu Roman! prohibeantur. Id esse facile, quod
equitatu ips! abundent et quod anm tempore subleventur.
25 Pabulum secari non posse, necessario disperses hostis ex aedi-
ficiis petere ; hos omms cottidie ab equitibus deleri posse.
Praeterea salutis causa re! familiaris commoda neglegenda;
vicos atque aedificia incend! oportere hoc spatio' quoqueversus

4. significatione: behavior. 16. agri fertilissima regione: in

the most productive part of their domain. 21. atque: than, after alia.
22. studendum: their efforts must be directed. 25. secari: be cut.
28. hoc. . . quo: as far (lit. within this distance) in every direction as.

VII

A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL

207

quo pabulandl causa adire posse videantur. Harum ipsis rerum
copiam suppetere, quod quorum in fmibus bellum geratur,
eorum opibus subleventur; Romanes aut inopiara non laturos
aut magno cum periculo longius a castris processuros, neque

_V LsS

mteresse ipsosne interficiant an impedlmentis exuant, quibus 5

Cross section

of the
Roman -

OF AVARICUM

amissis bellum gerl non possit. Praeterea oppida incendi opor-
tere quae non mumtione et loci natura ab omm sint periculo
tuta, ne suls sint ad detractandam militiam receptacula neu
Romanis proposita ad copiam commeatus praedamque tollen-

5. ipsosne : -ne, -whether ; the indirect question is the subject of inter-
esse* 8, cletractandam : evading. receptacula : places of refuge.

206 THE GALLIC WAR VII

cesserat. Quern simul atque oppidan! conspexerunt atque
in speni auxili venerunt, clamore sublato arma capere, portas
claudere, murum complere coeperunt. Centuriones in oppido,
cum ex significatione Gallorum novi aliquid ab ils inirl consill
5 intellexissent, gladiis destrictis portas occupaverunt suosque
omms incolumis receperunt.

XIII. Caesar ex castris equitatum educi iubet proeliumque
equestre committit ; laborantibus iam suls Germanos eqtiites
circiter cccc submittit, quos ab initio secum habere Tnstitn-

10 erat. Eorum impetum Gall! sustinere non potuerunt atque in
fugam coniecti multls amissls se ad agmen receperunt. Quibus
profligatls rursus oppidan! perterriti comprehensos eos quorum
opera plebem concitatam existimabant ad Caesarem perdux-
erunt seseque el dediderunt. Quibus rebus confectis Caesar

15 ad oppidum Avaricum, quod erat maximum munitissimumque
in fmibus Bitungum atque agri fertilissima regione, profectus
est, quod eo oppido recepto civitatem Bitungum se in potesta-
tem redacturum confidebat.

The Gauls change their plan of action. The towns of the Bituriges
are burned, except Avaricum.

XIV. Vercingetorlx tot continuis incommodls Vellauno-
sodunl, Cenabl, Novioduni acceptis suos ad concilium convocat.

Docet longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum atque antea
gestum sit. Omnibus modls huic rel studendum, ut pabulati-
one et commeatu RomanI prohibeantur. Id esse facile, quod
equitatu ipsi abundent et quod anm tempore subleventur.
25 Pabulum secarl non posse, necessario disperses hostls ex aedi-
ficiis petere ; hos omms cottidie ab equitibus deleri posse.
Praeterea salutis causa rel familiaris commoda neglegenda;
vicos atque aedificia incendi oportere hoc spatio' quoqueversus

4. significatione: behavior. 16. agri fertilissima regione: in

the most productive part of tJieir domain. 21. atque: than, after alia.
22. studendum : their efforts imist be directed. 25. secari: be cut.
28. hoc. . . quo: as far (lit. within this distance) in every direction as.

VII

A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL

207

quo pabulandi causa adlre posse videantur. Harum ipsis rerum
copiam suppetere, quod quorum in fmibus bellum geratur,
eorum opibus subleventur; Romanos aut inopiarn non laturos
aut magno cum periculo longius a castrls processuros, neque
interesse ipsosne interficiant an impediments exuant, quibus 5

Cross section

of the
Roman

PLAN OL> AVAK1CUM

amissis bellum gerl non possit. Praeterea oppida incendl opor-
tere quae non munition e et loci natura ab omm sint periculo
tuta, ne suls sint ad detractandam mllitiam receptacula neu
Romams proposita ad copiam commeatus praedamque tollen-

5. ipsosne: -ne, whether ; the indirect question is the subject of i
8. Detractandam : evading, receptacula : places of refuge.

208 THE GALLIC WAR VII

dam. Haec si gravia aut acerba videantur, multo ilia gravius
aestimari debere, Hberos, coniuges in servitutem abstrahi,
ipsos interficT, quae sit necesse accidere victis.

XV. Omnium consensu hac sententia probata uno die am-
5 pirns xx urbes Biturigum incenduntur. Hoc idem fit in reli-

quis civitatibus. In omnibus partibus incendia conspiciuntur ;
quae etsi magno cum dolore omnes ferebant, tamen hoc sibi
solaci proponebant, quod se prope explorata victoria celeriter
amissa recuperaturos confldebant. DelTberatur de Avaricot

10 in communi concilio, incendl placeat an defend!. Procumbunt
omnibus Gallis ad pedes Bituriges, ne pulcherrimam prope to-
tms Galliae urbem, quae et praesidio et ornamerito sit civitatT,
suis manibus succendere cogantur ; facile se loci natura defen-
suros dfcunt, quod prope ex omnibus partibus flumine et palude

iScircumdata unum habeat et perangustum aditum. Datur pe-
tentibus venia dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post conce-
dente et precibus ipsorum et misericordia vulgi. Defensores
oppido idonei deliguntur.

XVI. Vercingetorix minoribus Caesarem itineribus subsequi-
2ot\ir et locum castrls deligit paludibus silvlsque mumtum ab

Avarico longe milia passuum xvi. Ibi per certos exploratores
in singula die! tempora quae ad Avaricum gererentur cognosce-
bat, et quid fieri vellet imperabat. Omms nostras pabulationes
frumentationesque observabat, dispersosque, cum longius ne-
25 cessario procederent, adoriebatur magnoque incommodo adfi-
ciebat, etsi quantum ratione provider! poterat ab nostris
occurrebatur, ut incertis temporibus diversisque itineribus
iretur.

I. acerba: bitter. 2. coniuges: wives. 8. solaci: solatium,
comfort. 10. incendi: sc. -ne. n. pulcherriraam : most beautiful.
15. Datur . . . venia: the favor is granted. 17. vulgi: subjective gen.
The other members of the council are meant. 21. certos : trust-
worthy. 22. in . . . tempora.: from time to time during the day. 24. ne-
cessario : the adverb. 27. ut . . . iretur : a result clause, almost
equivalent to an abl. of means with occurrebatur, i.e. our men met the
emergency by going, etc.

VII

A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL

209

Caesar lays siege to Avaricum. He fails in an attempt to surprise the
enemy's camp while Vercingetorix is absent.

XVII. Castris ad earn partem oppidi positis Caesar quae in-
termissa flumine et palude aditum, lit supra diximus, angustum
habebat, aggerem apparare, vineas agere, turns duas constituere
coepit ; nain circumvallare loci natura prohibebat. De re fru-

THE ROMAN WORKS AT AVARICUM

mentaria Boios atque Haeduos adhortari non destitit j quorum s.
alter!, quod nullo studio agebant, non multum adiuvabant,
alter! non magnis facultatibus, quod clvitas erat exigua etln-
firma, celeriter quod habuerunt consumpserunt. Summa dif-
ficultate rei frumentariae adfecto exercitiS tenuitate Boiorum,
indiligentia Haeduorura, incendiis aedificiorum, usque eo ut 10

I . intermissa : free from, not shut in by.
ready. 9. tenuitate: by reason of the poverty.

3. apparare : make

208 THE GALLIC WAR VII

dam. Haec si gravia aut acerba videantur, mult5 ilia gravius
aestimari debere, liberos, coniuges in servitutem abstrahi,
ipsos interfici, quae sit necesse accidere victis.

XV. Omnium consensii hac sententia probata uno die am-
splius xx urbes BiturTgum incenduntur. Hoc idem fit in reli-

quis civitatibus. In omnibus partibus incendia conspiciuntur ;
quae etsi magno cum dolore omnes ferebant, tamen hoc sibi
solaci proponebant, quod se prope explorata victoria celeriter
amissa recuperatiiros confldebant. DelTberatur de Avarico

10 in commum concilio, incendi placeat an defend!. Procumbunt
omnibus Gallis ad pedes BiturTges, ne pulcherrimam prope to-
tlus Galliae urbem, quae et praesidio et ornamento sit civitatl,
suis manibus succendere cogantur ; facile se loci natura defen-
suros dicunt, quod prope ex omnibus partibus flumine et palude

15 circumdata iinum habeat et perangustum aditum. Datur pe-
tentibus venia dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post conce-
dente et precibus ipsorum et misericorclia vulgl. Defensores
oppido idonei deliguntur.

XVI. Vercingetorlx minoribus Caesarem itineribus subsequi-
zotur et locum castiis deligit paliidibus silvlsqne munltum ab

Avarico longe milia passuum xvi. Ibi per certos exploratores
in singula diel tempora quae ad Avaricum gererentur cognosce-
bat, et quid fieri vellet imperabat. OmnTs nostras pabulationes
fnlmentationesque observabat, dispersosque, cum longius ne-
25 cessario procederent, adoriebatur magnoque incommodS adfi-
ciebat, etsi quantum ratione provider! poterat ab nostris
occurrebatur, ut incertis temporibus diversisque itineribus
iretur.

i. acerba: bitter. 2. coniuges: wives. 8. solaci: solatium,
comfort. 10. incendi: sc. -ne. II. pulcherrimam: most bemitiful.
15. Datur . . . veiiia: the favor is granted. 17. vulgi : subjective gen.
The other members of the council are meant. 21. certos : trust-
worthy. 22. ill ... tempora: from time to time during the day. 24. ne-
cessario : the adverb. 27. ut . . . iretur: a result clause, almost
equivalent to an abl. of means with occurrebatur, i.e. our men met the
emergency by going, etc.

VII

A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL

209

Caesar lays siege to Avaricum. He fails in an attempt to surprise the
enemy's camp while Vercingetorix is absent.

XVII. CastrTs ad earn partem oppidi positis Caesar quae in-
termissa flumine et paliide aditum, ut supra diximus, angustum
habebat, aggerem apparare, vineas agere, turns duas constituere
coepit ; nain circumvallare loci natiira prohibebat. De re fru-

THK. ROMAN WORKS AT AVAR1CUM

mentaria Boi5s atque Haeduos adhortari non destitit ; quorum 5
alteri, quod nullo studio agebant, non multum adiuvabant,
alterl non magms facultatibus, quod civitas erat exigua et Tn-
firma, celeriter quod habuerunt consumpserunt. Summa dif-
ficultate rei frumentariae adfecto exercitii tenuitate Boiorum,
indiligentia Haeduorum, incendils aedificiorum, usque e5 ut 10

I. intermissa : free from, not shut in by. 3. apparare : make
ready. 9. tenuitate: by reason of the poverty.

210 THE GALLIC WAR VII

compluris dies' frumento milites caruerint et pecore ex longin-
quioribus vlcis adacto extremam famem sustentarint, nulla
tamen vox est ab iis audita popull Roman! maiestate et superi-
oribus victoriis indlgna. Qum etiam Caesar cum in opere
5 singulas legiones appellaret, et si acerbius inopiam ferrent, se
dimissurum oppugnationem diceret, universi ab eo ne id faceret
petebant : ' Sic se compluris annos illo imperante meruisse ut
nullam ignominiam acciperent, numquam Infecta re discede-
rent; hoc se ignominiae laturos loco, si inceptam oppugnatio-

10 nem reliquissent ; praestare omnis perferre acerbitates quam
non civibus Romanls qui CenabI perfidia Gallorum interissent
parentarent.' Haec eadem centurionibus tribumsque militum
mandabant, ut per eos ad Caesarem deferrentur.

XVIII. Cum iam miiro turres appropinquassent, ex captivls

15 Caesar cognovit Vercingetorigem consumpto pabulo castra
movisse propius Avaricum, atque ipsum cum equitatu expecli-
tisque, qui inter equites proeliari consuessent, insidiandi causa
eo profectum quo nostros postero die pabulatum ventures arbi-
traretur. Quibus rebus cognitls media nocte silenti5 profectus

20 ad hostium castra mane' pervenit. 111! celeriter per explorato-
res adventu Caesaris cognito carros impedimentaque sua in
artiores silvas abdiderunt, copias omnis in loco edito atque
aperto instruxerunt. Qua re nuntiata Caesar celeriter sarcinas
conferri, arma expediri iussit.

25 XIX. Collis erat leniter ab mfimo accllvis. Hunc ex omni-
bus fere partibus palus difficilis atque impedita cingebat non
latior pedibus L. Hoc se colle interruptis pontibus Galli
fiducia loci continebant, generatimque distributi omnia vada
eius paludis obtinebant, sic animo parati ut, si earn paludem

30 Romam perrumpere conarentur, haesitantis premerent ex loco
superiore; ut qui propinquitatem loci videret paratos prope

5. acerbius : gravius. 7. meruisse : had served. 8. infecta :
in-, not -\-facta. 12. parentarent: avenge. 22. artiores: denser.
28. generatim : by tribes. 30. haesitantis : impeditos. 31. ut : with
existimaret.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 21 1

aequo Marte ad dimicandum existimaret, qui inlquitatem
condicionis perspiceret inani simulatione sese' ostentare cognos-
ceret. Indlgnantis milites Gaesar-~ quod conspectum suum
hostes ferrq possent tantulo spatio interiectS et slgnum proell
exposcent!s"edocet quanto detriments et quot virorum fortium 5
morte necesse sit constare victoriam : 'Quos cum sic animo pa-
ratos videat ut nullum pro sua laude perlculum recusent, sum-
mae se iniquitatis condemnari debere nisi eorum vitam laude
sua habeat cariorem.' Sic milites consolatus eodem die reducit
in castra, reliquaque quae ad oppugnationem oppidi pertinebant 10
administrare mstituit.

Vercingetorix, being accused of treason by his people, defends himself.

XX. Vercingetorix cum ad suos redlsset, proditionis Insimu-
latus, quod castra propius Romanes movisset, quod cum omm
equitatu discessisset, quod sine imperio tantas copias reli-
quisset, quod eius discessu Romam tanta opportunitate etis
celeritate venissent : ' Non haec omnia fortuito aut sine
consilio accidere potuissej regnum ilium Galliae malle
Caesaris concessu quam ipsorum habere beneficio'- talimodo
accusatus ad haec respondit : ' Quod castra movisset, factum
inopia pabuli etiam ipsis hortantibus ; quod propius Romanes 20
accessisset, persuasum loci opportunitate, qui se ipse sine
mumtione defenderet; equitum vero operam neque in loco
palustri deslderarl debuisse et illlc fuisse utilem quo sint pro-
fecti. Summam imperi se consulto null! discedentem tradi-
disse, ne is multitudinis studio ad dimicandum impelleretur ; 25
cui rei propter animi mollitiem studere omnis videret, quod

i. aequo Marte: on equal terms. 2. inani simulatione : in an
empty pretense. ostentare: sc. G alias as subject. 5. quot: how
many. 6. constare: cost, with abl. of price. 12. proditionis insi-
mulatus : accused -of treason. 14. sine imperio : i.e. sine imperatore.
16. fortuito: accidentally. 19. Quod castra movisset: subject of
factum (esse}. 23. palustri: cf. palus. 24. consul to: on purpose.
26. mollitiem : cf. mollis, soft.

212 THE GALLIC WAR VII

diutius laborem ferre non possent. Roman! si casu inter-

l*"i.

venerint, fortiinae, si alicuius indicio vocati, huic habendam
gratiam, quod et paucitatem eorum ex loco superiore cognos-
cere et virtutem despicere potuerint, qul dimicare non ausi
Sturpiter se in castra receperint. Imperium se a Caesare per
proditionem nullum deslderare, quod habere victoria posset,
quae iam esset sibi atque omnibus Gallls explorata ; quin etiam
ipsls remittere, si sibi magis honorem tribuere quam ab se
saliitem accipere videantur.' " Haec ut intellegatis," inquit,
10 "a me sincere pronuntiari, audite Romanes milites." Prodiicit
servos, quos in pabulatione paucls ante diebus exceperat et
fame vinculisque excruciaverat. Hi iam ante edocti quae inter-
rogati pronuntiarent milites se esse legionarios dicunt ; fame
atque inopia adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid frumentl
15 aut pecoris in agrls reperire possent ; simill omnem exercitum
inopia preml, nee iam vliis sufficere cuiusquam nee ferre operis
laborem posse j itaque statuisse imperatorem, si nihil in op-
pugnatione oppidl profecisset, triduo exercitum deducere.
"Haec," inquit, "a me beneficia habetis, quern proditionis
20 Insimulatis, cuius opera sine vestro sanguine tantum exercitum
victorem fame paene consumptum videtis; quern turpiter se
ex hac fuga recipientem ne qua civitas suls finibus recipiat, a
me provlsum est."

XXI. Conclamat omnis multitudo et suo more armls con-
as crepat, quod facere in eo consuerunt cuius orationem appro-
bant : 'Summum esse Vercingetorigem ducem, nee de eius fide
dubitandum, nee maiore ratione bellum administrari posse.'
Statuunt ut decem milia hominum delecta ex omnibus copils
in oppidum submittantur, nee soils Biturigibus communem
30 saliitem committendam censent, quod paene in eo, si id oppi-
dum retinuissent, summam victoriae constare intellegebant.

2. fortunae: dat. 7. quin etiam: on the contrary. 8. remit-
tere: reddere. IO. sincere: honestly. 1 6. sufficere : be adequate.
20. sanguine: blood. 24. concrepat: make a clatter. 31. constare:

depend.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 213

The garrison of Avaricum offers a stubborn resistance.

XXII. Singular! militum nostrorum virtuti consilia cuiusque
modi Gallorum occurrebant, ut est summae genus sollertiae
atque ad omnia imitanda et efficierida quae a quoque traduntur
aptissimum. Nam et laqueis falcis avertebant, quas cum desti-
naverant, tormentis introrsus reducebant, et aggerem cumculis 5
subtrahebant, eo scientius quod apud eos magnae sunt ferrariae,
atque omne genus cumculorum notum atque usitatum est.
Totum autem murum ex omni parte turribus contabulaverant
atque has coriis intexerant. Turn cr^bris diurms nocturmsque
eruptionibus aut agger! Ignem mferebant aut milites occupatos 10
in opere adoriebantur ; et nostrarum turrium altitudinem,
quantum has cottidianus agger expresserat, commissis suarum
turrium mllTs adaequabant; et apertos cuniculos praeusta et
praeacuta materia et pice fervefacta et maxim! ponderis saxis
morabantur moenibusque appropinquare prohibebant. 15

A description of Gallic walls.

XXIII. Muri autem omnes Gallic! hac fere forma sunt.
Trabes derectae perpetuae in longitudinem paribus intervallls
distantes inter se bmos pedes in solo conlocantur. Hae revin-
ciuntur introrsus et multo aggere vestiuntur; ea autem quae
diximus intervalla grandibus in fronte saxis effarciuntur. His 20

i. consilia cuiusque modi: all sorts of devices, z. sollertiae:
dexterity. 4. laqueis: with nooses. 5. tormentis: -with windlasses.
6. ferrariae : iron-mines. 7. usitatum : familiar. 8. contabula-
verant: had built -up in stories. At frequent intervals were placed
towers several stories in height. 9. coriis: with hides. 12. cottidia-
nus agger: the daily (increase in the height of the} agger. com-
missis malis: the upright timbers having been joined together, i.e.
fresh lengths were added. 13. apertos cuniculos morabantur:
probably equivalent to cuniculos aperiebani et morabantur. 14. pice
fervefacta: boiling pitch. 17. derectae: at right angles (to the direc-
tion, of the wall} . perpetuae in longitudinem : along the whole
length. 19. vestiuntur: cf. vestis, clothing. 20. effarciuntur: are
filled in. 4

2I 4

THE GALLIC WAR

VII

conlocatis et coagmentatis alius insuper ordo additur, ut idem
illud intervallum servetur neque inter se contingant trabes, sed
paribus intermissis spatiis singulae singulls saxls interiectis arte
contineantur. Sic deinceps omne opus contexitur, dum iusta
muri altitude expleatur. Hoc cum in speciem varietatemque

A GALLIC WALL

opus deforme non est alterms trabibus ac saxis, quae rectis llneis
suos ordines servant, turn ad utilitatem et defensionem urbium
summam habet opportunitatem, quod et ab incendio lapis et
ab ariete materia defendit, quae perpetuis trabibus pedum
10 quadragerium plerumque introrsus revincta neque perrumpi
neque distrahi potest.

The bravery of the Gauls.

XXIV. His tot rebus impedita oppugnatione milites, cum
toto tempore frigore et adsiduis imbribus tardarentur, tamen
continenti labore omnia haec superaverunt, et diebus xxv

I. coagmentatis: joined together. 3. arte: tightly. 6. rectis
lineis: in straight lines. 9. perpetuis trabibus: these were laid
lengthwise of the wall. 10. quadragenum : gen. of the distributive
numeral, forty.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 215

aggerem latum pedes cccxxx, altum pedes LXXX exstrux-
erunt. Cum is murum hostium paene contingeret, et Caesar
ad opus consuetudine excubaret, militesque hortaretur ne quod
omnmo tempus ab opere intermitteretur, paulo ante tertiam
vigiliam est animadversum fumare aggerem, quern cumculo 5
hostes succenderant, eodemque tempore toto muro clamore
sublato duabus portls ab utroque latere turrium eruptio fiebat.
Alii faces atque aridam materiam de muro in aggerem eminus
iaciebant, picem reliquasque res quibus Ignis excitari potest fun-
debant, ut qu5 primum occurreretur aut cui rei ferretur auxilium 10
vix ratio iniri posset. Tamen quod Institute Caesaris duae
semper legiones pro castrls excubabant, pluresque partltis tem-
poribus erant in opere, celeriter factum est ut alii eruptionibus
resisterent, alii turns reducerent aggeremque interscinderent,
omm's vero ex castris multitudo ad restinguendum concurreret. 15

XXV. Cum in omnibus locis consumpta iam reliqua parte
noctis pugnaretur, semperque hostibus spes victoriae redinte-
graretur, eo magis quod deustos pluteos turrium videbant nee
facile adire apertos ad auxiliandum animadvertebant, semperque
ipsi recentes defessis succederent, omnemque Galliae salutemso
in illo vestlgio temporis positam arbitrarentur, accidit Inspec-
tantibus nobls quod dignum memoria visum praetereundum non
existimavimus. Quidam ante portam oppidi Gallus per manus
sebl ac picis traditas glaebas in ignem e regione turris proicie-
bat ; scorpione ab latere dextro traiectus exanimatusque con- 25
cidit. Hunc ex proximls unus iacentem transgressus eodem
4\lo munere fungebatur eadem ratione ictii scorpionis exani-
mato altero successit tertius et tertio qtiartus, nee prius ille est
a propugnatoribus vacuus relictus locus quam restmcto aggere
atque omni parte submotis hostibus finis est pugnandi factus. 3

8. faces: firebrands. eminus: from a distance. 18. deustos:
burned. pluteos: mantelets. 19. apertos: sc. nostros. 22. dignum:
worthy. 24. sebi : of tallow. glaebas : lumps. e regione : directly
in front of. 25. scorpione: by a missile from a scorpion. 27. funge-
batur: performed. .

2i6 THE GALLIC WAR VII

/
Avaricum is finally taken and its inhabitants are mercilessly slaughtered.

XXVI. Ornnia expert! Galli, quod res nulla successerat, pos-
tero die consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere hortante et
iubente Vercingetorige. Id silentio noctis conati non magna
iactura suorum sese effecturos sperabant, propterea quod neque

slonge ab oppido castra Vercingetorigis aberant et palus per-
petua quae intercedebat Romanes ad insequendum tardabat.
lamque hoc facere noctu apparabant, cum matres familiae
repente in publicum procurrerunt, flentesque proiectae ad
pedes suorum omnibus precibus petierunt ne se et communis

loliberos hostibus ad supplicium dederent, qu5s ad capiendam
fugam naturae et vlrium infirmitas impedlret. Ubi eos in sen-
tentia perstare viderunt, quod plerumque in sum mo periculo
timor misericordiam non recipit, conclamare et significare de
fuga Romams coeperunt. Quo timore perterriti Galli, ne ab

15 equitatu Romanomm viae praeoccuparentur, consilio destite-
runt.

XXVII. Postero die Caesar promota turn derectlsque operi-
bus quae facere Instituerat, magno coorto imbri non inutilem
hanc ad capiendum consilium tempestatem arbitratus, quod

zopaulo incautius custodies in muro dispositas videbat, suos
quoque languidius in opere versari iussit et quid fieri vellet
ostendit ; legionibusque in occulto expedltis cohortatus ut ali-
quando pro tantis laboribus fructum victoriae perciperent, iis
qui primi murum ascendissent praemia proposuit militibusque

ssslgnum dedit. 111! subito ex omnibus partibus evolaverunt
miirumque celeriter compleverunt.

XXVIII. Hostes re nova perterriti, muro turribusque deiectl
in foro ac locls patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt hoc animo,
ut si qua ex parte obviam vemretur, acie mstructa depugna-

4. iactura: loss. 5. perpetua: without a break. 12. perstare:
persist. 13. non recipit: does not admit of. 17. derectis: straight-
ened out; set in" order and directed toward the points where they would
be most effective. 22. aliquando : at last. 28. foro : the market-place.
cuneatim : in compact (wedge-shaped ') formation.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 217

rent. Ubi neminem in aequum locum, sese demittere, sed
toto undique muro circumfundl vlderunt, veriti ne omnmo spes
fugae tolleretur, abiectls armis ultimas oppidl partis continent!
impetu petlverunt, parsque ibi, cum angust5 exitu portarum se
ipsi premerent, a militibus, pars iam egressa portis ab equitibus 5
est interfecta. Nee fuit quisquam qul praedae studeret. Sic
et Cenabensi caede et labore operis incitati non aetate confectis,
non mulieribus, n5n mfantibus pepercerunt. Denique ex omni
nuraero, qul fuit circiter milium XL, vix DCCC, qul pnmo cla-
more audlto se ex oppido eiecerant, incolumes ad Vercingetori- 10
gem pervenerunt. Quos ille multa iam nocte silentio ex fuga
excepit, et veritus ne qua in castris ex eorum concursu et
misericordia vulgl seditio oreretur, procul in via dispositis
familiaribus suis prmcipibusque clvitatum disparandos dedu-
cendosque ad suos curavit, quae cuique civitati pars castrorum 15
ab initio obvenerat.

Vercingetorix inspires the Gauls to continue the war with renewed vigor.

XXIX. Postero die concilio convocato consolatus cohortatus-
que est ne se admodum animo demitterent neve perturbarentur
incommode: ' N5n virtute neque in acie vlcisse Romanes, sed
artificio quodam et scientia oppugnationis, emus rel fuerint ipsiao
imperti. Errare, si qul in bello omnls secundos rerum pro-
ventus exspectent. Sibi numquam placuisse Avaricum defend!,
cuius re! testis ipsos haberet, sed factum imprudentia Biturigum
et nimia obsequentia reliqu5rum ut! hoc incommodum acci-
peretur. Id tamen se celeriter maioribus commodis sanaturum. 25
Nam quae ab reliquis Gallis c!vitates dissentirent, has sua dili-
gentia adiuncturum atque unum consilium totms Galliae effec-
turum, cuius consensu! ne orbis quidem terrarnm possit obsistere ;
idque se prope iam effectum habere. Interea aequum esse ab

3. continent! impetu : in a steady rus/i. 7. Cenabensi : at
Cenabum. 8. pepercerunt : spared. 14. disparandos : separandos.
1 6. obvenerat : had been assigned. 24. nimia obsequentia : the too
ready compliance. 25. sanaturum : cf. sanus, sound.

2l8 THE GALLIC WAR VII

iis communis salutis causa impetrari ut castra mumre mstitue-

rent, quo facilius repentmos hostium impetus sustinere possent.'

XXX. Fuit haec oratio non ingrata Gallis, et maxime quod

ipse ammo non defecerat tanto accepto incommodd, neque se

5 in occultum abdiderat et conspectum multitudinis fugerat ;

plusque animo providere et praesentlre existimabatur, quod re

integra primo incendendum Avaricum, post deserendum cen-

suerat. Itaque ut reliquorum imperatorum res adversae aucto-

ritatem minuunt, sic huius ex contrario dignitas incommodo

10 accepto in dies augebatur. Simul in spem veniebant eius
adfirmatione de reliquis adiungendls civitatibus, primumque eo
tempore Gall! castra mumre mstituerunt ; et sic erant animo
j consternati homines insueti laboris ut omnia quae imperarentur
sibi patienda exlstimarent.

15 XXXI. Nee minus quam est pollicitus Vercingetorix animo
laborabat ut reliquas clvitates adiungeret, atque earum prm-
cipes doms pollicitationibusque adliciebat. Huic rei idoneos
homines deligebat, quorum quisque aut oratione subdola aut
amlcitia facillime capere posset. Qui Avarico expugnato re-

aofugerant armandos vestiendosque ciirat; simul, ut deminutae
copiae redintegrarentur, imperat certum numerum rmlitum ci-
vitatibus, quern et quam ante diem in castra adducl velit, sagit-
tariosque omms, quorum erat permagnus in Gallia numerus,
conquirl et ad ' se mitti iubet. His rebus celeriter id quod

ssAvarici deperierat expletur. Interim Teutomatus, Olloviconis
filius, rex Nitiobrogum, cuius pater ab senatu nostro amicus
erat appellatus, cum magno numero equitum suorum et quos ex
Aquitania conduxerat ad eum pervenit.

Caesar settles a dispute among the Haedui.

XXXII. Caesar Avarici compluris dies commoratus summ'am-
30 que ibi copiam frumenti et reliqui commeatus nactus exerci-

4. animo defecerat.: had lost courage. 13. consternati : thor-
oughly frightened. insueti laboris: unused to labor. 17. adlicie-
bat: tempted. 18. subdola: mbtle. 19. capere: win over.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 219

turn ex labore atque inopia reficit. lam prope hieme confecta,
cum ipso anrii tempore ad gerendum bellum vocaretur et ad
hostem proficisci constituisset, sive eum ex paludibus silvlsque
elicere sive obsidione premere posset, legati ad eum prmcipes
Haeduorum veniunt oratum ut maxime necessario tempore cT- 5
vitati subveniat : 'Summo esse in periculo rem, quod cum singuli
magistrates antiquitus creari atque regiam potestatem annum
obtinere consuessent, duo magistratum gerant et se uterque
eorum legibus creatum dicat. Horum esse alterum Convicto-
litavem, florentem et inlustrem adulescentem ; alteram Cotum, 10
antiquissima familia natum atque ipsum hominem summae po-
tentiae et magnae cognationis, cuius frater Valetiacus prox-
imo anno eundem magistratum gesserit. Civitatem esse omnem
in armis, divisum senatum, divlsum populum, suas cuiusque
eorum clientelas. Quod si diutius alatur controversia, fore uti 15
pars cum parte civitatis confligat. Id ne accidat positum in
eius diligentia atque auctoritate.'

XXXIII. Caesar etsi a bello atque hoste discedere detrimen-
tosum esse existimabat, tamen non ignorans quanta ex dissen-
sionibus incommoda orm consuessent, ne tanta et tarn coniuncta 20
populo Romano civitas, quam ipse semper aluisset omnibus-
que rebus ornasset, ad vim atque arma descenderet, atque ea
pars quae minus sibi confideret auxilia a Vercingetorlge ar-
cesseret, huic rei praevertendum exlsthnavit ; et quod legibus
Haeduorum iis qui summum magistratum obtinerent excedere 25
ex finibus non liceret, ne quid de iure aut de legibus eSrum de-
minuisse videretur, ipse in Haeduos proficisci statuit, senatum-
que omnem et quos inter controversia esset ad se Decetiam
evocavit. Cum prope omnis civitas eo convenisset, doceretur-
que paucis clam convocatis alio loco, alio tempore atque opor-3
tuerit fratrem a fratre renuntiatum, cum leges duo ex una

4. elicere: draw otit. 12. cognationis : connections. 18. detri-
mentosum: cf. detrimentum. 22. ornasset: had honored. 24. huic
rei praevertendum : this matter nmst be first attended to. 28. quoa
inter: i.e. eos inter quos. 29. doceretur: sc. Caesar. 31. renunti-

220 THE GALLIC WAR VII

familia vivo utroque non solum magistrates creari vetarent sed
etiam in senatu esse prohiberent, Cotum imperium deponere
coegit, Convictolitavem, qul per sacerdotes more civitatis inter-
missis magistratibus esset creatus, potestatem obtinere iussit.

Caesar sends Labienus northward with a part of the army ; he himself

marches against Gergovia.

5 XXXIV. Hoc decreto interposito cohortatus Haeduos ut
controversiarum ac dissensionis obliviscerentur atque omnibus
omissis rebus huic bello servirent, eaque quae meruissent praemia
ab se devicta Gallia exspectarent, equitatumque omnem et pedi-
tum milia decem sibi celeriter mitterent, quae in praesidils rel

10 frumentariae causa disponeret, exercitum in duas partis divisit :
quattuor legiones in Senones Parisiosque Labi end ducendas
dedit, sex ipse in Arvernos ad oppidum Gergoviam secundum
flumen Elaver duxit; equitatus partem ill! attribuit, partera
sibi reliquit. Qua re cognita Vercingetorix omnibus interrupts

i5eius fluminis pontibus ab altera fluminis parte iter facere coepit.

XXXV. Cum uterque utrimque exisset exercitus, in con-

spectu fereque e regione Caesaris castra ponebat dispositis ex-

ploratoribus, necubi effecto ponte Roman! cop i as traducerent.

Erat in magnis Caesari difficultatibus res, ne maiorem aestatis

20 partem flurnine impediretur, quod non fere ante autumnum
Elaver vado transiri solet. Itaque, ne id accideret, silvestri loco
castris positls e regione umus eorum pontium quos Vercingeto-
rix rescindendos curaverat, postero die cum duabus legionibus
in occulto restitit ; reliquas copias cum omnibus impedimentis,

25 ut consuerat, misit carptis quibusdam cohortibus, ut numerus
legionum constare videretur. His quam longissime possent
progredl iussis, cum iam ex diel tempore coniecturam caperet

atum : sc. esse, had been declared elected. Valetiacus held the election at
which Cotus was declared elected. As this election was illegal, there was
a vacancy in the magistracy, which was filled by the priests. 3. interrnis-
sis magistratibus: i.e. since there was an interregnum. 18. necubi:
tJiat nowhere. 25. carptis : divided. 26. constare : to be complete.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 221

in castra perventum, isdem sublicis, quarum pars Inferior inte-
gra remanebat, pontem reficere coepit. Celeriter effectd opere
legionibusque traductis et loco castris idoneo delecto reliquas
copias revocavit. Vercingetorix re cognita, ne contra suam
voluntatem dimicare cogeretur, magnis itineribus antecessit. 5

XXXVI. Caesar ex eo locoqulntis castris Gergoviam pervenit,
equestrique eo die proelio lev! facto, perspecto urbis situ, quae
posita in altissimo monte oranis aditus difficills habebat, de op-
pugnatione desperavit ; de obsessione non prius agendum con-
stituit quam rein frumentariam expedisset. At Vercingetorix 10
castris prope oppidum in monte positis, mediocribus circum se
intervallis separatim singularum civitatum copias conlocaverat.
atque omnibus eius iugi collibus occupatis qua dispici poterat
horribilem speciem praebebat; prmcipesque earum civitatum,
qu5s sibi ad consilium capiendum delegerat, prima luce cottidie 15
ad se convemre iubebat, seu quid communicandum seu quid
administrandum videretur, neque ullum fere diem intermittebat
quln equestii proelio interiectls sagittarils quid in quoque esset
animi ac virtutis suorum periclitaretur. Erat e regione oppidi
collis sub ipsis radicibus montis, egregie munitus atque ex 20
omm parte circumcisus ; quern si tenerent nostri, et aquae
magna parte et pabulatione libera prohibituri hostis videbantur.
Sed is locus praesidio ab his non mflrmo tenebatur. Tamen
silentio noctis Caesar ex castris egressus, priusquam subsidio
ex oppido veniri .posset, deiecto praesidi5 potltus loco duasas
ibi legiones conlocavit fossamque duplicem duodenum pedum

a maioribus castris ad minora perduxit, ut tuto ab repentino
hostium incursu etiam singull commeare possent.

Some of the Haedui plan a revolt.

XXXVII. Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Convictolitavis
Haeduus, cui magistratum adiudicatum a Caesare demon- 30

6. quintis castris : i.e. in Jive days, since camp was pitched at the
end of every day's march. 21. circumcisus: steep. 26. duodenum
pedum : of t"i.velve feet each. 28. incursu : attack.

222 THE GALLIC WAR VII

stravimus, sollicitatus ab Arverms peciinia cum quibusdam
adulescentibus conloquitur, quorum erat prmceps Litaviccus
atque eius fratres, amplissima familia nati adulescentes. Cum
his praemium communicat, hortaturque ut se liberos et imperio
Snatos meminerint : 'Unam esse Haeduorum clvitatem quae
certissimam Galliae victoriam distineatj eius auctoritate reli-
quas continerij qua traducta locum consistendi Romanis in
Gallia non fore. Esse non nullo se Caesaris beneficio adfectum,
sic tamen ut iustissimam apud eum causam obtinuerit ; sed

10 plus commum libertati tribuere. Cur enim potius Haedui de
suo iure et de legibus ad Caesarem disceptatorem quam
Roman! ad Haeduos veniant?' Celeriter adulescentibus et
oratione magistratus et praemio deductls, cum se vel principes
eius consili fore profiterentur, ratio perficiendi quaerebatur,

15 quod cTvitatem temere ad suscipiendum bellum adducl posse
non conf idebant. Placuit ut Litaviccus decem illls mTlibus
quae Caesari ad bellum mitterentur praeficeretur atque ea
ducenda curaret, fratresque eius ad Caesarem praecurrerent.
Reliqua qua ratione agi placeat constituunt.

20 XXXVIII. Litaviccus accepto exercitu, cum milia passuum
circiter xxx a Gergovia abesset, convocatis subito mllitibus
lacrimans, "Quo proficiscimur," inquit, "mllites? Omnis
noster equitatus, omnis nobilitas interiit ; principes civitatis,
Eporedorix et Viridomarus, Insimulati proditionis ab Romanis

25 indicia causa interfecti sunt. Haec ab his cognoscite, qui ex
ipsa caede effugerunt ; nam ego fratribus atque omnibus meis
propinquis interfectis dolore prohibeor quae gesta sunt pro-
nuntiare." Producuntur il quos ille edocuerat quae did vellet,
atque eadem quae Litaviccus pronuntiaverat multitudim

30 exponunt : ' Omnis equites Haeduorum interfectos, quod con-
lociiti cum Arvernis dlcerentur ; ipsos se inter multitudinem
mllitum occultasse atque ex media caede effugisse.' Con-

6. distineat: hinders. 9. obtinuerit: maintained. II. discep-
tatorem: -umpire. 25. indicta causa: without a hearing.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 223

clamant Haedui et Litaviccum obsecrant ut sibi consulat.
" Quasi vero," inquit ille, " consili sit res ac non necesse sit
nobis Gergoviam contendere et cum Arverms nosmet con-
iungere. An dubitamus qum nefario facinore admisso Roman!
iam ad nos interficiendos concurrant? Proinde, si quid in 5
nobis animi est, persequamur eorura mortem qui indignissime
interierunt, atque hos latrones interficiamus." Ostendit civis
Romanes qui eius praesidi fiducia una erant. Continuo
magnum numerum frumenti commeatusque diripit, ipsos
crudeliter excruciates interficit. Nuntios tota civitate Haedu- 10
orum dimittit, eodem mendacio de caede equitum et prin-
cipum permovet ; hortatur ut simili ratione atque ipse fecerit
suas iniurias persequantur.

Caesar prevents the contingent of the Haedui from going over to the

Arverni.

XXXIX. Eporedorix Haeduus, summo loco natus adulescens
et summae domi potentiae, et una Viridomarus, par! aetate et 15
gratia, sed genere dispari, quern Caesar ab Dlviciaco sibi traditum
ex humili loco ad summam dignitatem perduxerat, in equitum
numero convenerant nominatim ab eo evocati. His erat inter
se de principatu contentio, et in ilia magistratuum controversia
alter pro Convictolitave, alter pro Goto summis opibus pugna- 20
verant. Ex his Eporedorix cognito Litavicci consilio media fere
nocte rem ad Caesarem defert; orat ne patiatur civitatem
pravls adulescentium consiliis ab amicitia populi Roman! de-
ficere, quod futurum provideat, si se tot hominum mllia cum
hostibus coniiinxerint, quorum salutem neque propinqui25
neglegere neque civitas lev! momento aestimare possit.

XL. Magna adfectus sollicitudine hoc mlntio Caesar, quod
semper Haeduorum civitati praecipue indulserat, nulla inter-

2. Quasi vero: jiist as if, indeed. 3. nosmet: ourselves, nos +
-met. 4. nefario: heinoiis. 5. Proinde: so. 8. fiducia: through
confidence. 1 1., mendacio : falsehood. 23. pravis: wicked. 25. pro-
pinqui neglegere : sc. possint.

224 THE GALLIC WAR VII

posita dubitatione legiones expeditas quattuor equitatumque
omnem ex castris educit; nee fuit spatium tall tempore ad
contrahenda castra, quod res posita in celeritate videbatur.
C. Fabium legatum cum legionibus duabus castris praesidio re-
5 linquit. Fratres Litavicci cum coraprehendl iussisset, paulo ante
reperit ad hostis profugisse. Adhqrtatus milites ne necessario
tempore itineris labore permoveantur, cupidissimis omnibus
progressus milia passuum xxv agmen Haeduorum conspica-
tur immisso equitatu iter eorum moratur atque impedit, inter-

lodicitque omnibus ne quemquam interficiant. Eporedorlgem
et Viridomarum, quos ill! interfectos existimabant, inter equites
versari suosque appellare iubet. His cognitis et Litavicci fraude
perspecta Haedui manus tendere et deditionem significare et
proiectis arrais mortem deprecari incipiunt. Litaviccus cum

i5suis clientibus, quibus more Gallorum nefas est etiam in ex-
trema fortuna deserere patronos, Gergoviam profugit.

XLI. Caesar niintiis ad clvitatem Haeduorum missis, qui suo
beneficio conservatos docerent quos iure belli interficere potuis-
set, tribusque horis exercitui ad quietem datis castra ad Ger-

20 goviam movet. Medio fere itinere equites a Fabio missi quanto
res in perlculo fuerit exponunt. Summis copiis castra oppug-
nata demonstrant, cum crebro integri defessls succederent
nostrosque adsiduo labore defatigarent, quibus propter magni-
tudinem castrorum perpetuo esset isdem in vallo permanendum ;

25 multitudine sagittarum atque omni genere telorum multos vul-
neratos ad haec sustinenda magno usui fuisse tormenta ; Fa-
bium discessu eorum duabus rellctis portis obstruere ceteras
pluteosque vallo addere et se in posterum diem similemque
casum apparare. His rebus cognitis Caesar summo studio mili-

3 o turn ante ortum solis in castra pervenit.

. 2. ad contrahenda castra: that it might be defended more easily
by the soldiers who remained. 16. patronos : protectors. 22. crebro :
repeatedly. 23. quibus isdem: dative with permanendum. 28. plu-
teos : parapets. 30. in castra pervenit : the army had marched about
fifty miles in less than thirty hours.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 225

Further acts of unfaithfulness among the Haedui.

XLII. Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Haedui primis
nuntiis ab Litavicco acceptis nullum sibi ad cognoscendum
spatium relinquunt. Impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia et
temeritas, quae maxime ill! hominum generl est innata, ut lev em
auditionem habeant pro re comperta. Bona civium Romano- 5
rum dlripiunt, caedis faciunt, in servitutem abstrahunt. Adiuvat
rem proclmatam Convictolitavis plebemque ad furorem impel-
lit, ut facinore admisso ad sanitatem revert! pudeat. M. Aris-
tium, tribunum militum, iter ad legiones facientem fide data ex
oppido Cavillono educunt ; idem facere cogunt eos qul negoti- 10
and! causa ibi constiterant. Hos continuo in itinere adorti
omnibus impedimentis exuunt; repugnantls diem noctemque
obsident; multis utrimque interfectls maiorem multitudinem
ad arma concitant.

XLIII. Interim nuntiS adlato omms eorum milites in po-is
testate Caesaris teneri concurrunt ad Aristium, nihil publico
factum consilio demonstrant ; quaestionem de boms direptis
decernunt, LitaviccI fratrumque bona publicant, legates ad Cae-
sarem purgandl sui gratia mittunt. Haec faciunt recuperando-
rum suorum causa ; sed contaminatl facinore et capti compendio 20
ex direptis boms, quod ea res ad multos pertinebat, et timore
poenae exterriti consilia clam de bello inire incipiunt civita-
tesque reliquas legationibus sollicitant. Quae tametsi Caesar
intellegebat, tamen quam mitissime potest legates appellat :
( Nihil se propter Inscientiam levitatemque vulgl gravius de clvi- 25
tate iudicare neque de sua in Haeduos benevolentia deminuere.'
Ipse maiorem Galliae motum exspectans, ne ab omnibus civita-
tibus circumsisteretur, consilia inlbat, quern ad modum a Ger-

3. iracundia: quickness of temper. 7. proclinatam: already started.
8. pudeat: impersonal verb, it may shame (theni), i.e. they may be
ashamed, ir. continuo: at once. 17. quaestionem: investigation.
18. publicant: confiscate. 19. gratia: equivalent to causa. 20. con-
taminati : corrupted. compendio : gain. 24. mitissime : most
gently.

Q

226 THE GALLIC WAR VII

govia discederet ac rursus omnem exer'citum contraheret, ne
profectio nata ab timore defectionis similisque fugae videretur.

Caesar perceives a chance of gaining some advantage at Gergovia.

XLIV. Haec cogitantl accidere visa est facultas bene geren-
dae rei. Nam cum in minora castra operis perspiciendl causa

. Svenisset, animadvertit collem, qui ab hostibus tenebatur, nuda-
tum hominibus, qui superioribus diebus vix prae multitudine
cerm poterat. Admiratus quaerit ex perfugis causam, quorum
magnus ad eum cottidie numerus confluebat. Constabat inter
omnis, quod iam ipse Caesar per exploratores cognoverat, dor-

10 sum esse eius iugi prope aequum, sed silvestre et angustum,
qua esset aditus ad alteram partem oppidi ; vehementer huic
illos loco timere nee iam aliter sentire r uno colle ab Romams
occupat5, si alterum amisissent, qum paene circumvallatl atque
omm exitu et pabulatione interclusi viderentur ; ad hune muni-

15 endum locum omms a Vercingetorige evocatos.

XLV. Hac re cognita Caesar mittit complurls equitum tur-
mas eo de media nocte ; imperat ut paulo tumultuosius omnibus
locis pervagentur. Prima luce magnum numerum impedimento-
rum ex castrls mulorumque produci deque his stramenta de-

sotrahl, mulionesque cum cassidibus equitum specie ac simula-
tione collibus .circumvehi iubet. His paucos addit equites, qui
latius ostentationis causa vagentur. Longo circuitu easdem
omms iubet petere regiones. Haec procul ex oppido videban-
tur, ut erat a Gergovia despectus in castra, neque tan to spatio

sscerti quid esset exploran poterat. Legionem decimam eodem
luce mittit et paulum progressam inferiore constituit loco sil-
vlsque occultat. Augetur Gallis 'suspicio, atque omnes illo ad
munltionem copiae traducuntur. Vacua castra hostium Caesar
conspicatus tectls insignibus suorum occultatisque signis mili-

8. confluebat: flocked. 9. dorsum: ridge. 18. impedimen-
torum: beasts of burden. 19. mulomm : mules. str amenta: pack-
saddles. 20. muliones : mule-drivers. cassidibus : helmets.
21. circumvehi: to ride around.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 227

taribus raros milites, ne ex oppido aniraadverterentur, ex maio-
ribus castris in minora traducit, legatlsque, quos singulls
legionibus praefecerat, quid fieri velit ostendit ; in primis monet
ut contineant mllites, ne studio pugnandl aut spe praedae longius
progrediantur ; quid imquitas loci habeat incommodl proponit : 5
'Hoc una celeritate posse vitari; occasionis esse rem, non
proeli.' His rebus expositis 'slgnum dat et ab dextra parte alio
ascensu eodem terapore Haeduos mittit.

XLVI. Murus oppidi a planitie atque initio ascensus recta
regione, si nullus anfractus intercederet, MCC passus aberat ; 10
quicquid hue circuitus ad molliendum clivum accesserat, id
spatium itineris augebat. A medio fere colle in longitudinemj
ut natura montis ferebat, ex grandibus saxis sex pedum murum,
qul nostrorum impetura tardaret, praeduxerant Galli, atque m-
feriore omni spatio vacuo relicto superiorem partem collis usque 15
ad murum oppidi densissimis castris compleverant. Milites dato
signo celeriter ad mumtionem perveniunt eamque transgressl
trims castris potiuntur ; ac tanta fuit in castris capiendls celeritas
ut Teutomatus, rex Nitiobrogum, subito in tabernaculo op-
pressus, ut meridie conquieverat, superiore parte corporis nuda, 20
vulnerato equo vix se ex manibus praedantium milituin eriperet.

After a slight success he sounds the retreat, but the soldiers continue to

push forward.

XLVII. Consecutus .id quod animo proposuerat Caesar
receptui cam iussit, legionisque decimae, quacum erat, continuo
signa constiterunt. At reliquarum legionum milites non audito
sono tubae, quod satis magna yalles intercedebat, tamen a 25
tribums militum legatlsque, ut erat a Caesare praeceptum,
retinebantur. Sed elatl spe celeris victoriae et hostium fuga et
superiorum temporum secundls proelils nihil adeo arduum sibi

9. recta regione : in a straight line, 10. anfractus : turn. n. ad
molliendum clivum: to ease the ascent. 18. trinis: distributive, used
instead of tria because castra here is plural in meaning. 23. cani: to
be sounded, i.e. the signal to be given.

228

THE GALLIC WAR

VII

existimabant quod non virtute consequi possent, neque f mem
prius sequendi fecerunt quam muro oppidi portlsque appropin-
quarunt. Turn vero ex omnibus urbis partibus orto clamore,
quT longius aberant repentmo tumultu perterritl, cum hostem
5 intra portas esse existimarent, se ex oppido eiecerunt. Matres
familiae de miiro vestem argentumque iactabant, et pectore
nudo prominentes passls manibus obtestabantur Romanos ut

THE BATTLE AT GERGOVIA

sibi parcerent, neu, sicut Avarici fecissent, ne a mulieribus
quidem atque infantibus abstinerent ; non nullae de muro

10 per manus demissae sese militibus tradebant. L. Fabius, cen-
turio legionis octavae, quern inter suos eo die dixisse constabat
excitarl se Avaricensibus praemils neque commissurum ut prius
quisquam murum ascenderet, tris suos nactus manipularls atque
ab ils sublevatus murum ascendit ; hos ipse rursus singulos

15 exceptans in murum extulit.

6. vestem : clothing. argentum : silver. pectore : breast,
7. prominentes: leaning forward. 13. manipularis : comrades (in
a maniple). 15. exceptans: helping tip.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 229

XLVIII. Interim ii qui ad alteram partem oppidT, lit supra
demonstravimus, mumtionis causa convenerant, primo exaudito
clamore, inde etiam crebris nuntiis incitati oppidum a Romams
tenieri, praemissis equitibus magno cursu eo contenderunt.
Eorum ut quisque primus venerat, sub muro consistebat suorum- 5
que pugnantium numerum augebat. Quorum cum magna
multitude convenisset, matres familiae, quae paulo ante Ro-
mams de muro manus tendebant, suos obtestarl et more Gallico
passum capillum ostentare liberosque in conspectum proferre
coeperunt. Erat RomanTs nee loco nee numero aequa con- 10
tentio; simul et cursu et spatio pugnae defatigati non facile
recentis atque integros sustinebant.

The Romans are driven back with considerable loss.

XLIX. Caesar cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque copias
augerl videret, praemetuens suis ad T. Sextium legatum, quem
minoribus castrls praesidio reliquerat, misit ut cohortis ex castris 15
celeriter educeret et sub Tnfimo colle ab dextro latere hostium
constitueret, ut, si nostros loco depulsos vidisset, quominus
Hbere hostes Insequerentur terreret. Ipse paulum ex eo loco
cum legione progressus ubi constiterat eventum pugnae exspec-
tabat. 20

L. Cum acerrime comminus pugnaretur, hostes loco et nu-
mero, nostri virtute confiderent, subito sunt Haedui vlsl ab latere
nostris aperto, quos Caesar ab dextra parte alio ascensu manus
distinendae causa mlserat. Hi similitudine armorum vehemen-
ter nostros perterruerunt, ac tametsT dextris umerls exsertis 25
animadvertebantur, quod Inslgne pactum esse consuerat, tamen
id ipsum sul fallendl causa mllites ab hostibus factum existima-
bant. Eodem tempore L. Fabius centurio quique una murum
ascenderant circumvent! atque interfectl de muro praecipita-
bantur. M. Petr5nius, eiusdem legionis centurio, cum portasso

25. dextris umeris exsertis : to have their right shoulders bare.
26. pactum : agreed upon.

228

THE GALLIC WAR

VII

existimabant quod non virtute consequi possent, neque f mem
prius sequendi fecerunt quam muro oppidi portlsque appropin-
quarunt. Turn vero ex omnibus urbis partibus ort5 clamore,
qui longius aberant repentlno tumultu perterriti, cum hostem
5 intra portas esse existimarent, se ex oppido eiecerunt. Matres
familiae de muro vestem argentumque iactabant, et pectore
nudo prominentes passis manibus obtestabantur Romanos ut

Ancient lake

uc

tins, 1st position ^"y^ < -^
naL L * .^?^

ler campT"}/ ^'

Ses

Smaller cam

BIT Larger camp

2DRMAY ENG.CO., N r.

THE BATTLE AT GERGOVIA

sibi parcerent, nen, sicut AvaricI fecissent, ne a mulieribus
quidem atque Infantibus abstinerent ; non nullae de muro

jo per manus demissae sese militibus tradebant. L. Fabius, cen-
turio legionis octavae, quern inter suos eo die dixisse constabat
excitari se Avaricensibus praemiis neque commissurum ut prius
quisquam murum ascenderet, tns suos nactus manipularis atque
ab Ms sublevatus murum ascendit ; hos ipse rursus singulos

15 exceptans in murum extulit.

6. vestem : clothing. argentum : silver. pectore : breast.
7. prominentes: leaning forward. 13. manipularis: comrades (in
a maniple). 15. exceptans: helping i(p.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 229

XLVIII. Interim il quT ad alteram partem oppidi, ut supra
demonstravimus, mumtionis causa convenerant, primo exaudito
clamore, inde etiam crebris nun tils incitati oppidum a Romania
teneri, praemissls equitibus magno cursu eo contenderunt.
Eorum ut quisque primus venerat, sub muro consistebat suorum- 5
que pugnantium numerum augebat. Quorum cum magna
multitude convenisset, matres familiae, quae paulo ante Ro-
mams de muro manus tendebant, suos obtestari et more Gallico
passum capillum ostentare liberosque in conspectum proferre
coeperunt. Erat Romams nee loco nee numero aequa con- 10
tentio j simul et cursu et spatio pugnae defatlgatl non facile
recentis atque integros sustinebant.

The Romans are driven back with considerable loss.

XLIX. Caesar cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque copias
auger! videret, praemetuens sms ad T. Sextium legatum, quern
minoribus castrls praesidio rellquerat, misit ut cohortis ex castris 15
celeriter ediiceret et sub Infimo colle ab dextro latere hostium
constitueret, ut, si nostros loco depulsos vldisset, quominus
Hbere hostes Tnsequerentur terreret. Ipse paulum ex eo loco
cum legione progressus ubi constiterat eventum pugnae exspec-
tabat. 20

L. Cum acerrime comminus pugnaretur, hostes loco et nu-
mero, nostrl virtute confiderent, subitosunt Haedul vis! ab latere
nostrls aperto, quos Caesar ab dextra parte alio ascensii manus
distinendae causa miserat. HI similitiidine armorum vehemen-
ter nostros perterruerunt, ac tametsT dextris urn ens exsertis 25
animadvertebantur, quod in sign e pactum esse consuerat, tamen
id ipsum sul fallendi causa milites ab hostibus factum existima-
bant. Eodem tempore L. Fabius centurio quique tina murum
ascenderant circumvent! atque interfectl de muro praecipita-
bantur. M. Petronius, eiusdem legionis centurio, cum portasso

25. dextris umeris exsertis: to have their right shoulders bare.
26. pactum : agreed upon.

230 THE GALLIC WAR VII

excidere conatus esset, a multitudine oppressus ac sibi desperans
multis iarn vulneribus acceptis, manipularibus suis, qul ilium
secutierant, "Quoniam," inquit, " me una vobiscum servare n5n
possum, vestrae quidem certe vltae prospiciam, quos cupiditate
5 gloriae adductus in periculum deduxi. Vos data facilitate vobis
consulite." Simul in medios hostis inrupit duobusque interfec-
tis reliquos a porta paulum submovit. Conantibus auxiliarl suis,
"Frustra," inquit, " meae vltae subvemre conamim, quern iam
sanguis viresque deficiunt. Proinde abite, dum est facultas,

10 vosque ad legionem recipite." Ita pugnans post paulum con-
cidit ac suis saluti fuit.

LI. Nostri cum undique premerentur, XLVI centurionibus
amissis deiectl sunt loco. Sed intolerantius Gallos msequentls
legio decima tardavit, quae pro subsidio paulo aequiore loco

15 constiterat. Hanc rursus tertiae decimae legionis cohortes
exceperunt, quae ex castrls minoribus eductae cum T. Sextio
legato ceperant locum superiorem. Legiones ubi prlmum
planitiem attigerunt, Infestis contra hostem sigms constiterunt.
Vercingetorix ab radicibus collis suos intra mumtiones reduxit.

20 Eo die milites sunt paulo minus DCC desiderati.

Caesar raises the siege and sets out to join Labienus.

LII. Postero die Caesar contione advocata temeritatem cu-
piditatemque militum reprehendit, quod sibi ipsi iudicavissent
quo procedendum aut quid agendum videretur, neque signo re-
cipiendi dato constitissent, neque a tribums militum legatisque

25 retineri potuissent. Exposuit quid imquitas loci posset, quod
ipse ad Avaricum sensisset, cum sine duce et sine equitatu de-
prehensls hostibus exploratam victoriam dimisisset, ne parvum
modo detrimentum in contentione propter iniquitatem loci
accideret * Quantopere eorum animi magnitudinem admira-

aoretur, quos non castrorum mumtiones, non altitude mentis, non

13. intolerantius: too impatiently, 18. infestis: hostile; infestia
signis, in battle array.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 231

murus oppidi tardare potuisset, tantopere licentiam adrogan-
tiamque reprehendere, quod plus se quam imperatorera de vic-
toria atque exitu rerum sentire existimarent ; nee minus se a
milite modestiam et continentiam quam virtutem atque animl
magnitudinera desiderare.' 5

LIIL Hac habita contione et ad extremum confirmatls mi-
litibus, ne ob hanc causam ammo permoverentur, neu quod
imquitas loci attulisset, id virtuti hostium tribuerent, eadem de
profectione cogitans quae ante senserat legiones ex castris
eduxit aciemque idoneo loco constituit. Cum Vercingetorix 10
nihilo magis in aequum locum descenderet, levl facto equestri
proelio, atque eo secundo, in castra exercitum reduxit. Cum
hoc idem postero die fecisset, satis ad Gallicam ostentationem
minuendam mllitumque animos confirmandos factum existimans
in Haeduos movit castra. Ne turn quidem Insecutis hostibus 15
tertio die ad flumen Elaver venit ; pontem refecit exercitum-
que traduxit.

The Haedui burn Noviodunum and destroy the Roman stores there.

LIV. Ibi a Viridomaro atque Eporedorige Haeduls appel-
latus discit cum omni equitatu Litaviccum ad sollicitandos
Haeduos profectum : 'Opus esse ipsos antecedere ad con- 20
firmandam civitatem.' Etsi multis iam rebus perfidiam Hae-
duorum perspectam habebat atque horum discessu maturari
defectionem civitatis existimabat, tamen eos retinendos non
censuit, ne aut Inferre iniuriam videretur aut daret timoris
aliquam suspicionem. Discedentibus iis breviter sua in Hae-2$
duos merita exposuit, quos et quam humilis accepisset,
compulsos in oppida, multatos agris, omnibus ereptls socils,
imposito stipendio, obsidibus summa cum contumelia extortis,
et quam in fortunam quamque in amplitudinem duxisset, ut
non solum in pristinum statum redlssent, sed omnium tern- 30
porum dignitatem et gratiam antecessisse viderentur. His
datis mandatis eos ab se dimlsit.

27. multatos: deprived (mulcted}.

232 THE GALLIC WAR VII

LV. Noviodiinum erat oppidum Haeduorum ad ripas Ligeris
opportune loco positum. Hue Caesar omms obsides Galliae,
frumentum, pecuniam publicam, suorum atque exercitus im-
pedlmentorum magnam partem contulerat; hue magnum nu-
5 merum equorum huius belli causa in Italia atque Hispania
coemptum miserat. Eo cum Eporedorlx Viridomarusque ve-
nissent et de statu civitatis cognovissent, Litaviccum Bibracte
ab Haeduis receptum, quod est oppidum apud eos maximae
auctoritatis, Convictolitavem magistratum magnamque partem

losenatus ad eum convenisse, legatos ad Vercingetorigem de
pace et amicitia concilianda publice missos, non praeter-
mittendum tantum commodum existimaverunt. Itaque inter-
fectis Noviodum custodibus qulque eo negotiandT causa
convenerant pecuniam atque equos inter se partltl sunt,

15 obsides civitatum Bibracte ad magistratum deducendos cura-
verunt, oppidum, quod a -se teneri non posse iudicabant,
ne cui esset usul Romanis, incenderunt, frumenti quod subito
potuerunt navibus avexerunt, reliquum flumine atque incendio.
corruperunt ; ipsi ex fmitimis regionibus copias cogere, prae-

sosidia custodiasque ad ripas Ligeris disponere, equitatumque
omnibus locis iniciendi timoris causa ostentare coeperunt, si
ab re frumentaria Romanos excludere aut adductos inopia in
provinciam expeliere possent. Quam ad spem multum eos
adiuvabat quod Liger ex nivibus creverat, ut omnmo vado

25 non posse translri videretur.

Caesar crosses the Liger and continues his march northward.

LYI. Quibus rebus cognitls Caesar maturandum sibi censuit,
si esset in perficiendls pontibus periclitandum, ut priusquam
essent maiores eo coactae copiae dimicaret. Nam ne commu-
tato consilio iter in provinciam converteret, ut non nemo turn
soquidem necessario faciendum existimabat, cum Infamia atque
mdlgnitas rei et oppositus mons Cebenna viarumque difficultas

24. nivibus: snows. 27. si ... periclitandum : in case he had
to risk a battle -while building bridges.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 233

impediebat, turn maxime quod abiuncto Labieno atque iis
legionibus quas una mlserat vehementer timebat. Itaque ad-
modum magnls diurms nocturmsque itineribus confectis contra
omnium opmionem ad Ligerim venit, vadoque per equites in-
vento pro rei necessitate opportune, ut bracchia modo atque 5
umerl ad sustinenda arma liberi ab aqua esse possent, disposito
equitatu, qui vim fluminis refringeret, atque hostibus primo as-
pectu perturbatis incolumem exercitum traduxit ; frumentumque
in agris et pecoris copiam nactus repleto his rebus exercitu iter
in Senones facere Instituit. 10

Meanwhile Labienus, after some opposition, reaches Lutetia.

LVII. Dum haec apud Caesarem geruntur, Labienus eo sup-
plements quod nuper ex Italia venerat rellcto Agedinci, ut esset
impedlmentis praesidio, cum quattuor legionibus Lutetiam pro-
jficiscitur. Id est oppidum Parisiorum positum in Insula flumi-
nis Sequanae. Cuius adventu ab hostibus cognito magnae ex 15
fmitimls clvitatibus copiae convenerunt. Sura ma imperi tradi-
tur Camulogeno Aulerco, qui prope confectus aetate tamen
propter singularem scientiam rei militaris ad eum est honorem
evocatus. Is cum animadvertisset perpetuam esse paludem
quae mflueret in Sequanam atque ilium omnein locum magno- 20
pere impedlret, hie consedit nostrosque transitu prohibere
Instituit.

LVIII. Labienus primo vineas agere, cratibus atque aggere
paludem explere atque iter munlre -conabatur. Postquam id
difficilius fieri animadvertit, silentio e castris tertia vigilia egres-25
sus eodem quo venerat itinere Metiosedum pervenit. Id est
oppidum Senonum in Insula Sequanae positum, ut paulo ante
de Lutetia diximus. Deprehensls navibus circiter L celeriter-
que coniunctis atque eo militibus impositis et rei novitate per-
territls oppidams, quorum magna pars erat ad bellum evocata, 30
sine contentione oppido potitur. Refecto ponte, quern superi-

9. repleto: cf. Eng. 'replete.' 19. perpetuam: continuous. 23.
aggere : earth. 24. munire : btiild.

234

THE GALLIC WAR

VII

oribus diebus hostes resciderant, exercitum Iraducit et secundo
fliimine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit. Hostes re cognita ab
iis qui Metiosedo profugerant Lutetiam incendl pontisque eius

""''''' BORUAY :ENe'."C(>V:' ViV.

THE EXPEDITION OF LABIENUS

oppidT rescind! iubent ; ipsl profecti a palude in ripa Sequanae
5 e regione Lutetiae contra LabienI castra considtmt.

I. secundo flumine: down-stream.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 235

Hearing of Caesar's failure at Gergovia, he returns to Agedincum

and rejoins Caesar.

LIX. lam Caesar a Gergovia discessisse audiebatur, iam de
Haeduorum defectione et secundo Galliae motu rumores ad-
ferebantur, Gallique in conloquiis interclusum itinere et Ligeri
Caesarem inopia frumenti coactum in provinciam contendisse
confirmabant. BellovacI autem defectione Haeduorum cog- 5
nita, qul iam ante erant per se Infideles, manus cogere atque
aperte bellum parare coeperunt. Turn Labienus tanta rerum
commutatione longe aliud sibi capiendum consilium atque
antea senserat intellegebat, neque iam ut aliquid adqulreret
proelioque hostis lacesseret, sed ut incolumem exercitum Age- 10
dincum reduceret cogitabat. Namque altera ex parte Bello-
vaci, quae civitas in Gallia maximam habet oplnionem virtutis,
Instabant, alteram Camulogenus parato atque Instracto exer-
citu tenebat; turn legiones a praesidio atque impedimentis
interclusas maximum flumen distinebat. Tantis subito diffi-is
cultatibus obiectis ab animi virtute auxilium petendum vide-
bat.

LX. Itaque sub vesperum consilio convocato cohortatus ut
ea quae imperasset dlligenter industrieque administrarent, navis
quas Metiosedo deduxerat singulas equitibus Romanls attribuit, 20
et prima confecta vigilia quattuor milia passuum secundo flu-
mine silentio progredi ibique se exspectare iubet Quinque
cohortis quas minime firmas ad dimicandum esse existimabat
castris praesidio relinquit; quinque eiusdem legionis reliquas
de media nocte cum omnibus impedimentis adverse flumine2s
magno tumultu proficisci imperat. Conquirit etiam lintris ; has
magno sonitu remorum incitatas in eandem partem imttit. Ipse
post paulo silentio egressus cum tribus legionibus eum locum
petit quo navis appelli iusserat.

LXI. Eo cum esset ventum, exploratores hostium, ut omnlso
fluminis parte erant dispositi, inoplnantes, quod magna subito

25. adverse flumine : the opposite of secundo flumine. 27. sonitu:
noise.

234

THE GALLIC WAR

VII

oribus diebus hostes resciderant, exercitum traducit et secundo
flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit. Hostes re cognita ab
iis qui Metiosedo profugerant Lutetiam incendl pontisque eius

/Camp of Labienus
Lutetia

THE EXPEDITION OF LABIENUS

oppidT rescindi iubent ; ips! profecti a palude in npa Seqnanae
5 e regione Lutetiae contra Labieni castra considunt.

r. secundo flumine: down-stream.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 235

Hearing of Caesar's failure at Gergovia, he returns to Agedincum

and rejoins Caesar.

LIX. lam Caesar a Gergovia discessisse audiebatur, iam de
Haeduorum defectione et secundo Galliae motu rumores ad-
ferebantur, Gallique in conloquils interclusum itinere et Ligeri
Caesarem inopia frumenti coactum in provinciam contendisse
conffrmabant. Bellovaci autem defectione Haeduorum cog- 5
nita, qui iam ante erant per se mfideles, manus cogere atque
aperte bellum parare coeperunt. Turn Labienus tanta rerum
commutatione longe aliud sibi capiendum consilium atque
antea senserat intellegebat, neque iam ut aliquid adquireret
proelioque hostis lacesseret, sed ut incolumem exercitum Age- 10
dincum reduceret cogitabat. Namque altera ex parte Bello-
vaci, quae civitas in Gallia maximam habet oplnionem virtutis,
instabant, alteram Camulogenus parato atque Instructo exer-
citu tenebat; turn legiones a praesidio atque impedimentis
interclusas maximum flumen distinebat. Tantis subito diffi- 15
cultatibus obiectls ab animi virtute auxilium petendum vide-
bat.

LX. Itaque sub vesperum consilio convocat5 cohortatus ut
ea quae imperasset diligenter industrieque administrarent, navis
quas Metiosedo deduxerat singulas equitibus Romanis attribuit, 20
et prima confecta vigilia quattnor mllia passim m secundo flu-
mine silentio progredl ibique se exspectare iubet Quinque
cohortis quas minime firmas ad dimicandum esse existimabat
castris praesidio relinquit ; quinque eiusdem legionis reliquas
de media nocte cum omnibus impedimentis adverse flumine 25
magno tumultii proficisci imperat. Conquirit etiam lintris ; has
magno sonitii remorum incitatas in eanclem partem mittit. Ipse
post paulo silentio egressus cum tribus legionibus eum locum
petit quo navis appelli iusserat.

LXI. Eo cum esset ventum, exploratores hostium, ut omniso
fluminis parte erant dispositi, inoplnantes, quod magna subito

25. adverse flumine : the opposite of secundo flumine. 27. sonitu:
noise.

236 THE GALLIC WAR VII

erat coorta tempestas, a nostris opprimuntur ; exercitus equi-
tatusque equitibus Roraanis adrainistrantibus quos el negotio
praefecerat celeriter transmittitur. Uno fere tempore sub
lucem hostibus nuntiatur in castris Romanorum praeter con-
Ssuetudinem tumultuari, et magnum Ire agmen adverse flu-
mine, sonitumque remorum in eadem parte exaudm, et paulo
infra milites navibus transporter!. Quibus rebus anditis, quod
exlstimabant tribus locis transire legiones atque omms pertur-
batos defectione Haeduorum fugam parare, suas quoque copias

10 in tris partis distribuerunt. Nam praesidio e regione castro-
rum rellcto et parva manu Metiosedum versus ' missa, quae tan-
tum progrederetur quantum naves processissent, reliquas copias
contra Labienum duxerunt.

LXII. Prima luce et nostri omnes erant transportati et hos-

i5tium acies cernebatur. Labienus milites cohortatus ut suae
pristinae virtutis et tot secundissimorum proeliorum retinerent
memoriam, atque ipsum Caesarem, cuius ductii saepenumero
hostls superassent, praesentem adesse existimarent, dat slgnum
proeli. Prlmo concursu ab dextro cornu, ubi septima legio

20 constiterat, hostes pelluntur atque in fugam coniciuntur ; ab
sinistro, quern locum duodecima legio tenebat, cum primi
ordines hostium transfix! pills concidissent, tamen acerrime
reliqui resistebant, nee dabat suspicionem fugae quisquam.
Ipse dux hostium Camulogenus suis ad erat atque eos cohorta-

25 batur. At incerto etiam nunc exitu victoriae, cum septimae
legionis tribums esset nuntiatum quae in sinistro cornu gereren-
tur, post tergum hostium legionem ostenderunt signaque intu-
lerunt. Ne eo quidem tempore quisquam loco cessit, sed
circumvent! omnes interfectique sunt. Eandem fortunam tulit

30 Camulogenus. At i! qui in praesidio contra castra Labieni
erant relict!, cum proelium commissum aud!ssent, subsidio suis
ierunt collemque ceperunt, neque nostrorum militum victorum
impetum sustinere potuerunt. Sic cum suis fugientibus per-
mixt! quos non silvae montesque texerunt ab equitatu sunt in-

35 terfecti. Hoc negotio confecto Labienus revertitur Agedincum,

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 237

ubi impedimenta totius exercitus relicta erant ; inde cum omni-
bus copiis ad Caesarem pervenit.

The insurrection now becomes general. Vercingetorix is chosen commander-
in-chief. He adopts energetic measures.

LXIIL Defectione Haeduorum cognita bellum augetur.
Legationes in omnis partis circummittuntur ; quantum gratia,
auctoritate, pecunia valent ad sollicitandas civitates utuntur; 5
nacti obsides quos Caesar apud eos deposuerat horum sup-
plicio dubitantis territant. Petunt a Vercingetorige Haedul
ut ad se veniat rationesque belli gerendi communicet. Re im-
petrata contendunt ut ipsls summa imperi tradatur, et re in
controversiam deducta totius Galliae concilium Bibracte indicitur. ro
Conveniunt undique frequentes. Multitudinis suffragiTs res
permittitur; ad unum omnes Vercingetorigem probant im-
peratorem. Ab hoc concilio Remi, Lingeries, Treveri afuerunt,
illi, quod amicitiam Romanorum sequebantur; Treveri, quod
aberant longius et a Germanis premebantur, quae fuit causa 15
quare toto abessent bello et neutrls auxilia mitterent. Magno
dolore Haedul ferunt se deiectos principatu, queruntur fortunae
commutationem et Caesaris in se indulgentiam requirunt,
neque tamen suscepto bello suum consilium ab reliquls
separare audent. Invltl summae spel adulescentes Eporedorix 20
et Viridomarus Vercingetorigl parent.

LXIV. Ille imperat reliquis clvitatibus obsides diemque
el rel constituit. OmnTs equites, xv milia numero, celeriter
convemre iubet. Peditatu quern ante habuerit se fore con-
tentum dicit neque fortunam temptaturum aut acie dimi-25
caturum; sed quoniam abundet equitatu, perfacile esse factu
frumentationibus pabulationibusque Romanes prohibere, aequo
modo animo sua ipsi frumenta corrumpant aedificiaque incen-
dant, qua rel familiaris iactura perpetuum imperium Hbertatem-
que se consequi videant. His constitutls rebus Haeduisso
Segusiavisque, quT sunt finitimi provinciae, decem milia

ii. suffragiis: to the decision (votes). 18. requirunt: miss.

238 THE -GALLIC WAR VII

peditum imperat ; hue addit equites pccc. His praeficit
fratrem Eporedorigis bellumque inferre Allobrogibus iubet.
Altera ex parte Gabalos proximosque pagos Arvernorum in
Helvios, item Rutenos Cadurcosque ad finis Volcarum Are-
Scomicorum depopulandos mittit. Nihilo minus clandestmls
nuntils legationibusque Allobroges sollicitat, quorum mentis
nondum ab superiore bello resedisse sperabat. Horum prin-
cipibus pecunias, civitatl autem imperium totius provinciae
pollicetur.

Caesar secures cavalry from Germany.

10 LXV. Ad hos omms casus provisa erant praesidia cohortium
duarum et xx, quae ex ipsa coacta provincia ab L. Caesare
legato ad omms partis opponebantur. Helvii sua sponte cum
fmitimis proelio congress! pelluntur, et C. Valerio Domnotauro,
Caburl filio, prmcipe civitatis, compluribusque alils interfectis

i5intra oppida murosque compelluntur. Allobroges crebris ad
Rhodanum dispositis praesidiis magna cum cura et diligentia
suos finis tuentur. Caesar quod hostls equitatu superiores
esse intellegebat, et interclusis omnibus itineribus nulla re
ex provincia atque Italia sublevari poterat, trans Rhenum

20 in Germaniam mittit ad eas civitates quas superioribus annis
pacaverat, equitesque ab his arcessit et levis armaturae pe-
dites qui inter eos pfoeliari consuerant. Eorum adventu,
quod minus idoneis equis utebantur, a tribunis militum
reliquisque equitibus Romams atque evocatls equos sumit

25 Germanisque distribuit.

The cavalry of the Gauls attacks him, but is defeated.

LXVI. Interea, dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae ex
Arvernis equitesque qui toti Galliae erant imperati conveniunt.
Magno horum coacto numero, cum Caesar in Sequanos per
extremos Lingonum finis iter faceret, quo facilius subsidium

7. resedisse : had become calm, 24. evocatis : veterans, who
having served their time had reeniisted on invitation of the general.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 239

provinciae f erre posset, circiter imlia passuum decem ab Romams
trims castris Vercingetorix consedit, convocatisque ad consilium
praefectls equitum venisse terapus victoriae demonstrat: 'Fugere
in provmciam Romanes Galliaque excedere. Id sibi ad prae-
sentem obtinendam Hbertatem satis esse ; ad reliqui temporis 5
pacem atque otium parum proficl, maioribus enim coactis copils
reversuros neque finem bellandl facturos. Proinde in agmine
impedltos adoriantur. Si pedites suls auxilium ferant" atque in
eo morentur, iter facere non posse ; si, id quod magis futurum
confldat, relictis impedimentis suae saluti consulant, et usu 10
rerum necessariarnm et dignitate spoliatum in. Nam de equiti-
bus hostium, quln nemo eorum. progredi modo extra agmen
audeat, ne ipsos qiiidem debere dubitare. Id quo rnaiore
faciant animo, copias se omnls pro castris habiturum et terror!
hostibus futurum.' Conclamant equites sanctissimo iure iurando 15
confirmarl oportere ne tecto recipiatur, ne ad Hberos, ne ad
parentis, ne ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per agmen
hostium perequitarit.

LXVII. Probata re atque omnibus ad ius iurandum adactis,
postero die in tris partis distributo equitatu duae se acies ab 20
duobus lateribus ostendunt, una a primo agmine iter impedire
coepit. Qua re nuntiata Caesar suum quoque equitatum tripar-
tito divisum contra hostem Ire iubet. Pugnatur una omnibus
in partibus. Consistit agmen ; impedimenta inter legiones reci-
piuntur. SI qua in parte nostri laborare aut gravius premi25
videbantur, eo slgna Inferri Caesar aciemque convert! iubebat ;
quae res et hostls ad Insequendum tardabat et nostros spe
auxili conflrmabat. Tandem German! ab dextro latere summum
iugum nactl hostls loco depellunt ; fugientls usque ad flumen,
ubi Vercingetorix cum pedestribus copils consederat, perse- 30
quuntur complurisque interficiunt. Qua re animadversa reliqui,
ne circumvemrentur veriti, se fugae mandant. Omnibus locls
fit caedes. Tres nobilissimi Haedui capti ad Caesarem per-
ducuntur, Cotus, praefectus equitum, qui controversiam cum

6. otium: quiet. profici: advantage was gained.

240

THE GALLIC WAR

VII

Convictolitave proximis comitiis habuerat, et Cavarillus, qui
post defectionem Litavicci pedestribus copiis praefuerat, et
Eporedorix, quo duce ante adventum Caesaris Haedui cum
Sequams bello contenderant.

Vercingetorix withdraws into Alesia. Caesar follows him to the town.

$ LXVIII. Fugato omm equitatu Vercingetorix copias suas, ut
pro castris conlocaverat, reduxit protinusque Alesiam, quod est
oppidum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit, celeriterque impedi-

EXPLANATION i

' ' v ' : ' . . '' ' '' !

ps and lines of intrenchment ;
of the Romans i

Roman castella :

Caesar's position in the final struggle;

BOBMAV ENS. CO.. N.r.

THE INVESTMENT OF ALESIA

menta ex castris educi et se subsequT iussit. Caesar impedl-
mentls in proximum collem ductls, duabus legionibus praesidio
lorellctTs seciitus hostis quantum die! tempus est passum, circiter
tribus milibus ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad
Alesiam castra fecit. Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hosti-
bus, quod equitatu, qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant,
erant pulsl, adhortatus ad laborem milites Alesiam circumvallare

15 Instituit.

i. comitiis: election.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 241

LXIX. Ipsum erat oppidum in colle summo, admodum edito
loco, ut nisi obsididne expugnari non posse videretur; cuius
collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant. Ante
oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem
patebat; reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocr! interiecto 5
spatio par! altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant. Sub muro,
quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat, hunc omnem
locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam
in altitudinem sex pedum praeduxerant. Eius mumtionis quae
ab Romams instituebatur circuitus xi milia passuum tenebat. 10
Castra opportunis locis erant posita octo castellaque xxm
facta, quibus in castellls interdiu stationes ponebantur, ne qua
subito eruptio fieret ; haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac f irmls
praesidiis tenebantur.

A cavalry battle is fought, in which the Gauls are again defeated. Vercin-
getorix sends away his cavalry to seek aid.

LXX. Opere institute fit equestre proelium in ea planitie 15
quam intermissam collibus tria milia passuum in longitudinem
patere supra deinonstravirnus. Summa vT ab utrisque con-
tenditur. Laborantibus nostrls Caesar Germanos submittit
legionesque pro castris constituit, ne qua subito inruptio ab
hostium peditatu flat. Praesidio legionum addito nostrls animus 20
augetur; hostes in fugam coniecti se ipsi multitudine impediunt
atque angustioribus portis relictis coartantur. German! acrius
usque ad mumtiones sequuntur. Fit magna caedes; non
nulll relictis equls fossam transire et maceriam transcendere
conantur. Paulum legiones Caesar quas pro vallo constituerat 25
promoveri iubet. Non minus qui intra mumtiones erant Galli
perturbantur , venm ad se confestim existimantes ad arma
conclamant j non nulll perterriti in oppidum inrumpunt. Ver-
cingetorix iubet portas claudi, ne castra nudentur. Multis
interfectis, compluribus equls captls German! sese recipiunt. 30

6. pari altitudinis fastigio : with s^tmm^ts of equal height. 8. ma-
ceriam: wall. 13: excubitoribus: pickets.
R

240

THE GALLIC WAR

VII

Convictolitave proximis comiths habuerat, et Cavarillus., qui
post defectionem Litavicci pedestribus copils praefuerat, et
Eporedorix, quo duce ante adventum Caesaris Haedui cum
Sequams bello contenderant.

Vercingetorix withdraws into Alesia. Caesar follows him to the town.

$ LXVIIL Fugato omm equitatu Vercingetorix copias suas, ut
pro castris conlocaverat, reduxit protinusque Alesiam, quod est
oppidum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit, celeriterque impedi-

Iloman castella.
+> Caesar's position in the final struggle

THE INVESTMENT OF ALESIA

menta ex castris educi et se subsequT iussit. Caesar impedi-
mentls in proximnm collem ductTs, duabus legionibus praesidio
10 relictls secutus hostls quantum diel tempus est passum, circiter
tribus milibus ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad
Alesiam castra fecit. Perspecto urbis situ perterritlsque hosti-
bus, quod equitatu, qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant,
erant pulsi, adhortatus ad laborem mTlites Alesiam circumvallare

15 instituit.

I. comitiis: election.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 241

LXIX. Ipsum erat oppidum in colle sum mo, admodum edito
loco, ut nisi obsidione expugnarl non posse videretur ; cuius
collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant Ante
oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem
patebat ; reliquls ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto 5
spatio pan altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant. Sub muro,
quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat, hunc omnem
locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam
in altitudinem sex pedum praeduxerant. Eius munltionis quae
ab Romams Tnstituebatur circuitus xi milia passuum tenebat. 10
Castra opportunis locis erant posita octo castellaque xxm
facta, quibus in castellls interdiu stationes ponebantur, ne qua
subito eruptio fieret ; haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac f irmis
praesidils tenebantur.

A cavalry battle is fought, in which the Gauls are again defeated. Vercin-
getorix sends away his cavalry to seek aid.

LXX. Opere Institute fit equestre proelium in ea planitie 15
quam intermissam collibus tria milia passuum in longitudinem
patere supra demonstravimus. Summa vl ab utrisque con-
tenditur. Laborantibus nostrls Caesar Germanos submittit
legionesque pro castris constituit, ne qua subito inruptio ab
hostium peditatu flat. Praesidio legionum addito nostrls animus 20
augetur; hostes in fugam coniectl se ipsi multitudine impediunt
atque angustioribus portls rellctls coartantur. German! acrius
usque ad mumtiones seqmmtur. Fit magna caedes ; non
nulll rellctls equls fossam translre et maceriam transcendere
conantur. Paulum legiones Caesar quas pro vallo constituerat 25
promoverl iubet. Non minus qul intra mumtiones erant Galll
perturbantur , venlri ad se confestim exlstimantes ad arma
conclamant ; non nulll perterriti in oppidum inrumpunt. Ver-
cingetorix iubet portas claudi, ne castra nudentur. Multls
interfectls, compluribus equls captls GermanI sese recipiunt. 30

6. pari altitudinis fastigio : with summits of equal height. 8. ma-
ceriam: -wall. 13: excubitoribus: pickets,
R

242 THE GALLIC WAR VII

LXXI. Vercingetorix, priusquam mumtiones ab Romams
perficiantur, consilium capit omnem ab se equitattim noctu
diraittere. Discedentibus mandat ut suam quisque eorum
civitatem adeat omnisque qul per aetatem arma ferre possint
Sad bellum cogant; sua in illos merita proponit obtestaturque
ut suae salutis rationem habeant, neu se optime de commum
libertate meritum hostibus in cruciatum dedant. ~ Quod si
indiligentiores fuerint, milia hominum delecta LXXX una secum
interitiira demonstrat. ' Ratione inita frumentum se exigue

lodierum xxx habere, sed paulo etiam longius tolerari posse
parcendo.' His datls mandatis qua erat nostrum opus inter-
missum secunda vigilia silentio equitatum dimittit. Frumentum
omne ad se referrl iubet ; capitis poenam ils qul non paruerint
constituit ; pecus, cuius magna erat copia a Mandubiis com-

15 pulsa, viritim distribuit ; frumentum parce et paulatim metlri
Instituit ; copias omms quas pro oppido conlocaverat in oppidum
recipit. His rationibus auxilia Galliae exspectare et bellum
administrare parat.

Description of Caesar's works.

\

LXXII. Quibus rebus cognitls ex perfugls et captivis Caesar
20 haec genera munitionis Instituit. Fossam pedum xx derectis
lateribus duxit, ut eius fossae solum tantundem pateret quantum
summa labra distarent j reliquas omms mumtiones ab ea fossa
pedes cccc reduxit hoc consilio, quoniam tantum esset neces-
sario spatium complexus, nee facile totum opus corona militum
25 cingeretur, ne de improviso aut noctu ad mumtiones multitude
hostium advolaret aut interdiu tela in nostros open destinatos
conicere possent. Hoc intermisso spatio duas fossas xv pedes
latas eadem altitudine perduxit ; quarum interiorem campestri-
bus ac demissis locis aqua ex flumine derivata complevit Post

13. capitis: \.e.capital. 20. derectis : perpendicular. 21. solum:
bottom. tantundem : just as muck, i.e. the trench was as wide at the
bottom as at the top. 22. labra: edges (lips'). 24. corona: by a ring
(crown). 26. destinatos: detailed.

VII

A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL

243

eas aggerem ac vallum xn pedum exstruxit ; huic loncam pin-
nasque adiecit grandibus cervis eminentibus ad commissuras plu-
teorum atque aggeris, qui ascensum hostium tardarent, et turris
toto opere circumdedit, quae pedes LXXX inter se distarent.

LXXIII. Erat eodem tempore et materiari et frumentari et 5
tantas mumtiones fieri necesse deminutls nostris copils, quae

THE ROMAN WORKS AT ALESIA

longius a castris progrediebantur ; ac non numquam opera nostra
Galll temptare atque eruptionem ex oppido pluribus portis
sumtna vi facere conabantur. Quare ad haec rursus opera ad-
dendum Caesar putavit, quo minore numero militum rnunitiones 10
defend! possent. Itaque truncls arborum aut admodum firmls
ramis absclsis atque horum delibratis ac praeacutis caciimini-

i. loricam pinnasque: a parapet and battlements. 2. cervis:
forked branches or tops of trees (lit. stags, from the resemblance to their
antlers). pluteorum : i.e. the shields, or squares, of wattlework forming
the lorica. 12. delibratis: stripped of bark. cacuminibus : tops.

242 THE GALLIC WAR VII

LXXI. Vercingetorlx, priusquam mumtiones ab Romanis
perficiantur, consilium capit omnera ab se equitattim noctu
dimittere. Discedentibus mandat ut suam quisque eorum
civitatem ad eat omnlsque qul per aetatem arm a ferre possint
Sad bellum cogant ; sua in illos merita proponit obtestaturque
ut suae salutis ration em habeant, neu se optime de communi
libertate meritum hostibus in cruciatum dedant. Quod si
indiligentiores fuerint, milia hominum delecta LXXX una secum
interitura demonstrat. ' Ratione inita frumentum se exigue
lodierum xxx habere, sed paulo etiam longius tolerari posse
parcendo.' His datis raandatis qua erat nostrum opus inter-
missum secunda vigilia silentio equitatum dlmittit. Frumentum
omne ad se referri iubet ; capitis poenam ils qm non paruerint
constituit ; pecus, cuius magna erat copia a Mandubiis corn-
is pulsa, virltim distribuit ; frumentum parce et panlatim metlri
instituit ; copias omms quas pro oppido conlocaverat in oppidum
recipit. His rationibus auxilia Galliae exspectare et bellum
administrare parat.

Description of Caesar's works.

LXXI I. Quibus rebus cognitis ex perfugls et captivis Caesar
20 haec genera mumtionis instituit. Fossam pedum xx derectis
lateribus duxit, ut eius fossae solum tantundem pateret quantum
summa labra distarent ; reliquas omnis miinitiones ab ea fossa
pedes cccc reduxit hoc consilio, quoniam tantum esset neces-
sario spatium complexus, nee facile totum opus corona militum
25 cingeretur, ne de improviso ant noctu ad mumtiones multitudo
hostium advolaret aut interdiu tela in nostros open destinatos
conicere possent. Hoc intermisso spatio duas fossas xv pedes
latas eadem altitiidine perduxit ; quarum interiorem campestri-
bus ac demissls locis aqua ex flumine derivata complevit. Post

13. capitis: i.e. capital. 20. derectis : perpendicular. 21. solum:
bottom. tantundem: just as muck, i.e. the trench was as wide at the
bottom as at the top. 22. labra: edges (lips}. 24. corona: by a ring
(crown} . 26. destinatos : detailed.

VII

A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL

243

eas aggerem ac vallum xn pedum exstruxit ; huic loricam pin-
nasque adiecit grandibus cervis eminentibus ad commissuras plu-
teorum atque aggeris, qui ascensum hostium tardarent, et turns
toto opere circumdedit, quae pedes LXXX inter se distarent.

LXXIII. Erat eodem tempore et materiarl et frumentari et 5
tantas mumtiones fieri necesse deminutls nostris copiis, quae

THE ROMAN WORKS AT ALKSIA

longius a castris progrediebantur ; ac non numquam opera nostra
Galll temptare atque eruptionem ex oppido pluribus portls
summa vi facere conabantur. Quare ad haec riirsus opera ad-
dendum Caesar putavit, quo minore numero mllitum munitiones 10
defend! possent. Itaque truncls arborum aut admodum flrmls
ramis absclsls atque horum delibratis ac praeacutis caciimini-

I. loricam pinnasque: a parapet and battlements. 2. cervis:
forked branches or tops of trees (lit. stags, from the resemblance to their
antlers). pluteorum: i.e. the shields, or squares, of wattlework forming
the lorica. 12. delibratis: stripped of bark. cacuminibus : tops.

244 THE GALLIC WAR VII

bus perpetuae fossae qumos pedes altae ducebantur. Hue illi
stlpites demissi et ab infimo revincti, ne revelll possent, ab ramis
eminebant. Quim erant ordines, coniuncti inter se atque im-
plicati ; quo qul intraverant se ipsi acutissimls valhs Induebant.
5 Hos cippos appellabant. Ante hos obliquis ordinibus in quin-
cimcem dispositls scrobes in altitudinem trium pedum fpdieban-
tur paulatim angustiore ad mfimum fastlgio. Hue teretes stlpites
feminis crassitudine ab summo praeacuti et praeusti demitteban-
tur, ita ut non amplius digitis quattuor ex terra erninerent ;

losimul confirmandi et stabiliendl causa singuli ab Infimo solo
pedes terra exculcabantur, reliqua pars scrobis ad occultandas
Insidias vlrainibus ac virgultis integebatur. Hiiius generis octoni
ordines ductl ternos inter se pedes distabant. Id ex similitudine
floris lilium appellabant. Ante haec taleae pedem longae ferrels

15 hamis Infixis totae in terrain Infodiebantur mediocribusque
intermissis spatiis omnibus locis disserebantur ; quos stimulos
nominabant.

LXXIV. His rebus perfectis regiones secutus quam potuit
aequissimas pro loci natura, xini milia passuum complexus

20 pans eiusdem generis munitiones, drversas ab his, contra ex-
teriorem hostem perfecit, ut ne magna quidem multitudine
munitionum praesidia circumfundi possent ; ne autem cum pe-
riculo ex castris egredi cogatur, dierum xxx pabulum fru-
mentumque habere omms convectum iubet.

2. stipites: tree-trunks. ab ramis: -with their branches (only).
4. vallis: stakes. induebant: impaled. 5. cippos: gravestones,
or perhaps boimdary-posts. quinctmcem : the quincunx is an arrange-
ment like that of the jive of cards or dice. 6. scrobes -.pits. 7. fastigio:
slope. The sides were sloping, so that the bottom of the pits was smaller
than the top. teretes : round. 8. feminis : of a thigh. praeusti :
charred at the end. 10. singuli . . . exculcabantur : at the bottom
of each pit a foot was filled in with earth trampled solid (around the
stake). 12. octoni: eight in each place (where needed). 14. floris :
of the flower. lilium: a lily. taleae -.blocks. 15. hamis: hooks, or
barbed spikes. 16. disserebantur: were scattered (sowti) here and
there. stimulos : goads. 20. diversas : facing in the opposite direction.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 245

A Gallic army starts to the relief of Alesia. .

LXXV. Dum haec ad Alesiam geruntur, Galll concilio prin-
cipum indicto non omnis qui arma ferre possent, ut censuit
Vercingetorix, convocandos statuunt, sed certum numerum
cuique civitati imperandum, ne tanta multitudine confusa nee
moderari nee discernere suos nee frumentandi rationem habere 5
possent. Imperant Haeduis atque eorum clientibus, Segusiavis,
Ambivaretls, Aulercis Brannovicibus, milia xxxv; parem nu-
merum Arverms, adiunctis Eleutetis, Cadurcls, Gabalis,VellaviIs,
qui sub imperio Arvernorum esse consuerunt; Sequanis, Se-
nonibus, Biturigibus, Santonis, RutenTs, Carnutibus duodena 10
milia ; Bellovacis x ; totidem Lemovicibus ; octona Pictonibus
et TuronTs et Parlsiis et Helvetils; sena Andibus, Ambiams,
Mediomatricis, Petrocoriis, Nerviis, Morinis, Nitiobrogibus ; v
milia Aulercis Cenomams ; totidem Atrebatibus ; mi Velio-
cassis; Aulercis Eburovicibus in; Rauracis et Boils bma; xi$
universis civitatibus quae Oceanum attingunt quaeque eorum
consuetudine Arernoricae appellantur, quo sunt in numero Co-
riosolites, Redones, Ambibarii, Caletes, OsismI, Veneti, Lexovii,
Venelli. Ex his Bellovaci suum numerum non contulerunt,
quod se suo nomine atque arbitrio cum RomanTs bellum gestu- 20
ros dicerent neque cuiusquam imperio obtemperaturos ; rogati
tamen a Commio pr5 eius hospitio duo milia miserunt.

LXXVI. Huius opera Comrni, ut antea demonstravimus,
fidell atque utili superioribus annls erat usus in Britannia Caesar ;
pro quibus meritls civitatem. eius immunem esse iusserat, iuraas
legesque reddiderat, atque ipsi Morinos attribuerat. Tanta
tamen universae Galliae consensio fuit libertatis vindicandae et
pristinae belli laudis recuperandae ut neque beneficiis neque
amicitiae memoria moveretur, omnesque et animo et opibus in
id bellum incumberent. Coactls equitum milibus octo et pe- 30
ditum circiter CCL, haec in Haeduorum -finibus recensebantur

5. discernere: distinguish. 21. obtemperaturos: would obey.
25. immunem: free from tribute. 31. recensebantur: were re-
viewed.

246 THE GALLIC WAR VII

numerusque inlbatur, praefectl constituebantur ; Commio Atre-
bati, Viridomaro et Eporedorigl Haeduis, Vercassivellauno
Arverno, consobrino Vercingetorigis, summa imperi traditur.
His delect! ex clvitatibus attribuuntur, quorum consilio bellum
5 administraretur. Omnes alacres et fiduciae pleni ad Alesiam
proficlscuntur, neque erat omnium quisquam qui aspectum
modo tantae multitudinis sustineri posse arbitraretur, praesertim
ancipiti proelio, cum ex oppido eruptione pugnaretur, foris
tantae copiae equitatus peditatusque cernerentur.

A council of war is held in Alesia. The cruel proposal of Critognatus.

10 LXXVII. At ii qui Alesiae obsidebantur praeterita die qua
auxilia suorum exspectaverant, consumpto omni friimento
inscil quid in Haeduis gereretur concilio coacto de exitu suarum
fortunarum consultabant. Ac variis dictis sententiis, quarum
pars deditionem, pars, dum vires suppeterent, eruptionem cen-

15 sebat, non praetereunda oratio Critognati videtur propter eius
singularem et nefariam criidelitatem. Hie summo in Arvernis
ortus loco et magnae habitus auctoritatis, " Nihil," inquit, "de
eorum sententia dicturus sum qui turpissimam servitutem dedi-
tionis nomine appellant, neque hos habendos civium loco neque

20 ad concilium adhibendos censeo. Cum his mihi res est qui
eruptionem probant ; quorum in consilio omnium vestrum con-
sensu pristinae residere virtutis memoria videtur. Animi est
ista mollitia, non virtus, paulisper inopiam ferre non posse.
Qui se ultro mortl offerant facilius reperiuntur quam qui dolorem

25 patienter ferant. Atque ego hanc sententiam probarem (tan-
turn apud me dignitas potest), si nullam praeterquam vitae nos-
trae iacturam fieri viderem ; sed in consilio capiendo omiiem
Galliam respiciamus, quam ad nostrum auxilium concitavimus.
Quid hominum milibus LXXX uno loco interfectis propinquls

30 consanguinelsque nostrls animl fore exlstimatis, slpaene in ipsls

3. consobrino : cousin. 8. foris : outside. 22. residere : to linger.
26. praeterquam: except.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 247

cadaveribus proelio .decertare cogentur? Nolite hos vestro
auxilio exspoliare, qui vestrae salutis causa suum periculum neg-
lexerunt, nee stultitia ac temeritate vestra aut animl imbecil-
litate omnem Galliam prosternere et perpetuae servituti
subicere. An quod ad diem ndn venerunt, de eorum fide 5
constantiaque dubitatis ? Quid ergo ? Romanes in illis ulteri-
oribus mumtionibus animine causa cottldie exerceri putatis ? Si
illorum nuntiis confirmari non potestis omni aditu praesaepto,
his utimini testibus appropinquare eorum adventum ; cuius rei
timore exterriti diem noctemque in opere versantur. Quid ergo 10
mei consili est? Facere quod nostrl maiores nequaquam par!
bello Cimbrorum Teutonumque f ecerunt ; qui in oppida com-
pulsi ac simili inopia subacti eorum corporibus qui aetate ad
bellum inutiles videbantur vitam toleraverunt neque se hostibus
tradiderunt. Cuius rei si exemplum non haberemus, tamen 15
libertatis causa InstituI et posteris prodi pulcherrimum iudi-
carem. Nam quid ill! simile bello fuit? Depopulata Gallia
Cimbri magnaque inlata calamitate fmibus quidem nostris ali-
quando excesserunt atque alias terras petierunt, iura, leges,
agros, libertatem nobis reliquerunt. Roman! vero quid petunt 20
aliud aut quid volunt, nisi invidia adducti, quos fama nobilis
potentisque bello cognoverunt, horum in agris civitatibusque
consldere atque his aeternam iniungere servitutem? Neque
enim umquam alia condicione bella gesserunt. Quod si ea quae
in longinquls nationibus geruntur ignoratis, respicite finitimam 25
Galliam, quae in provinciam redacta, iure et legibus commutatls,
securibus subiecta perpetua premitur servitute."

LXXVIII. Sententils dictls constituunt ut ii qui valetudine
aut aetate inutiles sint bello oppido excedant, atque omnia
prius experiantur quam ad Critognati sententiam descendant ; 30
illo tamen potius utendum consilio, si res cogat atque auxilia
morentur, quam aut deditionis aut pads subeundam condi-

7. animi causa: for amusement. 8. praesaepto: blocked up.
27. securibus: to the axes (of the lictors, symbols of Roman power).
31. utendum: sc. esse; translate as if oportere ttti.

248 THE GALLIC WAR VII

cionera. Mandubil, qui eos oppido receperant, cum llberis at-
que uxoribus exfre coguntur. Hi cum ad mumtiones Roma-
norum accessissent, flentes omnibus precibus orabant ut se in
servitutem receptos cibo iuvarent. At Caesar dispositis in vallo
5 custodiis recipl prohibebat.

Arrival of the army of relief. Caesar repulses an attack upon his works.

LXXIX. Interea Commius reliqulque duces quibus summa
imperi permissa erat cum omnibus copiis ad Alesiam perveni-
unt, et colle exteriore occupato non longius mille passibus a
nostris mumtionibus consldunt. Postero die equitatu ex castrls

xoeducto omnem earn planitiem quam in longitudinem mllia
passuum tria patere demonstravimus complent, pedestrlsque
copias paulum ab e5 loco abductas in locls stiperioribus consti-
tuunt. Erat ex oppido Alesia despectus in campum. Concur-
runt his auxiliis visis ; fit gratulatio inter eos, atque omnium

isanimi ad laetitiam excitantur. Itaque productis copiis ante
oppidum consistunt, et proximam fossam cratibus integunt
atque aggere explent, seque ad eruptionem atque omms casus
comparant.

LXXX. Caesar omm exercitu ad utramque partem mumtio-

20 num disposito, ut si usus veniat, suum quisque locum teneat et
noverit, equitatum ex castrls educi et proelium committi iubet.
Erat ex omnibus castris, quae summum undique iugum tene-
bant, despectus, atque omnes mllites intentl pugnae proventum
exspectabant. Galli inter equites raros sagittarios expeditos-

asque levis armaturae interiecerant, qui suis cedentibus auxilio
succurrerent et nostrorum equitum impetus sustinerent. Ab
his complures de improviso vulneratT proelio excedebant. Cum
suos pugna superiores esse Galli confiderent et nostros multi-
tudine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus et ii qui mumtioni-

30 bus continebantur et ii qui ad auxilium convenerant clamore et
ululatu suorum animos confirmabant. Quod in conspectu om-

31. ululatu: yell.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 249

nium res gerebatur neque recte aut turpiter factum celari
poterat, utrosque et laudis cupiditas -et timor ignominiae ad
virtutem excitabat. Cum a meridie prope ad soils occasum
dubia victoria pugnaretur, German! una in parte confertls tur-
mis in hostls impetum lecerunt eosque propulerunt; quibus in 5
fugam coniectis sagittarii circumvent! interfectique sunt. Item
ex reliqms partibus nostrl cedentis usque ad castra Insecuti sul
conligendi facultatem non dederunt. At ii qui Alesia processe-
rant, maesti prope victoria desperata se in oppidum receperunt.

A second attack also is repulsed.

LXXXI. Uno die intermisso Galll atque hoc spatio magno 10
cratium, scalarum, harpagonum numero effecto media nocte si-
lentio ex castris egress! ad campestris mumtiones accedunt.
Subito clamore si\blato, qua s!gnificatione qui in oppido obside-
bantur de suo adventu cognoscere possent, cratis proicere,
fundis, sagittis, lapidibus nostros de vallo proturbare, reliqua- 15
que quae ad oppugnationem pertinent parant administrare.
Eodem tempore clamore exaudito dat tuba signum suis Ver-
cingetorix atque ex oppido educit. Nostrl, ut superioribus
diebus suus cuique erat locus attributus, ad mumtiones acce-
dunt ; fundis librilibus sudibusque, quas in opere disposuerant, 20
ac glandibus Gallos proterrent. Prospectu tenebris adempto
multa utrimque vulnera accipiuntur ; complura tormentis tela
coniciuntur. At M. Antonius et C. Trebonius legati, quibus
hae partes ad defendendum obvenerant, qua ex parte nostros
premi intellexerant, his auxilio ex ulterioribus castellis deduct5s 25
subnaittebant.

LXXXII. Dum longius a mumtione aberant Galll, plus mul-
titudine telorum proficiebant ; posteaquam propius successe-

9. maesti: sorrowful. n. scalarum: ladders. harpagonum:
hooks, like grappling-irons, for tearing clown walls. 20. fundis librilibus
sudibusque : with slings throwing stones of a pound -weight and with
stakes'^ 21. glandibus: leaden slugs (also thrown with slings). tene-
bris : by darkness.

250 THE GALLIC WAR VII

runt, aut se stimulis inopmantes induebant aut in scrobis delati
transfodiebantur aut ex vallo ac turribus traiectl pills muralibus
interibant. Multis undique vulneribus acceptls, nulla munitione
perrupta, cum lux appeteret, veriti ne ab latere aperto ex supe-

5 rioribus castris eruptione circumvenirentur, se ad suos recepe-
runt. At interiores dum ea quae a Vercingetorige ad eruptio-
nem praeparata erant proferunt, priores fossas explent, diutius
in his rebus administrandis morati prius suos discessisse cogno-
verunt quam mumtionibus appropinquarent. Ita re mfecta in

10 oppidum reverterunt.

Once more an attempt is made to break through Caesar's lines.

1 LXXXIII. Bis magno cum detrimento repulsi Galli quid
agant consulunt ; locorum peritos adhibent, ex his superiorum
castrorum situs munitionesque cognoscunt. Erat a septemtrio-
m'bus collis quem propter magnitudinem circuitus opere cir-

iscumplecti non potuerant nostri, necessarioque paene imquo
loco et leniter declM castra fecerant. Haec C. Antistius Re-
ginus et C. Canmius Rebilus legati cum duabus legionibus ob-
tinebant. Cognitis per exploratores regionibus duces hostium
LX mllia ex omm numero deligunt, earum civitatum quae max-

20 imam virtutis opinionem habebant; quid quoque pacto agi
placeat occulte inter se constituunt ; adeundl tempus definiunt
cum meridies esse videatur. His copiis Vercassivellaunum Ar-
vernum, unum ex quattuor ducibus, propinquum Vercingetori-
gis, praeficiunt. Ille ex castris prima vigilia egressus prope

25 confecto sub lucem itinere post montem se occultavit milites-
que ex nocturno labore sese reficere iussit. Cum iam meridies
appropinquare videretur, ad ea castra quae supra demonstravi-
mus contendit; eodemque tempore equitatus ad campestris
munltiones accedere et reliquae copiae pro castris sese osten-

30 dere coeperunt.

LXXXIV. Vercingetonx ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus ex

2. pills muralibus : wall-javelins. These were heavy, made to be
hurled from a wall. 20. quo pacto : in what way.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 251

oppido egreditur ; cratis, longurios, muralis falcls, reliquaque
quae eruptionis causa paraverat profert. Pugnatur uno tern-
pore omnibus locis atque omnia temptantur; quae minime visa
pars firma est, hue concurritur. Romanorum manus tantis
mumtionibus distinetur nee facile pluribus locjs occurrit. Mul- 5
turn ad terrendos nostros valet clamor qui post tergum pugnan-
tibus exsistit, quod suum periculum in alieha vident virtute
constare ; omnia enim plerumque quae absunt vehementius
hominum mentis perturbant.

Both sides fight despsrately, and the Romans are in great danger.

LXXXV. Caesar idoneum locum nactus quid quaque in parte 10
geratur cognoscit, laborantibus subsidium submittit. Utrisque
ad animum occurrit unum esse illud tempus quo maxime con-
tend! conveniat : Galli nisi perfregerint mumtiones, de omm
salute desperant ; Roman! si rem obtinuerint, finem laborum
omnium exspectant. Maxime ad superipres mun!tiones labora- 15
tur, quo Vercassivellaunum missum demonstravimus. Inlquum
loci ad decllvitatem fastigium magnum habet momentum.
Alii tela coniciunt, alii testudine facta subeunt; defatlgatls
invicem integri succedunt. Agger ab universls in munltionem
coniectus et ascensum dat Gallis et ea quae in terra occulta- 20
verant RomanI contegit ; nee iam arma nostris nee vires suppe-
tunt.

LXXXVI. His rebus cognitis Caesar Labienum cum cohorti-
bus sex subsidio laborantibus mittit. Imperat si sustinere non
possit, deductis cohortibus erupti5ne pugnet ; id nisi necessario 25
ne faciat. Ipse adit reliquos, cohortatur ne labor! succumbant ;
omnium superiorum dlmicationum fructum in eo die atque hora
docet consistere. Interiores desperatis campestribus locis
propter magnitudinem munltionum loca .praerupta ascensu
temptantj hue ea quae paraverant conferunt. Multitudine 30

I. muralis falcis: perhaps the same as the harpagones mentioned
in Chap. LXXXI. 17. momentum: importance; the Gauls were
higher on the hill than the Romans.

252 THE GALLIC WAR VII

telorum ex turribus propugnantls deturbant, aggere et cratibus
fossas explent, falcibus vallum ac loricara rescindunt.

LXXXVII. Mittit primum Brutum adulescentem cum cohor-
tibus Caesar, post cum aliis C. Fabium legatum ; postremo ipse,
5 cum vehementius pugnaretur, integros subsidio adducit. Re-
stituto proelio ac repulsis hostibus eo quo Labienum miserat
contendit ; cohortls quattuor ex proximo castello deducit,
equitum partemseseqm, partem circumire exteriores munltiones
et a tergo hostis adoriri iubet. Labienus, postquam neque
10 aggeres neque fossae vim hostium sustinere poterant, coactis xr
cohortibus, quas ex proximis praesidiis deductas fors obtulit,
Caesarem per nuntios facit certiorem quid faciendum existimet.
Accelerat Caesar, ut proelio intersit.

Finally the Gauls are utterly defeated, and Vercingetorix surrenders himself

to Caesar.

LXXXVIII. Eius adventu ex colore vestitus cognito, quo
15 Insigni in proeliis utT consuerat, turmlsque equitum et cohorti-
bus visls quas se sequi iusserat, ut de locis superioribus haec
declivia et devexa cernebantur, hostes proelium committunt.
Utrimque clamore sublato excipit rursus ex vallo atque omnibus
munltionibus clamor. Nostri emissis pills gladiis rem gerunt.
20 Repente post tergum equitatus cernitur ; cohortes aliae appro-
pinquant. Hostes terga vertunt ; fugientibus equites occurrunt.
Fit magna caedes. Sedulius, dux et princeps Lemovicum,
occiditur; Vercassivellaunus Arvernus vivus in fuga compre-
henditur; signa militaria LXXIIII ad Caesarem referuntur;
25 pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra recipiunt. Con-
spicati ex oppido caedem et fugam suorum desperata salute
copias a munltionibus reducunt. Fit protinus hac re audita
ex castrls Gallorum fuga. Quod nisi crebrls subsidiis ac totius
diel labore milites essent defessi, omnes hostium copiae deleri

14. colore vestitus: the purple color of his paludamentum.
16. haec . . . devexa: this sloping hillside; devexus means practically
the same as declivis.

VII A GENERAL UPRISING OF GAUL 253

potuissent. De media nocte missus equitatus novissimum
agmen consequitur; magnus numerus capitur atque interficitur,
reliquT ex fuga in civitates discedunt.

LXXXIX. Postero die Vercingetorix concilio convocato id
bellum se suscepisse n5n suarum necessitatum, sed communis 5
Hbertatis causa demonstrat ; et quoniam sit fortunae cedendum,
ad utramque rem se illis offerre, seu morte sua Romams satis-
facere seu vivum tradere velint. Mittuntur de his rebus ad
Caesarem legati. lubet arma tradi, prmcipes produci. Ipse
in munitione pro castris consldit ; eo duces producuntur. Ver- 10
cingetorix deditur, arma proiciuntur. Reservatis Haeduls atque
Arvernis, si per eos civitates recuperare posset, ex reliquis
captivis toti exercitui capita singula praedae nomine distribuit.

The troops are placed in winter quarters. A thanksgiving of twenty

days is appointed at Rome.

XC. His rebus confectis in Haeduos proficiscitur ; civitatem
recipit. E6 legati ab Arverms missi quae imperaret se facturos 15
pollicentur. Imperat magnum numerum obsidum. Legiones
in hiberna mittit. Captivorum circiter xx milia Haeduls
Arvermsque reddit. T. Labienum cum duabus legionibus et
equitatu in Sequanos proficisci iubet ; huic M. Sempronium
Rutilum attribuit. C. Fabium legatum et L. Minucium Basilum 20
cum legionibus duabus in Remls conlocat, ne quam a fmitimis
Bellovacis calamitatem accipiant. C. Antistium Regfnum in
Ambivaretos, T. Sextium in Bituriges, C. Caninium Rebilum in
Rutenos cum singulis legionibus mittit. Q. Tullium Ciceronem
et P. Sulpicium Cavillom et Matiscone in Haeduls ad Ararim 25
rei frumentariae causa conlocat. Ipse Bibracte hiemare con-
stituit. His rebus ex Caesaris litteris cognitls Romae dierum
xx supplicatio redditur.

28. redditur : sc. dis.

NOTES

The references are to the grammars of Allen and Greenough (A.), Bennett
(B.), Gildersleeve and Lodge (G.), Harkness (H.), and Hale and Buck
(HB.). References to the first edition of B. are added in parenthesis where it
differs from the revised edition. Most of the abbreviations will be easily
understood; but cf. (confer} =' compare,' and sc. (scilicet) ' understand,'
' supply."

BOOK I

CHAP. I. Line i . Gallia omnis : Gaul in the wider sense. PAGE
Transalpine Gaul is meant, exclusive of the Roman province 55

(provincia) . See Introd., p. 23, and the map of Gaul. In a
narrower sense Gallia meant the land of the Celtae, or Galli, of 1. 3.
est divisa: illustrates the adjective use of a participle. We
translate is divided. A. 495 ; B. 337 ; G.- 250. R. 2 ; H. 640. 3 ;
HB. 248. tris : for declension see the grammar. The student
should be sure that he knows the inflection of every inflected word
which he meets, and should early accustom himself to the use of the
index in his Latin grammar. unam : sc. partem.

2. incolunt: the passive would be more in conformity with
English idiom (one of which is inhabited by the Belgae) . aliam :
the regular succession is alter (second) , tertites (third). What are
the usual meanings of alius and alter? qui : rel. pron., implying
its own antecedent ; the third (part those inhabit) who are called.
ipsorum : the reflexive sua might have been expected, but Caesar
is speaking from the Roman point of view ; ipsorum is contrasted
with nostra, as if Caesar had said, ' They themselves use the name
Celtae, we call them Galli. 1 lingua: A. 409; B. 220. 3 ; G. 401 ;
H. 476; HB. 436. b.

3. lingua, institutis, legibus : in language, customs, (and)
laws. A. 418; B. 226; G. 397; H. 480; HB. 441.

4. inter se: from one another. A. 301. f; B. 245; G. 221;
H. 502. I ; HB. 266.

5. dividit : the verb is singular because the two rivers form a
single boundary-line from the upper course of the Marne to the
mouth of the Seine. See the map of Gaul. A. 317. b ; B. 255. 3 ;
G, 285. EXC. 2; H. 392. 4; HB. 331. 3. Notice the order of

255

256 NOTES I

PAGE words in this sentence. The emphatic word, as often, is placed first.
55 See A. 596, 597, and the translation of this chapter there given ;

B. 348, 349; G. 672. 2. a, 674. RULE I ; H. 664, 665. I ; HB. 623,
625. Horum omnium: partitive gen., or gen. of the whole. A.
346. 2; B. 201. i; G. 372; H. 442; HB. 346 These words, re-
ferring back to the previous sentence, are placed in a prominent
position.

6. a cultu : A. 402 ; B. 214; G. 390. i. 2. N. i ; H. 461, 462. i ;
HB. 408. cultu . . . provinciae : civilization and refinement of
the province, i.e. the province, in which are civilization and refinement.
See Introd., p. 23. The name provincia gives the modern Pro-
vence.

7. minime saepe : least often, i.e. very seldom. The force of
miniine saepe extends to important. We should be likely to say,
'Traders very seldom come, bringing in those things.'

8. mercatores : these were traveling traders, or peddlers, chiefly
from the province. Starting from seaports, as Massilia, they would
naturally trade mostly in southern and central Gaul, though they
went as far as Germany and Britain. ad effeminandos animos :
to character being weakened, to weaken character', effeminandos
is a gerundive agreeing with animos, which is used with ad. Dis-
tinguish carefully between the gerundive, a participle, and the gerund,
a noun. A. 503, 506 ; B. 338. 3, 339. 1.2; G. 427, 432 ; H. 623, 628 ;
HB. 609, 612. III.

9. proximi: how is this compared? Germanis : dat. with
proximi. The accusative might have been used. A. 384, 432. a;
B. 192. i, 141. 3; G. 359. N. i ; H. 434. 2, 435. 2; HB. 362. Ill,
380. b.

10. trans Rhenum : the Rhine was considered the boundary
between Gaul and Germany, yet migrations across the river were fre-
quent. quibuscum : for cum as enclitic see A. 150. d ; B. 142. 4;
G. 413. R. i ; H. 182. 2 ; HB. 418. a.

u. Qua de causa: and for this (same) reason, i.e. that of
nearness to the Germans. A. 308. f ; B. 251. 6; G. 610. R. i ; H.
510; HB. 284. 8. quoque: also, i.e. as well as the Belgae.
Quoque always follows the word which it emphasizes. reliquos :
the rest of. A. 293 ; B. 253. 5 ; G. 291. R. 2 ; H. 497. 4 ; HB.
279. i. b. virtute : in valor ; abl. of specification, or respect.
praecedunt : not all verbs compounded with prae take the dative.

12. proeliis: abl. of means, but trans, in battles.

13. cum . . . prohibent . . . gerunt: temporal clauses, almost
equivalent in meaning to participles (either keeping them away . . .

I THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAUL 257

or themselves making war). Notice that suis and ipsi refer to the PACK
subject, Helvetii, while eos and eorum refer to the Germans. suis 55

finibus : abl. of separation.

14. Eorum : the inhabitants of Gallia omnis, the people being
mentioned instead of the land ; so Belgae is used for Belgium in 1.
1 8 below. quam : rel. pron., obj. oiobtinere, of which Gallos is the
subject. The three words form a clause in indirect discourse, and
this clause is subject of dictum est. The direct form of the quotation
would be quam Galli obtinent. A. 579, 580; B. 331.! ; G. 508.2,
343. 2; H. 641, 642; HB. 533, 534. i. obtinere : does not mean
obtain, but hold (against opposition, active or potential). Latin
words are often not to be translated by their English derivatives.

15. initium capit a: begins at.

1 6. flumine, Oceano, finibus : notice the asyndeton (absence of
connectives), and cf. lingua, institutis,legibus, 1. 3.

17. ab Sequanis : i.e. on the side where the Sequani live. A.
429. b ; G. 390. 2. N. 6 ; H. 485. 4 ; HB. 406. 2. What prepositions
are used with the ablative? septemtriones : north. Notice the
singular in 1. 19. The word (lit. seven plow-oxen) designates the
seven prominent stars of the constellation Ursa Major, the ' Great
Bear,' 'Dipper,' or 'Charles's Wain.'

1 8. ab finibus oriuntmr : cf. a flumine Rhodano, 1. 15 ; oriuntur
is equivalent to initium capiunt. What are its principal parts?
What name is given to verbs which have mostly passive forms, but
active meaning ? extremis : farthest from the province. G-alliae :
the region inhabited by the Celtae. What rivers formed its northern
boundary?

19. inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni: we usually say 'the
lower Rhine.' spectant in septemtrionem et orientem solem :
lie towards the north and east, i.e. northeast (from the province).

21. ad Hispaniam : near Spain. What is this ' part of the
ocean ' now called ?

This chapter serves to introduce us to the people with whom
Caesar fought, and to their country. In Bk. VI Caesar gives a
somewhat detailed account of the Gallic race. The student should
now read Introd., pp. 21-29.

II. 23. nobilissimus : of highest rank. ditissimus : sup. of
dives.

24. Orgetorix: besides proper names, only a few words of the
languages of ancient Gaul survive- The names are usually signifi-
cant. The termination -rix is frequently found, and means ' king '
(Latin rex). Orgetorix means ' king-of-the-killers.' M. : read
s

258 NOTES I

PAGE this Marco. M. Messala . . . consulibus : in the consulship of

55 Marcus Messala and Marcus Peso, i.e. 61 B.C., three years before the
outbreak of the Gallic War. A. 419. a, 424. g ; B. 227. i ; G. 409 ;
H. 489; HB. 421, 661. i. The year was regularly expressed in this
way. regiii : obj. gen., depending on ctipiditate. A. 348 ; B. 200 ;
G. 363. 2 ; H. 440. 2 ; HB. 354.

56 i. nobilitatis : of the nobles (lit. nobility) ; abstract noun used in
a collective sense, as often in English. In most of the states of
Gaul the kings had been overthrown and the prerogatives of the
old nobility curtailed. But to one who was able to put himself at
the head of a mercenary force the field was open for an attempt to
overthrow the elective magistrates and become king in fact, if not
in name. Cf. Bk. II, Chap. I. civitati: A. 367; B. 187. II. a;
G. 346; H. 426. 2 ; HB. 362. I.

2. ut . . . exirent : A. 563 ; B. 295. i ; G. 546. i ; H. 565 ;
HB. 502. 3. a. Notice how the English idiom differs from the
Latin. In English we say, ' He persuades me to do this ' ; the Latin
says, ' He persuades (makes acceptable) to me that I do this.' Per-,
suadeo is from the root of suavis, sweet. Why is exirent plural ?
cum omnibus copiis : i.e. ' bag and baggage.' This was to be a
migration of the whole people, but yet, as Caesar represents it, it was
for purposes of conquest. The Helvetii were to become masters of
Gaul.

3. perfacile: what is the force of per? esse : inf. in ind.
disc., depending on the idea of saying in persuasit. .A. 580. a; B.
314. 2 ; G. 652. R. 2 ; H. 642. I ; HB. 589. a. The subject of esse is
the infinitive potiri. A. 452 ; B. 327. I ; G. 421 ; H. 609. i ; HB.
585. Since an infinitive used substantively is neuter, the predicate
adjective perfacile is also neuter. Trans, that it was -very easy
to get the sovereignty of the whole of Gaul. omnibus: A. 370;
B. 187. Ill; G. 347; H. 429; HB. 376. praestarent: A. 549;
B. 286. 2; G. 586; H. 598; HB. 526. The tense is imperfect be-
cause the clause takes its time from persuasit, a secondary, or his-
torical, tense. A. 482, 483 ; B. 258, 267. 1.2; G. 225, 509 ; H. 198,
543; HB. 476. totius Galliae: obj. gen.

4. imperio: A. 410; B. 218. i ; G. 407; H. 477. I; HB. 429.
Id: dir. obj. of persuasit (Jie persuaded them of this, lit. made this
acceptable to them). hoc facilius : the more easily, lit. more easily
by this ; hoc is abl. of degree, or measure, of difference, but hardly
differs here from abl. of cause. A. 414. N. ; B. 223 ; G. 403 ; H. 479. i ;
HB. 424. a.

5. loci natura: i.e. by natural boundaries, or obstacles; ex-

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 259

plained by the ablatives fliimine Rheno, monte lura, etc. How does PAGE
the plural Q{ locus differ in gender from the singular? continentur : 56

are shut zn, lit. are held together- una ex parte : on one side.
Notice the Latin idiom, and see note on ab Sequanis, p. 55, 1. 17.
For the order of the words (adj.. prep., noun) see A. 599. d ; B.
350. 7. b ; G. 678. R. 2 ; H. 671. 5 ; HB. 627. 4.

6. latissimo : very wide, not widest. qtii : does this pronoun
take its gender from flumine or from Rheno?

7. altera : see note on aliam, p. 55, 1. 2.

9. provinciam nostram : the part which the Allobroges inhab-
ited. See the map of Gaul. His rebus fiebat ut . . . possent :
so (lit. because of these things') it was coming about that they both
roamed less widely (than they wished) and could less easily wage
war upon their neighbors. Observe faak fiebat is imperfect, and see
the grammar for the difference in meaning between the perfect and
the imperfect tense. The subject of fiebat is ut . . . vagarentvtr
. . . possent. In Latin, as in other languages, a clause may be used
as a noun. Such a clause is called a substantive clause. The
subject of a verb is often obscured in English by the little word 'it.'
In this sentence, to find the real subject -of fiebat (it was coming
about), ask yourself what was coming about. For the mood of
vagarentnr and possent see A. 569. 2 ; B. 297. 2 ; G. 553. 3 ;
H. 571. i ; HB. 521. 3. a.

10. finitimis : for the case see note on omnibus, 1. 3.

1 1 . qua ex parte : and in this respect. Cf. una ex parte, 1. 5 .

The Helvetii were distressed on their military side. homines : not

subject, but in predicate apposition with the subject (being men

fond of warring}. bellandi: gerund; obj. gen., depending on

' czipidi. A. 504, 349. a; B. 338. i..b, 204. i ; G. 428, 374; H. 626,

451. i; HB. 612. I, 354.

12. Pro multitudine hominum angustos : (too) narrow for
the mimber of their people (lit. narrow in proportion to) . Their
number is given as 263,000.

13. gloria . . . fortitudinis : renown for bravery in war, lit.
renown of war and bravery. se habere: ind. disc.; the direct
form would be nos habemus.

14. in longitudinem : in length. Notice that in this idiom the
accusative is used with in. What prepositions are used with both
accusative and ablative? milia passuum : miles, lit. tfwusands of
paces. The passus, a double step, was five Roman feet. The mile,
5000 Roman feet, was equal to about 4854 feet, modern measure.
For case of milia see A. 425; B. 181. i; G. 335; H. 417; HB.

260 NOTES I

PAGE 387. I. Observe that it is a noun, and learn from the grammar the
56 use of the singular, mille.

15. CCXL : read this ducenta (not ducenti^ for it agrees with milia)
quadraginta. The student should always carefully consult his
grammar, whenever he is in doubt as to the Latin form of a nu-
meral for which characters are used in the text. CLXXX : to bring
this more nearly into accord with the fact, it has been conjec-
tured that Caesar wrote in latitudinem LXXX (instead of CLXXX) .
How do the dimensions given compare with those of modern
Switzerland? The pressure of the Germans no doubt influenced
the Helvetii in forming their decision to migrate. Read Introd.,
pp. 6-8.

III. 1 6. His rebus : the special meaning of res must be ob-
tained from its context. Here it is reason^ or cause.

17. ea: obj. of comparare. quae . . . pertinerent: which
were necessary (lit. tended) to their departure. The subjunctive is
used because the sentence represents the thought of the Helvetii.
A. 592. 3; B. 323; G. 628; H. 649. i ; HB. 535. i. a. proficis-
cendum: A. 506; B. 338. 3; G. 432; H. 628; HB. 612. III.
comparare : depends on constituerunt . A. 456 ; B. 328. I ; G.
423. 1.2; H. 607 ; HB. 586. a.

18. quam maximum: as great as possible. A. 291. c; B.
240. 3; G. 303. R. i ; H. 159. 2; HB. 241. 4.

19. ut . . . suppeteret: a clause of purpose, or final clause, de-
pending on sementis facer e ; that a supply of grain might be on hand.
A- 53> S3 1 - i; B. 282. i; G. 544, 5455 H. 568; HB. 502. 2.

21. Ad eas res conficiendas : for completing these prepara-
tions. A. 506. N. 2; B. 339. 2; G. 427; H. 628; HB. 613. i.

22. in tertium annum : for the third year.

23. confirmant: historical present, nearly equivalent to a his-
torical perfect; not like the presents of Chap. I. Presents of this
kind are much more common in Latin than in English, and should
therefore usually be translated by the past tense. A. 469 ; B. 259. 3 ;
G. 229; H. 532. 3; HB. 491. I.

25. multos annos : A. 423; B. 181. i ; G. 336; H. 417; HB.

387- II.

26. amicus : this appellation, given by the Roman senate, was
eagerly sought by foreign princes, and was (says Caesar in Chap.
XLIII) generally given for great services.

27. ut . . . occuparet : depends on persuadet. See note on
ut . . . exirent, 1. 2. For tense see A. 485. e; B. 268. 3; G.
511. R. i ; H. 546; HB. 491. 2.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 261

28. Dumnorigi: depends on perstiadet, p. 57, 1. i. Dumnorixwas PAGE
bitterly hostile to Caesar and the Romans. His elder brother, the 56
druid Diviciacus, was, on the other hand, an admirer of the Romans,

a friend of Cicero, and an efficient helper of Caesar. See Introd.,
p. 7. For the fate of Dumnorix see Bk. V, Chaps. VI and VII.
qui : its antecedent is Dumnorigi.

29. eo tempore : A. 423. i ; B. 230 ; G. 393 ; H. 486 ; HE. 439.
principatum : leadership, not as a magistrate, but as a man of
great personal influence. maxime : especially. For the positive
of this word multum or magnopere is used.

2. Perfacile f actu : (a) very easy (thing) to do. A. 510; B. 57
340. 2; 0.436; H. 635.1; HB. 619. i. esse: inf. in ind. disc. ; its
subject is conata perficere. conata : a participle used as a noun,

neut. pi. In the singular the masculine noun conatus, -us, is used.

3. obtenturus esset : subjunctive of the first, or active, peri-
phrastic conjugation, representing a future of the direct discourse.

A. 194. a, 580 ; B. 269. 3, 314. I ; G. 514, 515, 508. 2 ; H. 541. N. I,
643 ; HB. 470. 4. a, 534. 2.

4. quiii plurimurn Helvetii possent : that the Helvetii were the
most powerful. For plurimum see A. 390. c; B. 176. 2. b ; G. 334;
H. 409. i ; HB. 387. III. For the form of the clause see A. 558. a;

B. 298 ; G. 555. 2; H. 594. II, 595. i ; HB. 521.3. b. This whole pas- ^
sage in direct discourse would run as follows : Perfacile factii, est
conata perficere, propterea quod (ego} meaecivitatistmperium obtineboj

non est dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possint ; (ego)
meis copiis meoqrie exercitu vobis regna conciliabo,

5. copiis : here resources, not troops.

6. confirmat : notice the three different meanings blconfirmo in
this chapter.

7. regno occupato . . . sperant : they hope that having seized
(or when they have seized} royal power they can, through the three very
powerful and strong nations, get possession of the whole of Gaul.
The three nations are, of course, the Helvetii, Sequani, and Haedui.
For regno occupato see A. 420 ; B. 227. 2 ; G. 410, 664 ; H. 489. i ;
HB. 421.

8. totius Galliae : A. 410. a ; B. 212. 2 ; G. 407. d ; H. 477. 1. 3 ;
HB. 353. What case does potior usually take? posse: possum
has no future infinitive, but the present often has a future implica-
tion. A future infinitive is regularly used with spero.

Reread Chaps. I-III, observing tenses of the indicative. Notice
that the story is told by perfects and historical presents. Details are
filled in by imperfects, which describe rather than narrate.

262 NOTES I

PAGE IV. 9. per indicium: through informers (lit. information).

57 Moribus suis : according to their custom. A. 418. a; B. 220. 3 ;

G. 397; H. 475.3; HB. 414.

10. ex vinculis : we should say in chains, but the pleading comes,
so to speak, from within the chains. coegeruut : the Helvetii were
very willing to become masters of Gaul, but were not ready to give
supreme power into the hands of Orgetorix. damnatum . . . opor-
tebat: it must needs be that the famishment follow (i.e. be inflicted
oil) him (if) condemned. What is the subject of oportebat?

11. ut igni cremaretur : a substantive clause in apposition with
poenam. Die . . . dictionis : on the day set for the pleading of his
caitse ; die is abl. of time. For its gender see A. 97. a ; 6.53; G. 64 ;
H. 135 ; HB. 101. The genitive dictionis depends on die, and
causae is obj. gen., depending on dictionis. See note on regni, p. 55,
1. 24.

13. familiam : the usual meaning is household, particularly slaves.
Perhaps here it means clansmen, though it is not certain that the clan
system prevailed in Gaul at this time. ad ... decem : to (the
number of} i 0,000 men.

14. obaeratos : many of the common people, either through
poverty or through debt, gave themselves up to the service of a
powerful lord, becoming nearly the same as slaves.

15. eodem: the adverb. per eos . . . eripuit: by means of
these he escaped being tried. What literally ? What prepositions
take the accusative only? The. high-handed action of Orgetorix
apparently led to rioting and almost to civil war. ne diceret:
A. 558. b; B. 295. 3; G. 548; H. 566; HB. 502. 3. b.

1 6. ius . . . conaretur: was trying to enforce its right, i.e. the
right to bring criminals to account. For the mood of conaretur see
A. 546; B. 288. i ; G. 585 ; H. 600. II. r; HB. 524.

17. multitudinem : hasty levies. The power of the magistrates
was military as well as civil.

19. ut arbitrantur : the beginner should notice that ut here is
followed by the indicative, and cannot, therefore, mean that, in
order that, or so that. With the indicative ut usually means either
as or when. quin . . . consciverit : that he himself decreed
death to himself, i.e. committed suicide. A. 558 ; B. 298 ; G. 555. 2 ;
H. 595. i ; HB. 521. 3. b. ipse : A. 298. f ; B. 249. 2 ; G. 311. 2 ;
H. 509. i ; HB. 268.

V. 20. nihilo minus : nevertheless (less by nothing).

21. ut . . . exeant: a substantive clause explaining id qiiod
constituerant. A. 563 ; B. 295. 4; G. 546; H. 565 ; HB. 502. 3. a.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 263

The fact that the Helvetii persisted in their determination shows PAGE
that there were real reasons for their migration. See note on p. 56, 57

1. 15, at the end. Ubi: when. A. 543; B. 287. i; G. 561; H.
602 ; HB. 557.

22. oppida, vicos, privata aedificia : fortified towns, milages
(not fortified), isolated houses.

23. numero : abl. of specification, or respect. reliqua : besides,
not here the rest of.

24. secum: A. 144. N. i ; B. 142. 4; G. 413. R. I ; H. 175. 7;
HB. 418. a.

25. portaturi erant: were going to carry. ut . . . essent:
a clause of purpose. domum : A. 427. 2 ; B. 182. i. b.; G. 337 ; H.
419. i ; HB. 450. b. reditionis : the gerund redeundi \~mg\\\. have
stood in place of this. sublata : see tollo in Vocab.

26. subeunda : see note on ad eas res conficiendas, p. 56, 1. 21.
trium mensium : for three months. A. 345. b; B. 203. 2; G.
365. R. 2; H. 440. 3 ; HB. 355. The number of the Helvetii and their
allies is given as 368,000. Estimating the supply of flour at only
one pound per day for each person, we should have a sum total of
more than 16,000 tons. An immense number of animals and wagons
would be required to transport this great quantity of food, with the
other baggage, and progress on the march would be necessarily slow.

27. sibi : A. 376 ; B. 188. i ; G. 350. 2 ; H. 425. 2 ; HB. 366.
quemque : from quisque. domo : A. 93, 427. I ; B. 49. 4, 229. I . b ;
G. 61. R. 2, 390. 2; H. 133. i, 462. 4: HB. 97. 5, 451. a. efferre:
A. 563. a; B. 331. II; G. 423. N. 6; H. 565. 3; HB. 587. b.

28. usi : having adopted, from ntor. But the idiomatic rendering
is persuade to adopt, burn, and set out.

29. cum iis : secwn might have been used as an indirect reflexive,
but there would have been ambiguity, since suis refers to the subject
of proficiscantur. A. 300. b ; B. 244. II ; G. 521. N. 3 ; H. 504. 3 ;
HB. 262. 2.

30. Boios : -the name of this tribe survives in the name Bohemia.
They had probably been driven south by the advance of the Ger-
mans. There was a tribe of Boii in Cisalpine Gaul, probably kin-
dred to these. See Introd., pp. 2, 3.

i. Noreiam : identified with the modern Neumarkt, in Styria. 58

Near this town, in 113 B.C., the Cimbri defeated the Romans. See
Introd., p. 5. oppugnarant: for oppngnaverant. A. 181. a; B.
116. i; G. 131. i; H. 238; HB. 163. i. receptos : agrees with
Boios, which is object oiasciscunt. A. 496. N. 2 ; B. 337. 5 (336. 3) ;
G. 664. R. i ; H. 639; HB. 604. i. We may translate the sentence

264 NOTES I

PAGE the Boii, who had, etc., they receive to themselves and adopt (lit. join
58 to themselves) as allies. The dative sibi depends on asciscunt, while

ad se depends on receptos.

VI. 3. Erant : there were. quibus itineribus : A. 429. a ;
B. 218. 9; G. 389; H. 476; HB. 426. Notice the repetition of the
antecedent in the relative clause, but do not imitate it in translation.

4. posseut : subj. of characteristic. There may have been many
roads, but there were only two so situated, or of such a kind, that
they could use them. A. 535; B. 283. 2; G. 631. i ; H. 591. 5;
HB. 521. i. The Helvetii could, no doubt, have marched north-
ward ; but that would not have suited their purpose, and would have
brought them into collision with the Germans. unum : sc. iter.
This ran westward along the right bank of the Rhone. The
student while following the story should make constant use of the
maps in this book.

5. qua : the adverb.

6. ducerentur: A. 537. 2; B. 284. 2; G. 631. i ; H. 591. 2;
HB. 517. 2. The way was so narrow and difficult that only with
great trouble could wagons be hauled over it one by one (in single
file). A railway now follows this route from Geneva. The narrow
part, where the Jura approaches the river, is called the Pas de
I'^cluse. ut . . . possent : a clause of result.

8. alterum : the other. The Helvetii wished to follow this route,
crossing to the left bank of the Rhone and passing through the
territory of the Allobroges, just south of the river.

9. facilius : the difficulty of reaching western Gaul through the
CeVennes Mountains would, however, have been considerable. .

12. pacati erant : by the Romans. See Introd., p. 6.

14. non nullis: A. 326. a; B. 347.2; G. 449. 4; H. 656. i ;
HB. 298. 2. locis: A. 429. i; B. 228. i. b; G. 385. N. i;
H. 485. 2; HB. 436. vado : in Caesar's time the Rhone seems
to have been fordable in more places than now.

15. Extremum: how is this compared?

17. persuasuros : sc. esse, which is often omitted in the future
active and perfect passive infinitives.

18. bono animo : well-disposed, of good feeling. A. 415; 6.224;
G. 400; H. 473. 2; HB. 443. viderentur : account for the mood
and tense ; notice that existimabant is the main verb of the sentence.

19. eos : cf. cum Us, p. 57, 1. 29, and see the note. ire: A. 563. c;
B. 295. 2. N. ; G. 553. 2. N. ; H. 614; HB. 587. paterentur: a
substantive clause, object of both persuasuros and coacturos. The
direct form of this sentence would be Allobrogibus (nos) vel

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 265

persuadebimus, quod nondum . . . videntur, vel vi cogemits ut per PAGE
suos finis nos ire patiantur. 58

20. Omnibus rebus comparatis : may be translated by a clause
beginning with when or cffter. A. 420. I ; B. 227. 2. a ; G. 665 ;
1^.489. i ; HB. 421. 3.

21. qua die : notice the gender, and cf. is dies below. See note
on p. 57, 1. ii. For the repetition of the antecedent cf. quibus
itineribus, 1. 3, and see A. 307. a; B. 251. 3; G. 615; H. 399. i;
HB. 284. 4. conveniant: A. 531. 2; B. 282. 2; G. 630; H. 590;
HB. 502. i.

22. ante . . . Aprilis : an idiomatic expression, equivalent
here to quintus dies ante Kalendas Aprilis. The nominal date
is March 28, 58 B.C. (found by counting backward 5 days, be-
ginning with April i); but, as the calendar was in a very con-
fused state, authorities differ nearly a month in their estimates of the
real date. The estimate of the famous astronomer Leverrier is
March 24, the date of the spring equinox of that year. L. Fisone:
Caesars father-in-law.

VII. 24. Caesari : emphatic position ; depends on nnntiatum
esset. id : explained by the clause eos . . . conari.

25. ab urbe: i.e. from Rome. See Introd., p. 12. quam
maximis : see note on quam maximum, p. 56, 1. 18; potest might
have been omitted. Caesar is said to have made the journey from
Rome to Geneva at the rate of about ninety miles a day.

26. itineribus : the plural refers to the successive stages of the
journey.

27. ad Grenavam: before Geneva. A. 428. a; B. 182. 3; G.
337. R. 4; H.4i8. 4; HB.453- 1. Provinciae . . . imperat: he
levies upon the whole province as great a number of soldiers as possible.

29. legio una: probably the tenth, Caesar's favorite legion.
See Introd., pp. 31 and 36. ad G-enavam : at Geneva. A. 428. d ;
B. 182. 3; G. 386. R. 2; HB. 453. I. TTbi . . . facti sunt :
when the Helvetii were informed (lit. were made more certain) of
his arrival. For mood of facti sunt see note on ubi, p. 57, 1. 21.

32. qui dicerent : to say. Why is dicer ent subjunctive ? sibi
esse in anirno : that they purposed (Jiad it in mind}. What had
they in mind ? The answer, iter facere, gives the subject of esse.
For sibi see A. 373 ; B. 190 ; G. 349 ; H. 430 ; HB. 374.

1. ullo: A. 311; B. 252. 4; G. 317. i ; H. 513 ; HB. 276. 7. 59

2. propterea quod . . . nullum : because they had no other
way. There is strong emphasis on nulhtm, as is indicated by its
unusual position. We might say in English becaiise other way they

266 NOTES I

PAGE had none. Why is haberent subjunctive ? rogare : sc. se as
59 subject ; in the direct form rogamus. The object of rogare is the

substantive clause^?// . . . liceat. eius voluntate : "with his con-
sent (willingness}. '

3. liceat: for tense see A. 485. e; B. 268. 3 ; 0.509. a; 11.546;
HB. 491. 2. Notice that the main verb of the sentence is mittunt,
and that the subordinate verbs dicerent and haberent are in a second-
ary tense.

4. occisum : sc. esse. The killing of Cassius took place in 107
B.C. See Introd., p. 5.

5. sub iugum : cf. English < subjugate.' Two spears were stuck
into the ground and a third was fastened across their tops. Under
this 'yoke 1 the captured soldiers, laying aside their arms and their
outer garments, were compelled to pass in token of defeat and humil-
iation. concedeudum: sc.esse; impersonal use. Trans, thought
permission ought not to be granted, lit. thought it was not to be
yielded. Consult the grammar regarding the second (or passive)
periphrastic conjugation of verbs.

6. inimico animo : cf. bono <z;zz>;/0, p. 58, 1. 18. data facul-
tate : abl. abs., expressing a condition, if the opportunity were
given.

7. faciendi : gerundive, agreeing with itineris. A. 503, 504 ; B.
339. i ; G. 427, 428; H. 623, 626; HB. 612. I, 613.

8. ut . . . posset: gives the purpose of Caesar's temporizing
reply. dum': until. A. 553 ; B. 293. III. 2 ; G. 572 ; H. 603. II. 2 ;
HB. 507. 5.

9. diem : not a day. See Vocab.

10. quid: anything. A. 310. a; B. 252. i; G. 107. i. R. ; H.
1 86; HB. 276. I. ad Idus Aprilis: on April fj; but see note
on p. 58, 1. 22.

ir. reverterentur : let them return. A. 588 ; 6.316; 0.652;
H. 642 ; HB. 534. 2. Caesar's words in direct form would be : Diem
addeliberandum sumam; si quid vultis, ad Idus Aprilis revertimini.

VIII. 12. militibus : the new levies. Notice the construction.
The soldiers are regarded as instruments in the hands of the
general.

13. lacu : what is the ablative plural ?

14. influit : the Rhone flows into the lake at one end and out at
the other. ad montem luram: Caesar's works were on the left,
or southern, bank of the Rhone. They were constructed to the
point where the Jura range, approaching the right bank, leaves the
narrow pass mentioned in Chap. VI.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 267

15. Helvetiis: i.e. Helvetiorum finibus. milia: see note on
milia passmtm, p. 56, 1. 14. The accusative depends on perducit,
and denotes extent of space.

1 6. pedum sedecim the height is regarded as a quality, or
characteristic, of the wall. A. 425. a; B. 203. 2 ; G. 365. R. 2 ; H.
440. 3; HB. 355. Caesar's barricade was not continuous, but was
built only where the nature of the ground rendered it necessary. For
five sixths of the entire distance the bank of the river is so steep
that no defenses were needed. Where the slope was gentler, the
bank was cut down perpendicularly, or nearly so, to the distance of
sixteen feet from the top. The earth was thrown out to the side
towards the river; this produced the effect of a trench. See the
plan, p. 59.

17. castella: little fortresses^ or redoiibts, serving as rallying-
places for the soldiers. See the illustration on p. 107. quo facilius
posset : in order that (lit. by which} more easily he might be able.
A. 531. a; B. 282. i. a; G. 545. 2; H. 568. 7; HB. 502. 2. b.
For tense of posset see note on tit . . . occuparet, p. 56, 1. 27.

18. conarentur : A. 593; B. 324. i ; G. 663. i ; H. 652; HB.
539. ea dies: the Ides of April; seel. 10.

19. reverterunt: in tenses from the present stem this verb is
usually deponent, revertor, reverti.

20. negat se posse : says that he cannot. Nego is regularly
used instead of dico . . . nan. more: see note on moribns sm's,
p. 57; 1.9. iter : i.e. permission to go.

21. ulli: here equivalent to cuiqnam. Notice that both quis-
qtiam and iillus are regularly used only in negative sentences, or
sentences implying a negative. See note on nllo, 1. 1. conentur :
subj. of ind. disc. Caesar probably said Si vim facere conabimini,
prohibebo. A. 516. i.a; B. 302. i ; G. 595 ; H. 574; HB. 579. a.
prohibiturtim : \.e.seprohibiturumesse.

22. ea spe deiecti: disappointed in this hope, lit. cast down
from (cf. English 'downcast 1 ) this hope. A. 402; B. 214; G.
390. 2. N. i ; H. 462. i ; HB. 408. 2. navibus iunctis : abl. abs.,
expressing means.

I. alii vadis : we might have expected an alii before navibus ;
i.e. some tried to cross by bridges of boats and by rafts, others by
fording at the shallow places. But the omission indicates that only
a few tried to ford the river, while the main body tried to cross in
the other ways. The word alii is in partitive apposition with Helveta.
A. 282. a ; B. 169. 5; G. 322; H. 393. 4; HB. 319. I. a. qua:
the adverb.

268 NOTES I

PAGE 2. noctu : an adverb.

60 3. si ... conati : having tried (to see) 'whether they could force

their way through. A. 576. a, 574; B. 300. 3; G. 460. I. 5,467;
H. 649. II. 3 ; HB. 582. 2. a. b.

4. conatu : see notes on ea spe deiecti, p. 59, 1. 22, and conata,
p. 57, 1. 2. destiterunt: the subject is Helvetii.

IX. 5. Reliziquebatur tma via : observe the order of words ;
there was left (only) the one road. Sequanis invitis : abl. abs.,
expressing a condition.

6. angustias : the Pas de TEcluse, nineteen Roman miles from
Geneva ; see note on p. 58, 1. 6. At this point the Sequani, if so
disposed, could easily stop the progress of the Helvetii. His . . .
possent : not being able to persuade these by their own influence.
The position of his emphasizes its connecting force. sponte :
see spontis in Vocab.

7. possent: cf. ubi . . . arbitrati siint, p. 57, 1. 21. Notice
that the indicative in temporal clauses expresses merely time ; the
subjunctive time and something else, here cause. A. 546 ; B. 288. i ;
G. 579; H. 600. I. II. i ; HB. 525. Reread a few chapters of the
text, noticing the force of moods in the temporal clauses. Dum-
norigem : cf. p. 56, 1. 28.

8. deprecatore : abl. abs. with eo. Deprecator is a noun denot-
ing the agent. A. 236. a; B. 147. i ; G. 181. i ; 11.334; HB. 206. i.
The prefix de means away. The deprecator ' prays away,' or averts,
something. In this case Dumnorix is to try to overcome the refusal
of the Sequani to allow the Helvetii to pass. impetrarent: the
object is easily supplied.

9. gratia: on account of his personal popularity', abl. of
cause. plurimum: A. 390. c; B. 176. 2. b ; G. 334; H. 409. I ;
HB. 387. III.

11. in matrimonium duxerat : had married. For the fact jsee
p. 57, 1. i. To marry, said of the woman, is nubere. cupiditate :
for formation of the word cnpiditas see A. 241 ; B. 149 ; G. 181.2. b ;
H. 345; HB. 207. 2. novis rebus: a change of government.
For case see A. 367; .B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. i ; HB. 362.
The adjective novus lacks a comparative.

12. quam plurimas . . . volebat: wished to have as many
states as possible bound (to hint) by his services. To have a thing
bound easily passes into the meaning to have bound a thing. Thus
arose the form of the perfect tense in English and other modern
languages.

14. ut . . . patiantur : obj. of impetrat, as is obsides ittt . . .

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 269

dent of perficit. The arrangement of these clauses illustrates the
chiastic order, named from the Greek letter x (fhz) :

impetrat ut . . . patmntztr

uti . . . dent perficit

15. Sequani, Helvetii: in partitive apposition with the implied
subject of dent. He causes them to exchange hostages, the Sequani
pledging themselves not to obstruct the Helvetii, the Helvetii under-
taking to pass through without doing any damage. The clauses ne
. . . prohibeant and ut . . . transeant depend on obsides inter
sese dent, which practically means agree. A. 563. d; B. 295. 4;
G. 546; H. 565; HB. 502. 3. a.

X. 17. Helvetiis . . . ammo: see note on sibi . . . ammo,
p. 58, 1. 32.

18. Haeduorum : across the Arar from the Sequani. See In-
trod., p. 6. Santomim : on the western coast of Gaul. This
word, like some other names of tribes, has forms of both the second
and third declensions ; cf. Santonos, p. 61, 1. 17.

19. non longe : a glance at the map will show that the distance
was fully 100 miles. In their old home the Helvetii were really
nearer the province. They would be more dangerous, however, on
the more exposed side of the province (locis patentibus maximeque
frumentariis, 1. 22). quae civitas : a tribe which. A. 307. e;
B. 251. 4. b; G. 616. 2; H. 399. 3; HB. 327. Tolosa (Toulouse)
was the chief city of the Tolosates.

20. Id si fieret : protasis to futurum (esse), which is in ind.
disc., depending on intellegebat. The subject of futurum is ut . . .
haberet. A. 569. a; B. 297. 2 ; G. 553. 3 ; H. 571. i ; HB. 521. 3. a.
Trans, he knew that if this happened (i.e. if the Helvetii reached
the territory of the Santones), it would be very dangerous (with
great danger) to the province to have (lit. that it would have),
etc. Direct : Id si fiet, magno . . . erit (jor futurum esfy ut homines
. . . habeat.

21. provinciae : obj. gen., depending onpericulo. bellicosos :
A. 245 ; B. 151. 3 ; G. 182. 10; H. 346; HB. 209. 2.

22. locis : dat, depending Q^finitimos. patentibus : exposed,
unprotected by natural barriers, as mountains. maxim e fmmen-
tariis: A. 128; B. 74. 2; G. 87. 6; H. 159; HB. 121.

270 NOTES I

PAGE 23. munition!: A. 238. b; B. 147.3; G. 181. 2. b; H. 333; HB.

60 206. 2. A few references for word-formation are given in these notes,
and the student should look up other derivations for himself. The
subject is treated in A. 227-267; B. 146-159; G. 176-200; H. 318-
375; HB. 202-218. The student should also frequently consult
the Word-Groups in this book. For case of munitioni see note on
omnibus, p. 56, 1. 3.

24. legatum : see Introd., p. 32. Italiam: Cisalpine Gaul;
see Introd., p. 21.

25. legiones conscribit : Caesar levied these legions on his own
responsibility, without the authority of the senate. He now had
six legions. See Introd., p. 36.

26. Aquileiam : Aquileia was an important city near the head
of the Adriatic. It was strongly fortified, and served to protect
Cisalpine Gaul against invaders from the eastward. In imperial
times it was a city of great size and enormous wealth. proximum
iter : past Cremona and Turin and over the Cottian Alps.

28. Ibi: i.e. in the Alps.

30. Compluribus : A. 120; B. 70; G. 89. R. 3 ; H. 127. 4;
HB. 116. b. Notice here the curious interlocked order ; comphiri-
bus is to be taken with proeliis, his with pulsis. ab Ocelo : what
is the force of the preposition with the name of a town ?

32. Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae : of the Vocontii (a
people) of the farther province, i.e. Transalpine Gaul.

61 i. Segusiavos : these were clients of the Haedui. Caesar
seems to have crossed the Rhone a little to the east of its junction
with the Arar (Saone) .

2. extra provinciam : Caesar undoubtedly here overstepped his
authority. Outside of the Roman province, the Gallic tribes were
independent of Roman rule. But the alliance of the Helvetii with
the Sequani, who were friendly to the Germans, was a real menace
to Roman influence in Gaul. The historian Livy represents the
Helvetii as ready to march upon Narbo itself. See Introd., pp. 6-8.

Notice the quick succession of events expressed by the historical
presents, from pr deficit to ducit.

XI. 3. iam : Caesar's journey to Italy and back must have taken
nearly two months, so that the time would now be June.

4. pervenerant, populabantur : notice the change of tense.

5. se suaque : themselves and their (possessions).

6. legates : carefully distinguish between the two meanings of
legatus. rogatum: to ask. A. 509; B. 340. i; G. 435; H. 633;
HB. 618.

1 THE HELVETIAN WAR 271

7. Ita : here begins a sentence in oratio obliqua, i.e. indirect dis-
course, depending on the idea of saying implied in rogatum. Cf.
esse, p. 56, 1. 3. The main verb of the sentence is meritos esse, which
has se as its subject. For it a . . . ut see A. 537. N. 2 ; B. 284. i ;
G. 552 ; H. 570. 3 ; HB. 521. 2. a. foot-note i.

8. vastari debuerint: for tenses see A. 485. c, 486. a; B.
268. 6, 270. 2 ; G. 254. R. i, 513 ; H. 550, 618. 2 ; HB. 478, foot-note

2 on p. 311.

10. Ambarri : the name means ' dwellers around the Arar.' See
the map of Gaul.

11. depopulates : passive in meaning, though the verb is com-
monly deponent. A. 190. b~; B. 112. b; G. 167. N. 2 ; H. 222. 2;
HB. 291. d. non prohibere: could not (lit. did not) keep off; non
prohibemus in direct discourse.

13. trans Rhodanum : north of the Rhone and east of the Arar.
vicos : see note on p. 57, 1. 22. possessiones: i.e. lands.

14. sibi . . . reliqui: that there was nothing left {nothing of a
remainder} to them but the bare grozind (soil of the land}. Notice
the d of solum; the adjective is solus. For reliqui see A. 346. a. I ;
B. 201. 2. a; G. 369. R. i ; H. 440. 5. N. ; HB. 346. a.

15. non exspectandum sibi: sc. esse. Trans, that he ought
not to wait. See note on concedendum, p. 59,1- 5- For sibi see A.
374; B. 189. i ; G. 355 ; H. 431 ; HB. 373. i.

16. sociorum: the Haedui and Ambarri, allies of the Roman
people. consumptis: we may translate as if an active participle
agreeing with Helvetii.

17. pervenirent: for mood see note on d^tm, p. 59, 1. 8.

XII. 1 8. Flumen est Arar : there is a river, the Saone. Most
of the Haedui lived west of the river, and most of the Sequani east ;
but the words' per finis show that the river was not absolutely a
dividing line between the two tribes.

19. lenitate: abl. of manner. A. 412; B. 220. i; G. 399; H.
473- 3 ; HB. 445. 3.

20. in utram partem fluat : in which direction it flows. A.
573, 574; B. 300. i. a; G. 452. 2, 467 ; H. 649. II ; HB. 537. b.

21. transibant: observe the tense. The Helvetii had proceeded
about 100 miles from Lake Geneva. exploratores : scouts, usu-
ally detachments of mounted soldiers sent to reconnoiter. Explain
the formation of explorator ; cf. deprecatore, p. 60, 1. 8.

22. tris partis : three fourths. In such expressions as this (a
cardinal number with partes) a denominator larger by one than the
numerator is regularly understood.

272 NOTES I

PAGE 23. id flumen: A. 395 ; B. 179. I ; G. 331. R. i ; 11.413 ; HB. 386.

61 24. Ararim : with this accusative compare the ablative Arari,
p. 62, 1. 10. de tertia vigilia : during the third -watch, i.e. after the
beginning of the third watch. The time from sunset to sunrise was
divided into four equal watches, the length of which would of course
vary with the season. In June the third watch, beginning at mid-
night, would extend to about two o'clock. cum legionibus tri-
bus : abl. of accompaniment. For formation of legio see note on
munitioni, p. 60, 1. 23.

25. castris : this camp was probably in the northern angle
formed by the Rhone and Saone.

26. impeditos : i.e. unable to defend themselves on account of
their burdens and because they were engaged in crossing.

27. coucidit : carefully distinguish the verbs concido, concido,
and concede, and notice the composition of each. Another account,
probably incorrect, makes Labienus, not Caesar in person, the victor
over the TigurinL Labienus had been left in charge of the fortifica-
tions along the Rhone, but had probably rejoined Caesar before the
battle. The place of this slaughter was probably a point about
twelve miles above the junction of the Saone and Rhone. The rest
of the Helvetii had crossed here, or a little farther north. manda-
runt: i.e. mandaverunt. Cf. oppugnarant, p. 58, 1. I.

28. in proximas silvas abdiderunt : notice the accusative
silvas ; they fled into the nearest woods and hid there. The sese
of 1. 27 is object of abdiderunt as well as of mandarunt. Is pagus :
the word pagus, canton, is used of local divisions of territory and
also of the inhabitants of the divisions.

30. patrum iiostrorum memoria : in the time (lit. recollection}
of our fathers. The year was 107 B.C. See Chap. VII and Introd.,
p. 5.

62 2. iugum : notice the case, and look up in the grammar the uses
of sub. See note on p. 59, 1. 5, for the custom to which sub iugum
miser at refers.

3. quae pars, ea : i.e. ea pars quae. Notice how much more
forcible Caesar's order is. A. 307. b. N. ; B. 251. 4. a ; G. 616. I, 620 ;
H. 399. 3 ; HB. 284. 5.6.

4. princeps poenas persolvit : was the first to pay {paid first}
the penalty. Persolvere means to pay to the uttermost. For the use
of princeps see A. 290 ; B. 239 ; G. 325. R. 6 ; H. 497. 3 ; HB. 243.

5. Qua in re: and thereby.

6. eius soceri L. Pisonis avuin : the grandfather of his
(Caesar's) father-in-law, Liicius Piso. See Introd., p. n.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 273

7. L.Pisonem . . . interfecerant : the Tigurini had killed Lucius
Piso, the legate, in the same battle in 'which they had killed Cassius.

XIII. 9. reliquas copias Helvetiorum : notice the position
of these words before the conjunction nt.

10. faciendum curat : caused to be built. A. 500. 4; B.
337. 8. b. 2 (337. 7. b. 2) ; G. 430; H. 622 ; HB. 612. III.

11. exercitum : no doubt all six legions. The battle with the
Tigurini had been fought with three.

12. cum. . . intellegerent : when they comprehended that he had
done in one day that which they had themselves accomplished only
with the greatest difficulty in twenty days, namely the crossing of the
river. The clause ut flumen transiretitzy^iansidqiiodconfecerant,
and hence takes the usual form of a substantive clause depending on
conficio. A. 568 ; B. 297. i ; G. 553. i ; H. 566; HB. 521. 3. a. The
great numbers of the Helvetii and their allies, and the large amount
of baggage which they must have carried, rendered the movements of
the host very slow.

14. cuiiis legationis : equivalent to quorum legatontm.

15. Cassiano : Caesar names the war from the general on the
Roman side ; cf. 1. i. For the suffix -arms see A. 249. 2 ; B. 152. i ;
G. 182.5; H. 353; HB. 210. 5.

1 6. egit : parleyed; it is equivalent in this use to a verb of saying,
and therefore introduces indirect discourse. Divico's speech ex-
tends to the end of the chapter. Si ... Helvetios : the direct
form would be si faciet, ibunt atque erunt Helvetii. A. 589. i. 2. a;
B. 319. A. B ; G. 656. 1.2; H. 646 ; HB. 534. I. b. 2. II.

1 8. constituisset : Divico said constitueris, fut. perf. This
sentence may be translated if the Roman people would make peace
with the Helvetii, the Helvetii would go to that place and remain
there, where Caesar (should have} settled them and (should have)
wished them to be. sin . . . reminisceretur : but if he persisted
in pursuing them with war, he should remember , for the direct sin
perseverabis, reminiscere (imperative). Sin is regularly used to in-
troduce the second of two conditions opposed to each other. Notice
the doubled per in persequi perseveraret. For mood of reminis-
ceretur see A. 588 ; B. 316 ; G. 652 ; H. 642 ; HB. 534. 2. IV.

19. incommodi : a mild word ; cf. insignem calamitatem, \. 4.
For case see A. 350. c; B. 206. 2 ; G. 376; H. 454. i ; HB. 350.

20. Quod adortus esset : as to the fact that he had attacked.
A. 572. a; B. 299. 2; G. 525. 2; H. 588. 3. N. , HB. 552. 2. The
subjunctive is due to indirect discourse.

21. cum: at a time when. C^tm^s, a relative word (originally

T

274 NOTES I

PAGE quom, cf. qui), and the subjunctive is closely akin to the subjunc-
62 tive of characteristic. transissent : this represents an indicative

of direct discourse.

22. ne magnopere tribueret : he should not give much credit,
or let him not give much credit. This is a prohibition expressed in-
directly. A. 450, 588. N. 2; B. 276. b, 316. a; G. 270. R. 2, 652;
H. 561. i, 642. 4; HB. 501. a. 2, 534. 2. IV. Notice that suae is a
direct reflexive, while ipsos refers to the Helvetii.

23. Se . . . didicisse : they had been so taiight by (lit. had so
learned front) their fathers and forefathers. What sort of clause
may be expected after an ita ?

25. dolo: A. 431; B. 218.3; G. 401. N. 6; 11.476.3; HB.
438. 1. ne committeret ut . . . caperet : he should not allow
that place where they had taken their stand to receive a name from,
etc. Cf. ne tribueret, 1. 22. ut ... caperet . . . proderet :
substantive clause, object of committeret.

2.6. internecione : Divico uses a plain word to convey his
threat, though he had used the mild word incommodi to refer to the
old disaster.

27. memoriam : i.e. calamitatis internecionisque.

As this is the first long passage of connected indirect discourse
which the student has had in this book, he should study it carefully.
Changing the indirect to the direct form is a very useful exercise
in syntax and composition. Consult A. 590 for a treatment of this
passage.

XIV. 28. His: sc. legatis. Eo, quod: for this reason,
(jiamely) because. Eo is abl. of degree, or measure, of difference,
with /mnus, but almost equivalent to an abl. of cause. See note
on hoc facilius, p. 56, 1. 4. What is the subject of dari?

30. eo . . . quo . . . accidissent : that he was the more
indignant, the less they had happened in accordance (i.e. in pro-
portion as they had not happened in accordance} with the de-
serts of the Roman people. In direct discourse this whole sen-
tence would run : Eo (or hoc) mihi minus dubitationis datur,
quod eas (or has) res qnas commemoravistis memoria teneo, atque
eo (or hoc) gravius fero quo minus merito populi Romani ac-
ciderunt. The Romans always considered their opponents the
aggressors.

31. qui si: for if they (the Roman people). alicuius iniu-
riae : of some (act of) injustice. A. 310. b ; B. 252. 2 ; G. 315. N. I ;
H. 512; HB. 276. 2. For the case of iimiriae see A. 349.3;
B. 204. i ; G. 374; H. 451. 2. N. 2; HB. 354.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 275

32. fuisset, fuisse : fuisset, fuit in direct discourse. A. 517.0; PAGE
B. 304. i. 3. a; G. 597. R. 3 ; H. 579. I, 583. 3 ; HE. 581, 582. 3. a. 62
The meaning is that it was not difficult for them to be on their

guard, and they would have been, if they had been conscious of
having committed some act of injustice. deceptum : sc. eum
(\.t.populumRomanum) as subject.

33. neque . . . timeret : they did not know that anything had
been done by them on account of which they should fear. For
timeret see A. 535. a; B. 282. 2 ; G. 631. 2 ; H. 569; HB. 513. 2.
The antecedent Qiqiiare is the implied subject of commissum.

1 . timendum : sc. sibi esse, that they ought to fear. Cf. con- 63
cedendum, p. 59, 1. 5. Quod: but (lit. as to whicJi). A. 397. a;

B. 185. 2; G. 610. R. 2 ; H. 510. 9. contumeliae : for case cf.
incommodi, p. 62, 1. 19.

2. vellet: probably for vettem of direct discourse, the sense
being, ' If I were willing to forget the old outrage, can I put aside

the memory of the recent wrongs also?' num: A. 332. b;
B. 162. 2. b ; G. 456; H. 378; HB. 231. i. d. iniuriarum:
explained by the following ^//^-clauses. eo : i.e. Caesar.

5. posse: A. 586; B. 315. 2; G. 651. R. i ; H. 642. 2;
HB. 591. a. Quod gloriarentur : the fact that they boasted.
This and the following ^7/0^-clause are the subject of pertinere.

A. 572. N. ; B. 299. i; G. 525. 2; H. 588. II. 3; HB. 552. 2.
Why are the verbs subjunctive ?

6. se intulisse : that they had inflicted.

7. eodem pertinere : pointed in the same direction, i.e. to their
ruin. Consuesse : for consuevisse ; a perfect with present mean-
ing. A. 205. N. 2 ; B. 262. A; G. 175. 5 ; H. 299. 2 ; HB. 487.
enim : note that the conjunctions meaning ' for, 1 enim (always
postpositive), etenim, nam, namqne, introduce independent sen-
tences. deos : how is this word declined?

8. doleant: for mood cf. posset, p. 59, 1. 18. Notice that the
tense is present, though this speech depends on respondit, a sec-
ondary, or historical, tense. quos : the antecedent is his, 1. 9.

1. concedere : depends on consuesse. Cum : though. A. 549; 64

B. 309. 3 ; G. 587 ; H. 598 ; HB. 526.

2. si ... dentur : protasis to sese . . . facturum. In direct
discourse this sentence would run : Si obsides a vobis mihi dabnn-
tur, uti ea qitae pollicemini (vos) facturos (esse) intellegam, et si
. . . intulistis, . . . satis facietis, (ego} vobiscum pacem faciam.

3. Haeduis : dat. with satisfaciant. A. 368. 2 ; B. 187 ; G. 344 ;
H. 426. i. N. 2 ; HB. 362. I.

276 NOTES I

PAGE In a part of Caesar's speech it is difficult to tell from the indirect

64 form whether he spoke in the first person or not ; vellet and eo, p.

63, 1. 2, and posse, p. 63, 1. 5, might refer to the Roman people
rather than to Caesar. If the sentence is so understood, the use
of eo is regular ; but if it refers to Caesar, we should expect se.
Caesar's speech may be found given in direct discourse in G. 66 1 ;
H. 653.

6. institutes esse : cf. didicisse, p. 62, 1. 24.

7. testem: why is this singular?

XV. 10. equitation: see Introd., p. 37.

11. coactum : see note on p. 60, 1. 12. It agrees with quern,
the object cfchabebat,

12. qui videant: a relative clause of purpose; qui is plural be-
cause its antecedent, equitatum, is equivalent to equites.

13. Qui: but they. A. 308. f; B. 251. 6; G. 610. R. I ; H. 510;
HB. 566. alieno: unfavorable. What literally? What would
S2io mean?

14. pauci cadunt : the rest ran away. See Chap. XVIII, end.

15. sublati: see tollo in Vocab.

16. multitudinem : A. 241; B. 149; G. 181. 2. b; H. 345;
HB. 207. 2.

17. novissimo agmine : with the rear of their column, abl. of
means.

19. satis habebat : held (considered) it sufficient ; the object of
habebat is the infinitive prohibere. in praesentia : for the present.

20. Ita : refers forward to uti. dies : ace., expressing duration

of time.

21. agmen : A. 239; B. 147. 4; G. 181. 2. a; H. 336; HB.
206.3. nostrum primum : sc.agmen; our van. non . . . pas-
suum : not more than five or six miles (each day).

22. quinis: A. 136, 137. a; 6.79, 81.4. a; G. 97 ; H. 163, 164. i;
HB. 133. milibus : A. 406; B. 217. i; G. 398; H. 471;
HB. 416. Caesar was waiting until a favorable opportunity for
attacking should present itself.

XVI. 23. Haeduos frumentum : A. 396; B. 178. i. a;
G. 339. a; H. 411; HB. 393.

24. essent polliciti: subj- of ind. disc. In making his de-
mand Caesar reminded them of their promise. A. 592. 3 ; B. 323 ;
G. 508. 3 ; H. 649. I ; HB. 535. i. a. flagitare : A. 463 ; B. 335 ;
G. 647; H. 610; HB. 595. frigora: the cold climate (times of
cold). The singular, frigus, means the cold. Gaul seems to have
been colder in Caesar's time than France is now.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 277

26. frumenta : grain, or crops. The singular usually denotes
the harvested grain. ne . . . quidem : these words always inclose
the word or words to be emphasized.

28. quod . . . subvexerat : 'which he had brought up the river
Saone in (lit. by) boats. For the construction of flumine Arari cf.
qttibtis itineribus, p. 58,!. 3. uti: from ntor ; notice how it differs
from uti, 1. 20. minus poterat : could not very well. Minus is
often a weaker non.

29. iter averterant: to the valley of the Liger (Loire). See
the map of Gaul.

30. Diem . . . Haedui : the Haedui kept putting him off day
after day. Diem is accusative of duration of time. conferri ...
dicere : they kept saying that it (the grain) was being collected, was
being transported, was close by. By the omission of connectives
(asyndeton) the climax is heightened.

31. diutius : longer (than was right), i.e. too long.

i. metiri : see Introd., p. 36. The infinitive depends on opor- 65

teret. A. 454; B. 330; G. 535 ; H. 615 ; HB. 585.

3. Diviciaco et Lisco : partitive apposition to principibus.
Diviciacus was a druid. See Introd., p. 27, and note on Dumnorigt,
p. 56, 1. 28.

4. quern : its antecedent is magistratui. There is in this sen-
tence a slight confusion between the two meanings of magistrates,
magistracy and magistrate. vergobretum : the word means
'judge. 1 "Down to the time of the French Revolution, the magis-
trate of Autun was called Verg or Vierg." Autun is near the site
of the Haeduan town Bibracte.

5. annuus : pred. adj., where English idiom would require an
adverb.

7. propinquis : (being) near, with hostibus.

8. sublevetur: A. 540; B. 286. i; G. 541; H. 588. II; HB.
535. 2. a. magna ex parte : to a great extent.

9. multo gravius : Caesar accused the Haedui of ingratitude in
not helping him, when he was acting in response to their prayers ;
but he complained much more bitterly because they had played him
false.

XVII. 12. quod: the rel. pron , what, that which (sc. id, obj.
of proponif). Esse non nullos : direct stint non nulli. Nearly
all the speeches in Caesar are in indirect discourse.

13. privatim . . . possint : have more power, though in private
station. Compare the case of Orgetorix (Chap. IV) with his
numerous dependents.

278 NOTES I

15. ne . . . conferant: trans, from furnishing. A. 558. b;
B. 295. 3; G. 548; H. 596. 2; HB. 502. 3. b. For the plural con-
ferant after the collective noun multitudinem cf. exirent, p. 56, 1. 2.

1 6. Praestare : here begins the seditiosa atque improba (reck-
less) oratio, which extends through erepturi. (They say that} it is
better , if they (the Haedui) cannot lojiger hold the first place in
Gaul, to endure the dominion of Gauls than that of Romans, and
that they (the multitude) ought not to doubt, etc.

19. Haeduis : A. 381 ; B. 188. 2. d ; G. 345. R. i ; H. 427 ; HB.
371. sint erepturi: are intending to take away, or will take
away. For the form of the clause cf. quin . . . possent, p. 57, 1. 4.

20. nostra : i.e. Romanorum.

21. se: the indirect reflexive, referring to the main subject,
Liscus. Quin etiam : why, even. quod : see note on quod
adortus esset, p. 62, 1. 20.

23. id: notice its emphatic position before cum periculo. It is
the object of fecerit, and refers to the clause quod . . . emtntiarit.

Notice that all subjunctives in this speech are either present or
perfect, and that the speech is introduced by proponit, a historical
present All the subjunctives might have been changed to secondary
tenses.

XVIII. 26. pluribus praesentibus : with too many present,
abl. abs.

27. iactari: to be openly discussed. A. 263. 2; B. 155. 2; G.
191. i ; H. 364; HB. 212. i.

28. ex solo : i.e. ex eo solo. Dicit: sc. Liscus.

29. reperit esse vera : he found that the facts were (truth was)
as follows.

30. Ipsum esse Dumnorigem : that Dumnorix was the man.

summa audacia : equivalent to audacissimum. For the case
cf. bono ammo, p. 58, 1. 1 8.

32. rerum novarum : ci.novisrebus,-p.6p,\.ii. For the case
see A. 349. a ; B. 204. i ; G. 374 ; H. 451 . i ; HB. 354. portoria :
duties on goods carried into, out of, or through a country. Cf.
porto, carry.

33. vectigalia : revenues, as from public pastures or monopolies.

parvo pretio : at a low price. A. 416 ; B. 225 ; G. 404 ; H. 478 ;
HB. 427. I. redempta habere : had' bought in. See note on
p. 60, 1. 12. propterea . . . nemo: because when he bid, no
one dared to bid against him. Dumnorix bought for a lump sum
the right to collect the taxes, expecting to recoup himself and make
a profit.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 279

2. ad largiendum : for bribing* See note on prqficiscendum,
p. 56, 1. 17.

3. suo sumptu : at his own expense.

4. domi: i.e. among his own people. A. 427; B. 232. 2;
G. 411. R. 2 ; H. 484. 2 ; HB. 449. a.

5. largiter posse: equivalent to multum posse. huius . . .
conlocasse : to confirm (for the sake of) this power he had given
(placed} his mother (in marriage) to a man among the Bituriges,
most noble and powerful there.

7. uxorem: the daughter of Orgetorix; cf. p. 57, 1. i.

8. sororem ex matre : half-sister, on the mothers side.
nuptum conlocasse : had placed to marry, i.e. had given in
marriage. A. 509; B. 340. i. b; G. 435; H. 633. i; HB. 618.

9. Helvetiis: A. 367; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. i ; HB.
362.

10. suo nomine : in his own, name, i.e. on private grounds.

13. Si quid accidat : if anything shoiild happen, a euphemistic
expression for if any disaster should come. in spem venire : he
conceived (came into} the hope. regni: obj. gen., depending on
spem. The gerundive obtinendi agrees with it.

14. imperio populi Homani: -under the government of the
Roman people.

15. Reperiebat: notice the tense. Caesar kept asking ques-
tions, and kept learning something new.

16. quaerendo: A. 507; B. 338. 4. b; G. 433; H. 631; HB.
612. IV. quod . . . adversum: this expression is nearly equiva-
lent to quae fuga equitum, and has fugae of 1. 17 for its virtual
antecedent. We may translate freely the beginning of the flight in
the ^^nsuccessful cavalry skirmish which had taken place . . . had
been made, etc.

17. ante: A. 433. 1,424. f; B. 144. i, 223; G. 415, 403. N. 4;
H. 420. 4, 488. i ; HB. 303. c, 424.

18. auxilio Caesari: A. 382. i ; B. 191. 2. b ; G. 356; H. 433;
HB. 360. b.

XIX. 22. res : facts, given in the four yw^-clauses which fol-
low. These clauses have their verbs in the subjunctive, on the
principle of indirect discourse, as they represent Caesar's thought
at the time of the action of the main verb. quod : (namely) that.

23. obsides . . . curasset: had caused hostages to be ex-
changed between them. See note on faciendum cur at, p. 62, 1. 10.

24. iniussu suo : without his (Caesar's) orders. A. 103. b. 5 ;
B. 57. i ; G. 70; H. 143. i ; HB. 106. i.

280 NOTES I

PAGE 25. magistratu : the vergobret Liscus. satis: used as a noun,

66 subject of esse.

26. quare in eum animadverteret : wherefore he should
proceed against (turn Ms attention toward) him. See note on
timer et, p. 62, 1. 33.

27. rebus: A. 367; B. 187. II. a; 0.346; H. 426. I ; HB. 362.

29. studium: attachment.

30. cognoverat: see note on consuesse, p. 63, 1. 7. What is
the meaning of cognosce ? Of cognovi?

31. animum off enderet : he might -wound the feelings. For
the form of the clause see A. 564 ; B. 296. 2 ; G. 550. 1.2; H. 567. i ;
HB. 502. 4. priusquam . . . conaretur: before he should
make any attempt. A. 551. b ; B. 292. i. b; G. 577; H. 605. II;
HB. 507. 4. b. What is the negative idea in this clause which
makes it necessary to use quicquam instead ofcaliquid?

33. per . . . Troucillum : connect this phrase with conloqui-
tur. C. : stands for Gaiitm. A. i. a, 108. c; B. 373; G. i. R. i,
and p. 493; H. 5. 3, 354. 6; HB. i. a, 678. 3.

34. cui : fidein habebat is equivalent to a verb meaning 'trusted.'

35. omnium rerurn : in all respects.

67 i. ipso : Diviciacus.

2. sint dicta: subj. in an ind. quest. quisque : each one,
giving his individual information or opinion ; omnes would mean
all, giving the same information or expressing the same opinion.

3. sine eius offensicme animi: without "wounding his feelings.

4. ipse : Caesar. causa cognita : after investigating the case.

statuat: a somewhat milder word than animadverteret, p. 66,
1. 26.

XX. 6. ne quid gravius statueret: obj. of obsecrare; that
he -would not take any too severe measures. When is quis, quid, an
indefinite pronoun? Scire se : ind. disc., depending on the idea
of saying in the verb obsecrare ; direct (ego} scio.

7. quemquam : subject of caper e. Just as nee or neque is
regularly used instead of et non, so nee quisquam replaces et nemo.

ex eo : from that (fact).

8. ipse : the speaker, Diviciacus, while ille refers to Dumnorix.

plurimum : sc. posset from minimum posset below, and cf. p. 57,

1.4-

10. qtiibus opibus ac nervis : i.e. the influence and strength
gained through Diviciacus.

ir. gratiam : sc. suam, referring, as all the reflexives in this
passage, to the speaker. Notice the gerundive construction used to

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 281

express purpose. uteretur: the subject is Dumnorix, as of PAGE
crevisset above. 67

12. amore fraterno : love for his brother. The adj. is used for
an obj. gen. vulgi: subjective gen.

13. Quod si: now, if. a Caesare : like abl. of agent, because
accidisset is nearly equivalent to a passive, should have been done.

14. nerainem non : everybody. In direct form this sentence
would run : Quod si quid ei a te gravius acciderit (fut. perf.), cum
ego hunc locitm amiciiiae apud te teneam, nemo existimabit non mea
voluntate factum (esse) .

15. futurum: sc. esse ; it would come to pass. Its subject is the
substantive clause uti . . . averterentur. Cf. p. 60, 1. 21. The
form fiiturum uti animi averterentiir is periphrastic for animos
aver sum iri. A. 5169. a; B. 270. 3. a; G. 248; H. 619. 2;
HB. 472. c.

1 6. cum: is this the preposition ? Notice peter et.

18. faciat: A. 565. a; B. 295. 8; G. 546. R. 2 ; H. 565. 4;
HB. 530. 2. tanti: of so great weight. A. 417; B. 203. 3;
G. 379, 380. i ; H. 448. i ; HB. 356. i. In indirect discourse this
sentence would run : Tanti tua apud me gratia est uti . . . menm
dolorem tuae vohmtati . . . condonem.

19. rei publicae : to the state, obj. gen. eius voluntati : out
of deference to his wish ; voluntati is ind. obj. of condonet. What
is the literal translation ?

22. in reliquum tempus : for the future.

23. praeterita : bygones.

24. Dumnorigi: A. 362; B. 187. I; G. 345; H. 425. i;
HB. 365.

Caesar yielded to policy as well as to the entreaties of Diviciacus.
The punishment of Dumnorix at this time would have alienated the
Haedui, on whom Caesars army depended for food.

XXI. 26. exploratoribus : see note on p. 61, 1. 21.

27. qualis esset : an indirect question.

28. qui cognoscerent : (j;ie)i) to/earn, a relative clause of purpose.

29. esse : sc. ascensum as subject. De tertia vigilia : see
note on p. 61, 1. 24.

30. legatum pro praetore : the legatus ordinarily had no inde-
pendent military authority, but was the assistant of his general.
The title legatus pro praetore applied to Labienus probably indi-
cates that he had received by special enactment the power and rank
of propraetor, empowering him to act as Caesar's substitute when
necessary. See legatim Introd., p. 32.

282 NOTES I

PAGE 31. iis . . . cognoverant: those (inen as) guides who knew the

67 way ; cf. 1. 28.

68 i . quid . . . sit : what his plan was. For case of consili see
A. 343. b; B. 198. 3; 0.366; H. 447; HB. 346. Labienus from
the summit was to attack the enemy in the rear, while Caesar
attacked them in front. de quarta vigilia : what time was this?

3. rei: A. 349. a; B. 204. I ; G. 374; H. 451. i ; HB. 354.

4. L. Sullae: as Sulla died in 78 B.C., Considius's military
experience had extended over a long period of years. M. Crassi :
sc. exercitu. Crassus was one of the triumvirs ; see Introd., p. n.
He defeated the gladiators and slaves under Spartacus in 71 B.C.

XXII. 6. summus: A. 293; B. 241. i; G. 291. R. 2 ; H.
497.4; HB. 244.

7. passibus : abl. with the comparative longius.

8. neque . . . aut . . . aut: trans, and . . . neither . . . nor.

9. Labieui : sc. adventus. cognitus esset : goes with cum,
1. 6. equo admisso : with his horse at full speed, abl. abs.
Equum admittere means to let a horse go, give him free rein.

10. accurrit, dicit : notice the asyndeton. voluerit : sc.
Caesar as subject.

12. in collem subducit: led (from below) up on the hill.
The numerous instances of asyndeton in this chapter add life to the
narrative.

13. aciem instruit : Caesar awaited the coming of the Helvetii,
thinking that they had already destroyed Labienus. erat prae-
ceptum : the order had been given. What literally? What is the
subject of the verb?

15. ut . . . fieret: a clause of purpose.

17. Multo die : when day was well advanced.

18. timore perterritum : terror-stricken.

19. quod . . . renuntiavisse : had reported to him as (a thing)
seen what he had not seen. The participle visa is used substantively .

20. quo consuerat intervallo : at what interval he was accus-
tomed, i.e. at his accustomed interval. This was five or six miles.
For attraction of antecedent into relative clause see A. 307. b ; B.
251. 4; G. 616. i; H. 399. 3; HB. 284.6. For case of intervallo
see A. 412 ; B. 221 ; G. 399 ; H. 473. 3 ; HB. 422. I.

XXIII. 22. Postridie eius diei : lit. on. the morrow (next day)
of that day. Postridie is equivalent to postero die. For the genitive
see A. 359. b; B. 201. 3. a; H. 446. 5; HB. 380. c. biduum
supererat cum oporteret : two days remained (before the time)
when it would be necessary.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 283

23. a Bibracte : why is a preposition used? Most neuter names PAGE
of towns ending in , though /-stems, have the ablative in e. 68

Bibracte was on Mont Beuvray, not far from the site of the modern
Autun. The Gallic fortifications may still be traced.

25. rei: why dative? prospiciendum : sc. esse; that he ought
to make provision for.

26. Bibracte : ace. Why ? From a course almost due west
Caesar now turned more nearly northward.

27. decurionis : see Introd., p. 38.

29. existimarent : A. 540. N. 2 ; B. 286. i. a; G. 541. N. 3 ; H.
588. II. i ; HB. 535. 2. b. N. eo magis : all the more (more by this).

30. superioribus locis occupatis : though they had seized the
heights ; abl. abs., used concessively. commisissent : subj.
because the thought of the Helvetii.

31. eo : for this reason, abl. of cause. posse : sc. Romanos as
subject.

32. a novissimo agmine : sc. nostro, at our rear. The Helvetii
by turning back put themselves in Caesar's power.

XXIV. i. id: A. 395; B. 179. 2; G. 342; HB. 391. 3. 69
animum advertit : turned his attention toward, i.e. noticed.
Usually animadvertere is used. For mood and tense of verb see

A. 543 ; B. 287. I. a; G. 561 ; H. 602 ; HB. 554, 557.

2. qui sustineret : to check.

3. in colle medio: half-way up the hill. triplicem aciem :
see Introd., p. 44.

4. legionum quattuor : numbered VII-X. See Introd., p. 36.

5. conscripserat : cf. p. 60, 1. 25.

6. auxilia: see Introd., p. 37.

7. sarcinas : the packs carried by the soldiers, often very heavy.
See Introd., p. 40. iis : the two raw legions and the auxilia, who
were on the top of the hill.

8. muniri : the remains of this intrenchment have been dis-
covered.

9. impedimenta : see Introd., p. 40.

10. confertissima acie : by the great density of their line, lit.
by their very dense line ; abl. of means with reiecto. phalange :
an unbroken mass, with the shields of those in front overlapping.

11. sub: tip towards. The student should refer constantly to
the plan on p. 70 in reading the following account of the battle be-
tween the Romans and the Helvetii.

XXV. 12. omnium equis : i.e. those of his officers and
personal staff.

284 NOTES I

PAGE 15. pilis : see Introd., pp. 35, 45.

69 16. Gallis impedimento : A. 382. i. N. i; B. 191. 2; G. 356;
H. 433 ; HB. 360. b.

17. quod . . . poterant: this clause is subject of erat. Subor-
dinate to poterant are, first, an abl. abs. ; second, a ^awz-clause ;
third, two infinitives, closely connected with the second of which is
another abl. abs.

1 8. conligatis : pinned together. f errum : the soft iron shank
connecting the head with the shaft.

19. evellere : sc. id, \.&. f errum. sinistra impedita : abl. abs.,
causal. Shields were carried of course on the left arm.

20. multi . . . praeoptarent : a clause of result. Notice the
emphatic position of multi.

21. manu : abl. of separation. nudo : unprotected, not naked.

22. et . . . et: both . . . and. pedem referre : to fall back
(facing the foe) ; terga vertere means to run away. circiter : an
adverb.

23. mille: A. 134. d; B. 80. 5; G. 95. R. 3; H.-i68; HB.
131. 3. Capto : sc. ab Us.

24. Boii et Tulingi : cf. Chap. V. milibus : abl. of means.

25. novissimis : i.e. novissimo agmini. For case see note on
Gallis impedimento, 1. 16.

2.6. latere aperto : i.e. the right side, which was unprotected by
shields. The Boii and Tulingi, who had just reached the battle-
ground, seem to have tried to pass round in the rear of the Romans,
to attack them on the right flank. The manoeuver was frustrated
when the third line faced about, as described at the end of the
chapter. circumvenire : depends on adgressi (sunf).

28. conversa . . . intulerunt : turned about and charged in
two divisions. What literally? The first two lines charged forward
upon the Helvetii, who had been already once driven before them ;
the third line faced about to receive the attack of the Boii and
Tulingi. See the plan, p. 70.

XXVI. 31. ancipiti: twofold, explained by the last sentence
of Chap. XXV.

32. alteri, alter! : i.e. the Helvetii, the Boii and Tulingi.

70 i. hoc toto proelio : abl. of time within which.

2. hora septima: as the time from sunrise to sunset was
divided into twelve equal hours, the seventh hour in the latter part
of June would extend from noon to about fifteen minutes past one.
aversum hostem : the back of an enemy. This was not a flight,
but an orderly retreat.

I THE HELVETIAN WAR 285

3. Ad multam noctem : cf. mult o die, p. 68, 1. 17. ad im-
pedimenta : at the baggage. Here, according to Plutarch, were the
women and children, who were probably massacred when the Roman
soldiers burst in.

4. pro vallo : as a wall.

5. coniciebant : notice the force of this and the following
imperfects.

8. impedimentis : why ablative ?

9. e filiis : A. 346. c; B. 201. i. a; G. 372. R. 2 ; H. 444. I ; HB.
346. e. captus est : agrees with the nearer of the two subjects.

10. nocte : A. 424. b ; B. 231. i ; G. 393. R. 2 ; H. 417. 2 ; HB.
440. continenter: without stopping. The words mdlain . . .
intermisso which follow are an explanation of continenter.

1. in finis Lingonum : see the map of Gaul. It is almost c~r- 71
tain that the battle took place near Montmort, a village about three

miles from Toulon-sur-Arroux. Excavations have disclosed the
form of the intrenchment on the hill, and have yielded calcined
bones, fragments of helmets and javelins, and other relics. The time
was probably the last of June (June 29, according to one authority).

2. quarto : the third according to -modern reckoning. The
Romans counted the day from which the reckoning was made.

3. sepulturam: A. 238. b. N. i ; B. 147. 3. a; G. 181. 9; H.
328. 4; HB. 206. 2.

4. lie ... iuvarent: depends on litteras nuntiosque misit,
which implies the idea of commanding.

5. Qui . . . habiturum : in direct discourse (vos) si i^l'ver^tis,
(ego vos) eodem loco quo Hel-vetios habebo. This means that Caesar
would treat the Lingones as enemies.

XXVII. ii. eos: the Helvetii, not the legati.
12. essent : subj. because dependent on exspeciare, and forming
a part of Caesar's command. iussisset : introduced by c^lm^ 1. 9.

14. perfugissent : subj. of informal ind. disc. ea : i.e. obsides,
arma, serin. conquiruntur : A. 556 ; B. 293. I ; G. 229. R., 570 ;
H. 533.4; HB. 559.

15. Verbigenus: the Helvetii consisted of four divisions, or can-
tons. The Tigurini have been already mentioned, in Chap. XII.
See Introd., p. 5.

1 6. perterriti : masc. because hominnm milia sex means six
thousand persons. ne supplicio adficerentur : that they would
be visited with punishment, i.e. put to death. The clause depends
on the expression timore perterriti, which is nearly equivalent in
meaning to timentes.

286 NOTES I

PAGE 1 8. occultari . . . ignorari : be concealed (for a time, until they

71 had a sufficient start) or remain altogether unknown.

19. existimarent : see note on p. 68, 1. 29.

20. Germanorum: if the fugitives had reached the Germans,
they might have secured sympathy and active help against the Ro-
mans.

XXVIII. 21. Quod: the rel. pron. How is it to be trans-
lated? quorum . . . imperavit : he ordered those through whose
territory they had gone to collect them and bring them back, if they
wished to be blameless in his sight. For sibi see A. 378. I ; B.
188. 2. c; G. 352; 11.425.4; HB. 370.

23. in . . . liabuit: a mild way of saying that he massacred
them or sold them into slavery.

26. frugibus amissis : cf. p. 57, 1. 24.

27. quo famem tolerareiit : with which they could relieve their
starvation, A. 531. 2; B. 282. 2; G. 631. 2; H. 591. i; HB.
517.2. .

28. facerent : furnish. Observe the construction used with
imperavit, and that in 1. 29 with iussit. ipsos: contrasted with
Allobrogibus.

29. ea ratione : for this reason.

30. discesserant : A. 267. b ; B. 159. 3. e. N. ; G. 200. 2. a; H.
375.3; HB. 218. i. b. vacare : A. 563. b ; 6.331. IV; G. 532 ;
H. 565. 2; HB. 587. ne : does this particle introduce clauses of
purpose or of result ?

32. finitimi : Caesar wished to have the Helvetii between the
province and the Germans. See the location of the Helvetii on the
map of Gaul.

72 I. Boios : obj. of conlocarent. Haeduis : ind. .obj. of concessit,
of which the clause ut . . . conlocarent is dir. obj. quod . . .
cogniti : because they were known (to be men} of extraordinary
bravery. The Haedui held the headship of one of the two parties
in Gaul, and wished to strengthen their power.

3. postea : perhaps after the close of the Gallic War.

4. parem atque ipsi erant : equal to that in which they them-
selves were, or the same as they themselves enjoyed. A. 384. N. 2 ;
B. 341. i. c; G. 643 ; H. 657. i. N. ; HB. 307. 2. a. Before the mi-
gration of the Helvetii the Boii were not settled in a definite home.
Cf. p. 57, 1. 30.

XXIX. 6. tabulae : the tablets used by the Romans were of
wood covered with wax. The stilus, a pointed piece of metal, was
used to scratch the characters in the wax. litteris Graecis : in

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 287

Greek characters. The Gauls had learned these from the Greek PAGE
colony of Massilia; they seem not to have had a native alpha- 72

bet.

7. et : connects repertae sunt and relatae (sienf).

8. ratio conf ecta erat : an accoiint had been made iip. qui :
the interrogative adjective, introducing an indirect question.

9. possent : subj. of characteristic. quot . . . mulieresque :
sc. domo exissent.

10. Quarum rerum, capitum : the idea of personality disap-
pears. Cf. English 'five hundred head' (used of cattle).

11. milium : pred. gen. Trans, 'the total of all these items was
263,000 souls of the Helvetii.

13. ad : up to, about.

14. fuerunt : notice that this does not agree with summa, but
takes its plural form from milia ccCLXVin.

16. o et x : it is uncertain whether this number includes the Boii
or not. Even if it does not, the number of killed, captured, and missing
during the campaign would be not far below 250,000. No doubt some
escaped singly to other tribes, but still the slaughter must have been
frightful. Some later writers make the numbers smaller than
here given.

XXX. 17. totius Galliae : i.e. Celtic Gaul. See Introd., p. 23.

18. gratulatum: A. 509; B. 340. i ; G. 435 ; H. 633 ; HB. 618.

19. Intellegere sese : direct, (iios) intellegimus . The rest of
the sentence depends on intellegere. veteribus : learn to com-
pare and decline vetus. Helvetiorum . . . Roman! : injuries
inflicted by the Helvetii (subj. gen.) on the Roman people (obj. gen.).
These injuries are given in Chap. XII.

20. ab his poenas repetisset : had inflicted punishment on
them, more literally had claimed the penalty from them. Cf. poenas
persolvit, p. 62, 1. 5.

21. ex usu : to the advantage.

22. florentissimis rebus: though their affairs were in a most
prosperotis condition.

24. domicilio: A. 382. 2; B. 191. i ;G-356; H. 433. 3; HB. 361.
j 26. haberent : in the same construction as inferrent, potirentur,
deligerent.

27. in ... indicere : appoint for a fixed time.

28. Sese habere : this is the reason for their request. quas-
dam : A. 310 ; B. 252. 3 ; G. 313 ; H. 512 ; HB. 276. 5.

i. lure iurando . . . sanxerunt : made a compact with one 73

another ^lnder oath that no one should disclose (the results of their

288 NOTES I

PAGE deliberation} except (those) to whom it (the duty of so doing) had

73 been assigned by general agreement.

XXXI. 5. ante f uerant : cf. p. 72, 1. 18.

7. Caesar i ad pedes : at Caesar's feet. For the dat. see A.
377 ; B. 188. I. N. ; G. 350. i : H. 425. 4. N. ; HB. 368.

8. se id contenders: (saying that) they strove for this, ex-
plained by the substantive clause ne . . . enuntiarentur .

9. quam : than, with minus.

10. si enuntiatum esset : if disclosures should be (should have
been} made. The verb is impersonal. in cruciatum ventures :
should come into torture, i.e. should suffer torture.

ii.' Galliae : the speech which begins here is long, but not diffi-
cult as a whole. Try to get the direct form of each sentence.

12. factiones : parties. See Introd., p. 6.

14. multos annos contenderent : had been striving for many
years (and were still striving). A. 47i.b; 6.260.4; 0.234; H.
535.1; HB. 485. factum esse : it came about.

15. Sequanis : the Sequani lived across the Sa6ne from the
Haedui, and both tribes claimed control of the river.

1 6. posteaquam : this word regularly takes the indicative, like
postquam. Why is adamassent (for adamavissenf) subjunctive?

17. copias: riches.

18. esse: sc. eos, i.e. Germanos, as subject.

19. clientis : dependents, weaker tribes under their dominion.

22. qui: the antecedent is eos (they) understood, subject of
cqactos esse.

23. hospitio : hospitium was a relation between two independ-
ent states in consequence of which mutual favors of honor and hos-
pitality were granted. The word was used also of a similar relation
between individuals of different nations.

26. sese . . . essent : the substance of the oath.

27. recusaturos quominus essent : refuse to be. A. 558. b ;
B. 295. 3 ; G. 549 ; H. 568. 8 ; HB. 502. 3. b.

28. se : the speaker, Diviciacus.

29. potuerit: subj. of characteristic.

31. Romam ad senatum : A. 428.3; B. 182. 2. b; G. 337. R. 6;
H. 418. i ; HB. 450. c. See Introd., p. 7.
33. peius : (a) worse (thing), subject of accidisse.

74 i . Ariovistus : some see in this name the German word
Heerfurst, 'army-leader. 1

2. optimus : this region still maintains its supremacy.

3. occupavisset, iuberet : be careful to observe the tenses here.

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 2

4. paucis mensibus : abl. of degree, or measure, of difference,
as ante has the force of a comparative.

5. quibus . . . pararentur : for whom a place and habitations
were to be provided. For the subj. see A. 531 . 2 ; B. 282. 2 ; G. 630 ;
H. 590; HB. 502. 2.

6. Futurum esse uti omnes pellerentur : equivalent to omnis
pulsum iri, all would be driven. See note on p. 67, 1. 15.

8. Gallicum : sc. agrum, subject of confer endum esse.

9. hanc : i.e. Gallicam.

10. ut semel : as soon as (when once).

11. ad Magetpbrigam : at Magetobriga. The situation of this
town as given on the map is conjectural. The battle is thought to
have taken place in 60 B.C. See Introd., p. 7.

12. nobilissimi cuiusque : A. 313. b; B. 252. 5. c; G. 318. 2;
H. 515. 2; HB. 278. 2. b.

13. exempla : warning examples ; defined more closely by cru-
ciatus, tortures.

15. iracundum: A. 253. b; B. 150. i; G. 182. 2; H. 328. 5;
HB. 208. 3. .

1 6. Nisi quid auxili : unless something of help, i.e. some help.

17. Gallis : dat. of agent with esse faciendiim.

18. ut . . . emigrant : in apposition with idem.

20. quaecumque: A. 151. a; B. 91. 8 ; G. sin. 2; H. 182. 3 ;
HB. 140. d.

21. non dubitare quin . . . sumat : he (the speaker, Divicia-
cus) did not doubt that he (Ariovistus) would inflict. For the quin-
clause cf. p. 57, 1. 4. de obsidibus supplicium sumat : cf. ab
his poenas repetisset, p. 72, 1. 20.

24. ne . . . traducatur : for the construction cf. ne . . . confe-
rant, p. 65, 1. 15.

Observe the tenses of the subjunctive in this speech. In the ear-
lier part we have imperfects and pluperfects, except potuerit, p. 73,
1. 29. In the latter part all are presents or perfects.

XXXII. 27. Hac oratione habita : after this speech had been
delivered. An ablative absolute should seldom be translated literally.

29. Animadvertit Caesar : notice the inversion of subject and
predicate. The effect is about like, 'It was very noticeable to
Caesar.' unos : alone. A. 134. a; G. 95. R. i ; H. 166. i.

30. tristis : translate by an adverb.

32. respondere : cf. flagitare, p. 64, 1. 24.

33. neque . . . posset : and could not get a single word out of
them.

u

290 NOTES I

PAGE 2. Hoc : cf. eo, p. 62, 1. 28.

75 5. adesset: A. 524; B. 307. i. 2; G. 602; H. 584; HB.

504. 3. a. The imperfect here is accounted for by the sequence of
tenses.

6. reliquis, Sequanis : these words are emphatic, and contrasted
with each other. Notice that each stands first in its clause. Se-
qitanis is dat. of agent, modifying essent perferendi.

XXXIII. 10. sibi . . . futuram : that he would attend to this
matter. What literally?

11. Magnam: emphatic by position. beueficio: during
Caesar's consulship, apparently at. his recommendation, Ariovistus
had been officially recognized by the Roman senate as rex atque
amicus. It was already known that the Helvetian migration was
preparing, and Caesar probably wished to secure the neutrality of
Ariovistus in the coming Gallic campaign. See Introd., p. 7.

12. iniuriis : acts of injustice. A. 100. c; B. 55. 4. c; G.
204. N. 5 ; H. 138. 2; HB. 240. 5. b.

13. secundum : a preposition.

14. quare : equivalent to quibus. rebus, abl. of cause. The sin-
gular shows that quare was felt as an adverb, wherefore.

15. putaret: subj. of characteristic. quod . . . videbat . . .
intellegebat : these clauses give two of the multae res. fratres
appellatos : who had been called brothers.

17. apud : in the hands of.

18. quod : a condition which, subject of esse,

20. Germaiios . . . videbat : that the Germans shoidd get the
habit of crossing the Rhine and that a great number of them should
come into Gaul he' saw was perilous to the Roman people.

22. periculosum: what is the meaning of the suffix -osus?
sibi : with temperatures. A. 367 ; B. 187. II. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 2 ;
HB. 362.

23. quin exirent : from issuing forth. A. 558 ; B. 298 ; G. 555. 1 ;
H. 595. 2 ; HB. 502. 3. b.

24. Cinibri Teutonique : see Introd., p. 5.

26. Rhodanus : only the Rhone. quibus rebus : dat., depend-
ing on occurrendum.

27. quam maturrime : cf. quam maximum, p. 56, 1. 18.
occurrendum : sc. esse ; that he ought to meet a* forestall.

29. ferendus : used adjectively, bearable.

By making the danger from Ariovistus appear as great as that
which had threatened Rome from the Cimbri and Teuton!, Caesar
sought to explain and justify his actions against the Germans.

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 291

XXXIV. 31. medium utriusque : between the two. The
genitive with medius is rare in prose.

33. utriusque : of both. Ei legationi : i.e. Us legatis.

1 . Si ... f uisse : direct. Si quid mihi a Caesar e opus esset,
ego ad eum venissem. A. 589. b. 1.2; B. 321. A. B; G. 656. i. 2 ;
H. 647; HB. 581. b. i. Trans, if he wanted anything, etc. What
is the literal meaning ? Be sure that you find the right opus in the
Vocabulary.

2. quid, se : both accusatives are governed by velit. Trans.
wanted anything of him. Observe carefully the use of pronouns in
this and the previous sentence.

6. quid . . . esset : ind. quest., subject of videri. sua Gallia :
notice the emphasis on sua.

7. Caesari : dat. of possession. negoti: depends on quid.
A. 346. a. 3; B. 201. 2; G. 369; H. 441 ; HB. 346.

XXXV. 9. Quoniam : this conjunction cannot introduce
appellatus esset, because another conjunction, cum, comes between.
It must, therefore, introduce referret.

10. beneficio : cf. p. 75, 1. n. It is explained by the clause
ciun . . . appellatus esset.

1 1 . Iiaiic gratiam referret : made this return, explained by the
substantive clause ut . . . gravaretur . . . ptitaret.

13. discendum sibi : that, he was ^tnder obligation to learn.

14. haec esse quae : these were (the things) which. This is
the principal clause of the sentence. primum, ne . . . tradu-
ceret : this and the following clauses are in apposition with haec.
They have the form, therefore, which clauses depending on postTilo
regularly take. We may supply /// to introduce redderet and per-
mitteret. A. 563; B. 295. i ; G. 546; H. 565 ; HB. 502. 3. a.

17. ut . . . liceret: that they might return (lit. it might be
allowed to them to retrini) with his consent those which they had.
Notice the redundancy of words ; permitteret, voluntate, and liceret
contain about the same idea.

18. neve : regularly used for et ne. It introduces Caesar's third
demand, which, like the second, is in two parts. neve : nor.

19. Si fecisset : si feceris, if you do (shall have done), in the
direct form. sibi : refers to Caesar.

21. si non impetraret: if he should not obtain his reqriest.
sese : subject of neglecttirunt. It is repeated by the se of 1. 24.
M. Messala . . . consulibus : 61 B.C.

23. obtineret: should hold, not obtain. quod . . . posset:
so far as he could do it with benefit to the state. A. 535. d; B.

292 NOTES I

PAGE 283. 5; G. 627. R. i ; H. 591. 3; HB. 521. i. f. rei publicae :

76 gen.

XXXVI. 26. ut . . . imperarent : a substantive clause, sub-
ject of esse, the predicate being ius. Ariovistus said, ' It is a law of
war that those who have conquered rule as they wish those whom
they have conquered.'

28. victis: the conquered-, dat. of the participle, masc., used as a
noun. ad alterius praescriptum : according to the dictation of
another.

29. consuesse : see note on p. 63, 1. 7.

31. se impediri: subject of oportere. A. 565. N. 3 ; B. 330;
G. 535; H. 615 ; HB. 585. Trans, he ought not to be hindered.
What would be a literal rendering? Haeduos : subject of esse
factos.

32. temptassent : why subjunctive ? What mood does qttoniam
regularly take?

33. Magnam : observe the emphasis of its position (it was a
great injustice that Caesar was committing) .

77 i. qui . . . faceret: a causal relative clause. A. 535. e;
B. 283. 3; G. 633; H. 592; HB. 523. suo, sibi: the former of
these words is a direct reflexive, referring to Caesar ; the latter is
an indirect reflexive, referring to Ariovistus. Ariovistus feared that
Caesar's coming might make the Haedui refuse to pay the tribute.

2. neque . . . neque : but neither . . . nor.

3. si . . . convenisset : if they stood by that 'which had been
agreed upon.

5. longe . . . afuturum : the name i brothers of the Roman
people" 1 would be far away from them, i.e. would not help them7

6. Quod . . . denuntiaret : as for Caesar 's threatening him.
The subjunctive is due to indirect discourse.

7. secum, sua : indirect and direct respectively. Cum vellet,
congrederetur : in direct discourse cum volet, congrediatur (let
him join battle, subj. expressing a command in the third person) ;
or perhaps addressed directly to Caesar, cum -voles, congredere
(imperative).

9. tectum nou subissent : perhaps not to be, taken literally,
but meaning that they had no fixed abiding-place.

XXXVII. n. Haec : put first for emphasis.

12. ab, a : two prepositions are necessary, because there were
two embassies. Treveris : on the Moselle. The name survives
in the modern Treves. Haedui : sc. ueniebant.

13. questum : supine from queror, expressing purpose. Haru-

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 293

des : cf. p. 74, 1. 5. transportati essent, popularentur : why
subjunctive?

14. eorum: i.e. Haeduorum. obsidibus datis : abl. abs ,
expressing means ; not even by giving hostages.

15. Ariovisti: i.e. on the part of Ariovistus. pages . . .
consedisse : depends on questiun understood, while above we
have a ^w^-clause. Caesar represents this as a migration,
not merely a military movement. A description of the Suebi is
given in Bk. IV, Chaps. I-III. The name survives in the modern
Svuabia.

1 6. ripas : the plural denotes various places along the right bank.
20. Quibus rebus : abl. of cause.

25. minus . . . posset: resistance could be made less easily. For
the impersonal use of resist, see A. 372; B. 187. II. b; G. 217;
H. 302. 6; HB. 364. 2. We may supply the dative Us, and trans-
late they could be resisted.

27. quam celerrime potuit : as quickly as he could.

28. magnis itineribus : by forced marches. See Introd., p. 40.

29. contendit : apparently from the country of the Lingones ;
see p. 71, 11. i and 11-13- The time was probably about the
middle of August.

XXXVIII. 30. tridui : gen. of quality, or descriptive gen.;
the adjective required by the rule is contained in the compound
word, which is equivalent to triuin dierum. viam : A. 390 ;
B. 176. 4. a; G. 333. 2; H. 409 ; HB. 396. i. nuntiatum est :
what is its subject?

32. quod : its antecedent is Vesontionem, which is masculine.
For gender of quod see A. 306; B. 250. 3; G. 614. R. 3. b; H.
396. 2; HB. 326. i. est: this clause is not a part of the quota-
tion. On the site of Vesontio is built the modern city of Besan^on.

33. suis iinibus : the land which he had taken from the Sequani,
in the modern Alsace. Id : the capture of Vesontio.

2. usui : useful, lit. for use.

3. facultas : abundance. Cf. the meaning of the same word in
the next line. natura loci : i.e. natural defenses. The town was
situated in a bend, or loop, of the river.

4. ad ducendum bellum : for prolonging a war.

5. ut : as if. See the plan of Vesontio, p. 77.

6. spatium : obj. of continet. amplius podum sescentorum :
A. 407. c; B. 217. 3; G. 296. R. 4; H. 471. 4; HB. 416. d.
pedum : gen. of quality, or descriptive gen., used as predicate of
quod. The present distance across this ' neck of land ' is consider-

294 NOTES I

PAGE ably more than that given. The distance across the plateau which
78 forms the top of the hill is about 600 feet.

8. ripae : nom. pi.

9. circumdatus : put around, i.e. built around. In compounds
do often means ' put. 1

XXXIX. 13. moratur: A. 556; B. 293. I; G. 229. R. ; H.
533. 4 ; HB. 559. ex : in consequence of.

14. magnitudine : abl. of quality, or description, used predica-
tively. The Romans were rather small of stature. Cf. Bk. II, Chap.
XXX.

15. exercitatione : skill, the result of practice.

17. aciem : fierceness, or glare.

18. timor: a panic. A. 238. a; B. 147. 2; G. 181. 2. b; H.
333; HB. 206. 4.

19. non mediocriter : these words illustrate the figure called
litotes, for which the grammar may be consulted. Use the index.
mentis animosque : minds and spirits. The Germans were less
familiar, therefore more terrible, than the Gauls.

20. tribunis, praefectis : see Introd., pp. 33, 34. Many of
these men, no doubt, belonged to families to which Caesar was in
debt, pecuniarily or politically. Those who owed their appoint-
ment to this were naturally of small use from a military point of
view. reliquis : young men who accompanied Caesar in order to
gain some military experience under an able general, or to see what
.life in the field was. They were called contubernales (< tent-
companions ') of the general.

22. quorum . . . inlata: of these one giving one reason, another
another. For alms alia see A. 315. c; B. 253. 2; G. 221. R. i ;
H. 516. I; HB. 279. 3. quam . . . diceret: which he said
made it necessary for him to set out. What is the literal translation?
For mood of diceret cf. existimarent, p. 68, 1. 29.

24. pudore : a sense of shame. ut . . . vitarent: a clause of
purpose, depending on remanebant.

25. vultum fingere : i.e. so as to conceal their fear.

26. tabernaculis : see Introd., pp. 41, 43.

27. suum : emphatic, contrasted with commune.

28. totis castris : throughout the camp. A. 429. 2 ; B. 228. I. b ;
G. 388; H. 485. 2; HB. 436. a. testamenta: not verbal wills,
which, when made just before a battle, had binding force, but regu-
larly attested documents.

30. centuriones : see Introd., p. 33. quique : and those
-who.

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 295

31. perturb abantur : were getting frightened', observe the tense.
ex his : equivalent to a genitive.

33. ipsos : could se have been used here ?

i. rem frumentariam : obj. of timer e. We should expect a
nominative, subject of posset. ut . . . posset: A. 564; B. 296. 2;
G. 550. 2 ; H. 567. i ; HB. 502. 4. Trans, ut by that . . . not.

3. castra . . . ferri : the expression castra mover e means to break
camp ; signaferre, to bear on the standards, i.e. to march. During
a halt the standards were set up in the earth. dicto : dat. with
ajidientis, which here means obedient. A. 367; B. 187. II. a; G.
346. N. 5 ; H. 426. i ; HB. 362.

4. laturos : this sentence in the direct form would run, Cztm
. . . ttisseris, non erunt dicto andientes milites neque . . . ferent.

This description ot ui^ panic and the speech given in the next
chapter, by which Caesar cl,cked it, are admirable examples of
Caesar's literary skill.

XL. 5. omnium or dinum : of ell the centuries. See Introd.,
p. 31. To a council of war only the ctiturions primorum or dinum
(see Introd., p. 34) were usually summoned Caesar now wishes,
through the centurions, to reach the whole ai~ny as effectively as
possible.

7. incusavit: blamed, or reproached. ;.

8. sibi . . . putarent: they thought it incumbent ut themselves
to ask or consider. What literally?

9. putarent : subj. because it gives the reason of Caesar the
speaker as reported by Caesar the writer. Ariovistum : subject of
appetisse. See note on beneficio, p. 75, 1. II.

10. cur quisquam iudicaret : why should any one think? A
negative answer is implied. For the subjunctive, which was sub-
junctive in the direct form as well, see A. 444, 587 ; B. 277, 315. 3 ;
G. 259. 651. R. 2 ; H. 557, 642. 3 ; HB. 513. i.

11. Sibi quidem persuaderi: for his part, he was becoming
convinced, more literally to him at least it was being proved. Notice
the impersonal use of a verb which takes the dative. ' I am be-
coming convinced ' is mihi persuadetur. See note on mimes . . .
posset, p. 77, 1. 25.

12. eum: Ariovistus. The clause ewn . . . fepudiaturum is
subject Q$ persuaderi.

14. intulisset : intulerit in the direct form. quid tandem
vererentur : what in the world should they be afraid off See note
on 1. 10.

15. sua: vestra in the direct form. It refers to the army, which

29 2 NOTES I

283. 5; G. 627. R. i ; H. 591. 3; HB. 521. i. f. rei publicae:
gen.

XXXVI. 26. ut . . . imperarent : a substantive clause, sub-
ject of esse, the predicate being ius. Ariovistus said, ' It is a law of
war that those who have conquered rule as they wish those whom
they have conquered.'

28. victis: the cotiquered; dat. of the participle, masc., used as a
noun. ad alterius praescriptum : according to the dictation of
another.

29. consuesse : see note on p. 63, 1. 7.

31. se impediri: subject of oportere. A. 565. N. 3 ; B. 330;
G. 535; H. 615; HB. 585. Trans, he ought not to be hindered.
What would be a literal rendering? Haeduos : subject of esse
factos.

32. temptassent : why subjunctive ? What mood does quoniam
regularly take?

33. Magnam : observe the emphasis of its position (it was a
great injustice that Caesar was committing) .

1. qui . . . faceret: a causal relative clause. A. 535. e;
B. 283. 3; G. 633; H. 592; HB. 523. suo, sibi: the former of
these words is a direct reflexive, referring to Caesar; the latter is
an indirect reflexive, referring to Ariovistus. Ariovistus feared that
Caesars coming might make the Haedui refuse to pay the tribute.

2. neque . . . neque : but neither . . . nor.

3. si ... convenisset : if they stood by that which had been
agreed upon.

5. longe . . . afuturum : the name 'brothers of the Roman
people" 1 would be far away from them, i.e. would not help them"!

6. Quod . . . denuntiaret : as for Caesar's threatening him.
The subjunctive is due to indirect discourse.

7. secum, sua : indirect and direct respectively. Cum vellet,
congrederetur : in direct discourse cum volet, congrediatur (let
him join battle, subj. expressing a command in the third person) ;
or perhaps addressed directly to Caesar, cum -voles, congredere
(imperative).

9. tectum non subissent : perhaps not to be, taken literally,
but meaning that they had no fixed abiding-place.

XXXVII. ii. Haec : put first for emphasis.

12. ab, a: two prepositions are necessary, because there were
two embassies. Treveris : on the Moselle. The name survives
in the modei'n Treves. Haedui : sc. veniebant.

13. questum : supine from queror, expressing purpose. Haru-

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 293

des : cf. p. 74, 1. 5. transportati essent, popularentur : why PAGE
subjunctive? 77

14. eomm : i.e. Haedrwriim. obsidibus datis : abl. abs ,
expressing means ; not even by giving hostages.

15. Ariovisti: i.e. on the part of Ariovistus. pagos . . .
consedisse : depends on questum understood, while above we
have a ^m'd'-clause. Caesar represents this as a migration,
not merely a military movement. A description of the Suebi is
given in Bk. IV, Chaps. I-III. The name survives in the modern
Swabia.

1 6. ripas : the plural denotes various places along the right bank.
20. Quibus rebus : abl. of cause.

25. minus . . . posset: resistance could be made less easily. For
the impersonal use ofresistt, see A. 372; B. 187. II. b; G. 217;
H. 302. 6; HB. 364. 2. We may supply the dative Us, and trans-
late they could be resisted.

27. quam celerrime potuit : as quickly as he could.

28. magnis itineribus : by forced marches. See Introd., p. 40.

29. contendit : apparently from the country of the Lingones ;
see p. 71, 11. i and 11-13. The time was probably about the
middle of August.

XXXVIII. 30. tridui: gen. of quality, or descriptive gen.;
the adjective required by the rule is contained in the compound
word, which is equivalent to triwn dierum. viam : A. 390 ;
B. 176. 4. a; G. 333. 2; 11.409; HB. 396. I. nuntiatum est :
what is its subject?

32. quod : its antecedent is Vesontionem, which is masculine.
For gender of quod see A. 306; B. 250. 3; G. 614. R. 3. b; H.
396. 2; HB. 326. I. est: this clause is not a part of the quota- -
tion. On the site of Vesontio is built the modern city of Besan^on.

33. suis finibus : the land which he had taken from the Sequani,
in the modern Alsace. Id : the capture of Vesontio.

2. usui : useful, lit. for use.

3. facultas : abundance. Cf. the meaning of the same word in
the next line. naturaloci: i.e. natural defenses. The town was
situated in a bend, or loop, of the river.

4. ad ducendum bellum : for prolonging a war.

5. ut : as if. See the plan of Vesontio, p. 77.

6. spatium : obj. of continet. amplius podum sescentorum :
A. 407. c; B. 217. 3; G. 296. R. 4; H. 471. 4; HB. 416. d.
pedum : gen. of quality, or descriptive gen., used as predicate of
quod. The present distance across this ' neck of land ' is consider-

294 NOTES I

PAGE ably more than that given. The distance across the plateau which
78 forms the top of the hill is about 600 feet.

8. ripae : nom. pi.

9. circumdatus : put arottnd, i.e. built around. In compounds
do often means l put. 1

XXXIX. 13. moratur : A. 556 ; B. 293. I ; G. 229. R. ; H.
533. 4 ; HB. 559. ex : in consequence of.

14. magnitudine : abl. of quality, or description, used predica-
tively. The Romans were rather small of stature. Cf. Bk. II, Chap.
XXX.

15. exercitatione : skill, the result of practice.

17. aciem : fierceness, or glare.

18. timor: a panic. A. 238. a; B. 147. 2; G. 181. 2. b; H.
333; HB. 206. 4.

19. non mediocriter : these words illustrate the figure called
litotes, for which the grammar may be consulted. Use the index.
mentis animosque : minds and spirits. The Germans were less
familiar, therefore more terrible, than the Gauls.

20. tribunis, praefectis : see Introd., pp. 33, 34. Many of
these men, no doubt, belonged to families to which Caesar was in
debt, pecuniarily or politically. Those who owed their appoint-
ment to this were naturally of small use from a military point of
view. reliquis : young men who accompanied Caesar in order to
gain some military experience under an able general, or to see what
.life in the field was. They were called contubernales ('tent-
companions ') of the general.

22. quorum . . . inlata: of these one giving one reason, another
another. For alms alia see A. 315. c; B. 253. 2; G. 221. R. i ;
H. 516. i; HB. 279. 3. quam . . . diceret : which he said
made it necessary for him to set out. What is the literal translation?
For mood of diceret cf. existimarent, p. 68, 1. 29.

24. pudore : a sense of shame. ut . . . vitarent : a clause of
purpose, depending on remanebant.

25. vultum fingere : i.e. so as to conceal their fear.

26. tabernaculis : see Introd., pp. 41, 43.

27. suum: emphatic, contrasted with commune.

28. totis castris : throughout the camp. A. 429. 2 ; B. 228. i. b ;
G. 388; H. 485. 2; HB. 436. a. testamenta: not verbal wills,
which, when made just before a battle, had binding force, but regu-
larly attested documents.

30. centuriones : see Introd., p. 33. quique: and those
who.

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 295

31. perturbabantur : were getting frightened; observe the tense. PAGE
ex his : equivalent to a genitive. 78

33. ipsos : could se have been used here?

I. rem frumentariam : obj. of timer e. We should expect a 79

nominative, subject of posset. ut . . . posset: A. 564; B. 296. 2 ;
G. 550. 2 ; H. 567. i ; HB. 502. 4. Trans, ut by that . . . not.

3. castra ... ferri : the expression caslra mover e means to break
camp-, signaferre, to bear on the standards, i.e. to march. During
a halt the standards were set up in the earth. dicto : dat. with
audientis, which here means obedient. A. 367; B. 187. II. a; G.
346. N. 5 ; H. 426. i ; HB. 362.

4. laturos : this sentence in the direct form would run, C^tm
. . . iiisseris, non erunt dicto audientes milites neque . . . ferent.

This description ot th*. panic and the speech given in the next
chapter, by which Caesar clicked it, are admirable examples of
Caesar's literary skill.

XL. 5. omnium or dinum : of all the centuries. See Introd.,
p. 31. To a council of war only the centurions primorum ordinum
(see Introd., p. 34) were usually summoned. Caesar now wishes,
through the centurions, to reach the whole army as effectively as
possible.

7. incusavit : blamed, or reproached.

8. sibi . . . putarent: they thought it incumbent Oi~ themselves
to ask or consider. What literally ?

9. putarent: subj. because it gives the reason of Cae^r the
speaker as reported by Caesar the writer. Ariovistum : subject of
appetisse. See note on beneficio, p. 75, 1. n.

10. cur quisquam iudicaret: why should any one think? A
negative answer is implied. For the subjunctive, which was sub-
junctive in the direct form as well, see A. 444, 587 ; B. 277, 315. 3 ;
G. 259, 651. R. 2; H. 557, 642. 3; HB. 513. i.

1 1 . Sibi quidem persuaderi : for his part, he was becoming
convinced, more literally to him at least it was being proved. Notice
the impersonal use of a verb which takes the dative. ' I am be-
coming convinced ' is mihi persuadetiir. See note on minus . . .
posset, p. 77, 1. 25.

12. eum: Ariovistus. The clause eum . . . repudiat^lr^^m is
subject of persiiaderi.

14. intulisset : intulerit in the direct form. quid tandem
vererentur : what in the world should they be afraid of? See note
on 1. 10.

15. sua: vestra in the direct form. It refers to the army, which

296 NOTES I

PAGE Caesar is addressing through its representatives. ipsius : refers to
79 Caesar himself. A. 300. b; B. 249. 3; G. 660. 5; H. 509. 6; HB.

263. 2.

16. Pactum: sc. esse. Notice the emphatic position of the
word. periculum: trial. The root is the same that appears in
the verb experior.

17. Cimbris : cf. Chap. XXXIII, and see Introd., pp. 4-6.

18. meritus videbatur : was seen to have earned. We should
expect here the subjunctive of indirect discourse, but the indicative
is used to emphasize the statement as a fact. The statement seems
artfully thrown in as a hint to the army to be equally deserving of
praise. For Caesar's relation to Marius see Introd., p. 8.

19. nuper: more recently. servili tumultu : abl. of time.
The Servile War against Spartacus a n d nis gladiators was in
73-71 B.C. These gladiators were lar^uy German slaves. Tumultus
was the word applied to any uprising in Italy or Cisalpine Gaul.
quos : the antecedent is servo? urn, implied in servili. A. 306. b ;
B. 250. 4; G. 614. R. 3. a; H. 399. 4; HB. 325. tamen: i.e.
though they were defeated, yet they were helped somewhat by the
training which they had received at our hands.

20. usus ac disciplina : experience (from practice) and training
(from a teacher).

21. Ex quo : from this. Though introduced by a relative,
this is practically an independent sentence ; hence posse, not
posset, in indirect discourse. A. 583. b; B. 314. 4; G. 635;
H. 643. i; HB. 535. i. b. quantum boni: how mtich (of")
value. haberet: trans, has, not had. In Latin such expres-
sions of a general, or permanent, truth usually conform to the law
of sequence of tenses.

22. inermis : at the outbreak of the insurrection the arms of the
slaves were of the most primitive kind.

24. quibuscum congress! superarint: quibuscum goes with
congressi, and the object of superarint is to be supplied ; but we
may translate whom the Helvetii had often met and vanqitished.
Observe the tense of superarint (superaverint) and potuerint.
In the next sentence Caesar returns to the regular sequence.

26. exercitui: A. 384; 6.192.1; G-359; H. 434. 2 ; HB. 362.
The Helvetii had defeated the Germans, the Romans had overcome
the Helvetii. The inference is obvious.

27. adversuni proelium : the battle at Magetobriga ; see p. 74,
1. n, and Introd., p. 7. hos . . . posse: in the direct form hi,
si quaerent, reperire possunt.

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 297

28. defatigatis Gallis : abl. abs., expressing time and cause. PAGE

29. cum se tenuisset . . . fecisset : after keeping himself and 79
giving them no chance at him. castris : abl. of place. The prepo-
sition is not used, because the ablative is one of means as well as
place.

30. sui: for gen. see A. 348; B. 200; G. 363. 2; H. 440. 2 ;
HB. 354. desperantis . . . vicisse: having attacked them
suddenly, when they were now despairing of a battle and scattered,
had overcome them more by ruse and strategy than by valor.

32. Cui ration!, hac : equivalent to hac ralione cui. The ante-
cedent is attracted into the relative clause. Translate the sentence,
Not even Ariovistus himself hoped that our armies could be caught
by this ruse, for which there had been a place in fighting against
unskilled barbarians.

I. Qui . . . conferrent: those who ascribed their fear to a 80
pretended anxiety regarding supplies, etc. The antecedent of qui
is the subject oifacere, eos understood.
3. officio : discharge of his duty.

5. frumenta : how does this differ in meaning from frumentum ?

6. Quod . . . dicantur : as to the fact that it was said they
would not be obedient to command or move forward. See note on p.
62,1.20. See also A. 582 ; B. 332. c; 0.528; H. 611; HB. 590. i.
Notice here again the primary tense.

7. nihil : not at all. A. 390. c. N. 2 ; B. 176. 3. a ; G. 334. R. i ;
H. 416. 2; HB. 387. III.

8. scire: sc. se. quibuscumque . . . defuisse: whomever
an army had not obeyed, either fortune had failed (these) because
the campaign had been badly conducted.

10. avaritiam esse convictam: greed had been proved (against
them}. The meaning of the sentence is, if any generals have found
their armies disobedient, the reason is that the generals have been
unlucky in war or have been proved guilty of dishonesty.
innocentiam : integrity.

1 1 . perpetua vita : throughout his whole life. f elicitatem :
good fortune, luck, as a personal quality.

12. quod . . . fuisset : what he had intended to postpone to
a later day.

13. de quarta vigilia : see note on p. 61, 1. 24.

14. quamprimum: as soon as possible. utrum . . . valeret:
A- 334, 335 5 B. 162. 4 ; G. 458, 460 ; H. 380 ; HB. 234.

15. officium: sense of duty. Quod si . . . iturum : in the
direct discourse quod si . . . sequetur, taj/ien ego . . . ibo.

298 NOTES I

PAGE 17. praetorian? cohortem: bodyguard, composed of the best

80 soldiers, and receiving many marks of favor from the general.

This speech deserves to be carefully studied as a specimen of
oratory. Caesar was ranked by the Romans second only to Cicero
among their orators. As a general he relied much on his power
of persuasion. This speech produced an instantaneous effect, as is
seen in the next chapter.

XLI. 20. conversae sunt : were transformed.

22. inlata est: was inspired. princeps gratias egit: was
foremost in expressing thanks. A. 290; B. 239; G. 325. R. 6;
H. 497. 3; HB. 243.

23. quod . . . fecisset : because he had expressed a most favor-
able opinion about it.

25. cum tribunis egerunt: i.e. begged the tribunes. primo-
rum ordinum : see Introd., p. 34.

26. uti Caesari satisfacerent : obj. of egerunt.

27. summa belli : the conduct of the war. suum : predicate
of iudicium, which is subject of esse.

29. itinere exquisite per Diviciacum : having sought out a
route through the help of Diviciaciis. quod . . . habebat : because
of the Gauls he had most faith in him. For the dative i see note
oh cui, p. 66, 1. 34.

30. ut . . . duceret : that he might lead his army through, open
country, by a detour of more than fifty miles. Thus Caesar avoided
the angustiae itineris of which the soldiers were afraid. The case
of milium is not affected by the comparative amplius. A. 407. c; B.
217. 3 ; G. 296. R. 4; H. 471. 4; HB. 416. d. Instead of marching
northeasterly from Besan9on directly up the valley of the Doubs, Caesar
made a detour to the north and east. Then he entered the valley of the
Rhine through the pass between the Jura and the Vosges mountains.
He thus avoided the difficulties of the Doubs valley and the Jura range.

33. milia : ace. of extent of space. Probably Caesar had reached
the Fecht, between Ostheim and Gemar.

81 XLII. 2. Quod : the rel. pron., obj. of postulasset. Its ante-
cedent is id, subject of 'fieri. What is the subject of licere ? per se :
so far as he was concerned.

4. condicionem : proposal.

7. denegasset : had utterly refused.

9. pro : in gratitude for.

12. fore uti desisteret : he would cease, more literally it would
come to pass that he would cease. A. 569. a; B. 270. 3. a; G. 248 ;
H. 619. 2 ; HB. 472. c.

I

THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 299

13. conloquio : for a conference.

17. postulavit: notice the form of the two demands following
this verb, each expressed by the subjunctive, and each having an
explanatory clause with the accusative and infinitive appended to it.

22. veniret: this may be taken as a substantive clause, like
ne . . . adduceret. But it is better to regard it as simply the in-
direct form of uterque veniat, let each come. alia rations : on any
other terms.

2.6. tolli : to be prevented.

27. G-allorum equitatui : see Introd., p. 37.

30. Gallis equitibus : dat., though translated with from. A.
381 ; B. 188. 2. d; G. 345; H. 427; HB. 371. Caesar had about
4000 horsemen.

31. eo : thereon, i.e. on them, legionarios : A. 250. a ; B. 151. 2 ;
G. 189. 45 ; H. 348 ; HB. 210. i. The word is contrasted with
equitibus. See Introd., p. 34.

32. imponere: subject of esse, 1. 29. si . . . esset: if there
should be any need of action. For the construction with opus see
A. 411. a; B. 218. 2. c; G. 406; H. 477. Ill; HB. 430. i. 2. b.

33. non inridicule : not without wit, a case of litotes.

I. pollicitum . , . rescribere: having promised (merely) that
he would have the tenth legion as his body-guard, he was (actually)
enrolling them among the equites. The joke lies in the double
meaning of the word equites, which was the name of an order of
nobility at Rome, below the senatorial rank. Perhaps the double
meaning of ad equum rescribere may be expressed by the English
' to invest with spurs.'

XLIII. 5. Eo: i.e. adtumulum.

6. equis : abl. of means, but trar.s. on horseback. passibus:
A. 425. b ; B. 223 ; G. 403 ; H. 4*7. 3, 479. 3 ; HB. 424. The abla-
tive is connected with ab. i.e. away by two hundred paces.

8. ex equis: on horseback. Cf. exvinculis, p. 57, 1. 10.

9. denos : ten apiece, a distributive numeral.

12. munera: probably such things as the Romans once sent to an-
other foreign king, a curule chair, a golden crown, costly clothing,
etc. quam rem : a thing which, subject of contigisse and consziesse.

13. officiis : services.

14. cum: though. aditum: right of approach.

15. haberet: A. 549; B. 309. 3; G. 587; H. 598; HB. 525.

1 6. Docebat etiam : he tried to make clear to him, furthermore.
On docebat depend three indirect questions, quam . . . intercederent,
quae . . . facta essent, and ut {how} . '. . tenuissent.

82

3

NOTES

I

17. necessitudinis : friendship, or alliance. ipsis . . . inter-
sederent : existed between themselves (the Romans) and the Haedui.

1 8. quae . . . essent: what decrees of the senate had been made
in their favor, how often, and how flattering. honorifica : how
are adjectives in -ficus compared ?

20. appetissent : subj. of ind. disc.

21. ut . . . esse : to wish its allies and friends not only to lose
nothing of their own, but even to be increased in influence, dignity,
and honor. The clause explains consuetudinem.

23. quod . . . posset: and indeed who could suffer that to be
taken away from them which they had brought to the friendship of
the Roman people? Caesar refers to the independence of the
Haedui and their influence among the Gauls. The direct form of
the question was qnis possit?

25. ne bellum inferret : that he should not make war. In the
direct form this clause would be a prohibition. How are prohibi-
tions expressed?

28. quos transire pateretur : allow any to cross. A. 563. c ;
B. 331, III ; G. 553. 2. N. ; H. 614 ; HB. 587.

XLIV. 30. sese : subject of transisse and three other infinitives.
Fhis passage is given in the direct form in G. 661. I ; H. 653.
I. rogatum: cf. p. 73, 1. 15.
3. obsides : obj. of habere.

5. victis imponere : to impose on the vanquished. sese
G-allis, Gallos sibi: the chiastic order. See note on p. 60,

[.14.

6. ad se oppngnandum : to attack him.', the gerundive con-
struction, expressing purpose.

8. uno proelio : the battle ad Magetobrigam. Cf. p. 74, 1. 1 1.
3i . . . decertare : if they wished to try again, he was ready to
fight it out again. In the direct form, Si iterum experiri vohtnt,
?go iterum paratus stun decertare.

10. de stipeudio recusare : to make excuses about paying
tribute, i.e. refuse to pay. quod :. the relative.

11. pependerint : from pendo, not pendeo.

12. Amicitiani esse oportere : friendship ought to be', but re-
nember that oportere is impersonal, and hence amicitiam is subject
Df esse, not of oportere. sibi ornamento : A. 382. I ; B. 191. 2 ;
^. 356 ; H. 433 ; HB. 360. b.

14. remittatur: should be remitted. The power of exacting
Tibute would be lost if the Haeduan hostages were returned, as
Daesar demanded.

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 301

16. appetierit: appetii in the direct discourse. Quod: see PAGE
note on p. 62, 1. 20. 83

17. id: refers to the preceding clause. sui muniendi causa:
to protect himself.

1 8. quod . . . veiierit : that he did not come without being
asked. The clause is subject of esse, testimonium being predi-
cate.

19. defenderit : repelled.

22. G-alliae provinciae : see Introd., p. 23.

23. Quid sibi vellet : direct, Quid tibi vis ? What are your in-
tentions? A. 586 ; B. 315. i ; G. 651 ; H. 642 ; HE. 534. 2. HI, 537.

24. Provinciam . . . nostram : this {part of) Gaul was his
province, just as that was ours.

25. Ut . . . interpellaremus : direct, Ut mihi concedi non
oportet, si in vestros finis impetum faciam, sic item vos estis iniqui,
quod in meo iure me inter pellatis. i.e. as no concession ought to be
made to me, etc. Up to this point dependent subjunctives in this
speech have been either present or perfect ; we now have also im-
perfects and pluperfects.

28. tarn imperitum rerum : so ignorant of the course of events.
A. 349. a; B. 204. i ; G. 374; H. 451- 1 5 HB. 354-

29. ut non sciret: as not to know, a clause of result. bello
proximo : abl. of time.

30. ipsos: i.e. Haeduos.

31. auxilio: abl. with usos esse.

32. Debere . . . habere : he had good reason to suspect that
although Caesar pretended friendship, he had tlie army which he had
in Gaul for the purpose of crushing him. The subject of habere is
Caesarem.

34. Qui nisi : so unless he.

1. Quod : and as to that, referring to the previous sentence. 84

2. gratum esse facturum : he would confer a favor, lit. do a
pleasing thing. Caesar had many enemies in Rome, and these were
no idle words.

3. compertum : agrees with id, and the expression id compertum
habere means nearly the same that id comperisse would mean. A.
497. b; B. 337. 7 (337. 6); G. 238; H. 431. 3; HB. 605. 5. a.
quorum : its antecedent is nobilibus principibiisque.

4. morte : abl. of price. redimere: buy back. Ariovistus had
been in favor before.

5. Quod: but. decessisset: fut. perf. in the direct dis-
course.

302 NOTES I

PAGE 6. quaecumque bella : subject of geri. In the direct discourse,

84 quaecumque bella geri -voles sine ullo tuo labor e et periculo confidant.

XLV. 9. in earn sententiam, quare : to this effect (namely to
show), why.

n. pati : its subject is consuetudinem, its object uti . . . desereret.
We had pati followed by ace. and inf. on p. 82, 1. 24. optime
meritos : most deserving.

12. neque . . . Roman! : and he thought Gaul did not belong to
Ariovistus more than to the Roman people.

13. superatos esse: in 121 B.C.

14. quibus . . . ignovisset : but the Roman people had pardoned
them. Why is quibus dative? in provinciam redegisset: re-
duced into a province, under a Roman governor. The Cdvennes
lay between these tribes and the Roman province, so that it would
have been hard to incorporate them with the latter.

15. si ... oporteret : if priority of time (each most ancient
time) ought to be considered.

17. iustissimum : most valid. imperium : right of rule.

1 8. quam : subject of uti.

19. victam: though conquered. suis legibus uti: i.e. to be
independent.

XL VI. 20. geruntur : were going on. Account for the tense.

21. tumulum : A. 432. a; B. 141. 3; G. 416. 22; H. 420. 5;
HB. 380. b.

22. loquendi : on p. 75, 1. iT.^finem facere is used with a dative.

23. ne quod telum reicerent : not to throw back any weapon.
The form quod is adjective, quid generally substantive.

26. ut . . . posset . . . eircumveiitos : subject of commit-
tendum. Trans, that, after the enemy were defeated, it could be
alleged that they had been deceived by him in the conference through
their (misplaced) confidence. As Caesar takes victory for granted,
it is better not to regard pulsis hostibus as conditional.

28. qua adrogantia . . . interdixisset : with what arrogance
(lit. having used what arrogance} in the conference Ariovistus had
ordered the Romans out of (forbidden the Romans from} all Gaul.

29. Gallia: abl. of separation. Romanis : dat., depending
on inter dixisset. inter dixisset: subj. in an ind. quest. ut:
how.

. 30. diremisset : had broken off. Caesar labors earnestly to
make his acts appear justifiable, and in a certain sense they were so.
Gaul had to be either Romanized or Germanized, and there can be
no doubt which was the better for the country at that time.

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS 303

XL VII. i. Biduo post: next day, lit. two days after, Cf. PAGE
pridie eius diei, 1. 6. The Romans counted the day from which, as 85

well as the day to which, they reckoned. legates misit: this ex-
pression implies both 'to say' and 'to ask. 1 On the former idea
depends the following clause with the ace. and inf., on the latter
idea the clause beginning with uti.

2. coeptae : for the voice see A. 205. a; B. 133. i; G.
423. N. 3 ; H. 299. i ; HB. 199. 2.

3. agere cum eo : to treat with him.

4. si id minus vellet: if he hardly wished (to do) that. ex
suis legatis : of his legates. A. 346. c; B. 201. i. a; G. 372. R. 2 ;
H. 444; HB. 346. e.

5. eo magis : all"the more.

6. pridie eius diei : see note on postridie eius diet, p. 68, 1. 22.
quin conicerent : from hurling. A. 558 ; B. 295.3. a ; G. 555. I ;
H. 595. 2 ; HB. 502. 3. b.

7. Legatum: obj. of missurum and obiecturum.

9. Commodissimum visum est : it seemed most fitting. The
subject of visum est is mitt ere.

10. humanitate : culture.

1 1 . Flacco : Valerius Flaccus was governor of Gaul in 83. B. C.
Notice that Procillus took the nomen and praenomen of the man
from whom he received the honor of citizenship. For Roman names
see A. 108 ; B. 373 ; G. page 493 ; H. 354 ; HB. 678. civitate
donatus erat : had been presented with (Roman) citizenship. A.
364; B. 187. I. a; G. 348; H. 426. 6; HB. 365. b. propter
fidem : this phrase, propter . . . scientiam, and the clause quod
. . . esset give the reasons why it seemed best to send Procillus.

12. multa : agrees with qua, but is nearly equivalent to an adverb
with utebatur, i.e. spoke freely.

13. longinqua consuetudine : abl. of cause. quod . . .esset:
because in his case the Germans (Germanis is dat. of poss.) had no
reason for doing wrong. Procillus was a Gaul, not a Roman. Why
is esset subjunctive? Remember that Caesar is describing his own
previous acts as if those of another person.

14. una : sc. cum eo, along with him.

15. hospitio Ariovisti utebatur : enjoyed guest-friendship with
Ariovistus. Hospitium was a very sacred relationship, and might be
hereditary. See note on p. 73, 1. 23. quae diceret Ariovistus:
ind. quest.

18. Quid: why? A. 390. c. N. 2 ; B. 176. 3. a ; G. 333. I. R. 2;
H. 416. 2 ; HB. 388. a. N. An speculandi causa : or (was it) for

304 NOTES I

PAGE the purpose of spying? A. 335. b ; B. 162. 4. a ; G. 457. i ; H. 380. 3 ;
85 HB. 237. Conaiitis : sc. eos. Ariovistus wished his army to

regard Procillus and Metius not as envoys, but as spies. Therefore
he prevented them from speaking.

XL VIII. 20. milibus : see note on passibus, p. 82, 1. 6.

23. ultra eum : i.e. in the direction from which Caesar had come.
This was apparently an excellent manoeuver. See the plan, p. 87.

24. qui : agrees with its nearest antecedent.

25. continues : in succession.

26. aciem instructam habuit : kept his army drawn up in line
of battle. ut . . . deesset: that, if Ariovistus had a desire to fight
a battle, he might have the chance. We have nt -non instead of ne,
because the negative is closely connected with the verb.

28. castris : see note on p. 79, 1. 29.

29. se exercuerant : had trained themselves, i.e. had become
expert.

31. quos . . . delegerant: whom the horsemen had selected for
their own protection from the whole number (of foot-soldiers), one
apiece. Each ' knight ' had his ' squire. 1
(86 J 2. si quid erat durius : if there was any ztnus2ial difficulty.

3. si qui : the indefinite pronoun, of which quis is the regular
substantive form in the masculine nominative singular.

4. si ... prodeundum : if it was necessary to go forward
rather far to any place. Si quo is the adverb of '-si quis, just as quo
of quis or qui.

6. equorum : to be taken with both iubis and cursum. Run-
ning along by the horses and holding on by their manes, they could
keep up with them. Caesar afterwards used these cavalry tactics.

XLIX. 7. eum : subject of tenere, and refers to Ariovistus. lie
. . . prohiberetur : a clause of purpose, depending on delegit and
venit. Cf. p. 85, I. 23.

8. loco : Caesar uses the word locus five times in the first six
lines of this chapter. In the previous chapter he uses castra four
times in four lines. It is said that Macaulay never hesitated to repeat
a noun, if by :;o doing he could express his meaning more clearly
than by using a pronoun.

9. castris : for a camp. idoneum : for its comparison see
A. 128; B. 74. 2; G. 87. 6; H. 159; HB. 121.

10. acie triplici : see Introd., p. 44.

13. expedita: agrees grammatically with milia, but logically
with hominum. The word means unencumbered, hence ready to
fight. See Introd., p. 40.

I THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST" ARIOVISTUS 305

14. quae . . . prohiberent : a rel. clause of purpose. PAGE

15. Nihilo : abl. of degree, or measure, of difference. 86

1 6. opus : i.e. munitionem castrorum.

18. quattuor reliquas : there were, then, six in all. See In-
trod., p. 36, and cf. Chap. X. castra maiora: Caesar's main
camp, where he had been for nearly two weeks. The two camps
were about two and one-half miles apart, with the camp of Ariovistus
between them. See the plan, p. 87. What was the obvious pur-
pose of Caesar's smaller camp ?

L. 19. institute suo : in accordance with his plan. See note
on moribns suz's, p. 57, 1. 9.

2 1 . pugnandi potestatem fecit : offered battle.

26. inlatis : inflicted.

28. proelio decertaret : fight it ont in a (pitched) battle.
/ quod . . . esset : a substantive clause explaining hanc.
^ 29. ut . . . declararent : a substantive clause explaining con-
szietudo. A. 570; B. 297. 3 ; G. 557 ; H. 571. 4; HB. 521. 3. a.

30. sortibus : Tacitus describes the sortes of the Germans.
Twigs with certain marks made upon them, scattered over a white
cloth, were drawn by him who consulted the lots. The marks were
then interpreted. vaticinationibus : perhaps prophecies uttered
by women thought to be inspired.

31. necne: A. 335. N. ; B. 300. 4. a; G. 459; H. 650. i : HB.
234. a. fas : divine will.

32. iiovam luiiani : this new moon fell on Sept. 18. Days of
new and full moon were of good omen. The Spartans would not
send aid to the Athenians at Marathon before the full moon.

LI. 2. alarios : auxiliaries. See Introd., p. 37. The word 88

alarins means belonging to the wings, where the auxiliaries were
usually stationed in battle.

4. pro: in proportion to, in comparison with. ad speciem :
for show. Caesar wished Ariovistus to think that these auxiliaries
were legionaries.

7. generatim : by tribes.

10. Eo : i.e. in raedas et carros. These were probably set in a
great semicircle, inclosing the rear and flanks.

1 1 . passis : from pando.

LII. 14. legates et quaestorem : Caesar had six legions, so
probably he had only five legati. Later he had ten. See Introd.,
p. 32.

15. suae quisque virtutis : notice the Order of words, which is
regular.

306 NOTES ' I

PAGE 18. signo dato: i.e. by a trumpet See Introd., p. 39.

88 19. ut: correlative with ita. pila:-obj. of the gerund con-
iciendi. What other construction might have been used ? A. 503 ;
B- 339- r ; G. 427; H. 626. i ; HB. 613.

21. phalange facta: see note on phalange, p. 69, 1. 10.

23. insilirent: subj. of characteristic. desuper: i.e. over the
rim. The usual practice of the Roman soldier was to push the
enemy's shield upward with his own, and thrust underneath.

24. sinistro cornu: the left wing of the German army.

27. adulescens : perhaps Crassus was distinguished by this
word from his elder brother, mentioned in Bk. V as Caesar's
legate and in Bk. VI as quaestor; or from his father, M. Crassus,
the triumvir. expeditior : freer. The cavalry was chiefly for
pursuit after the battle.

28. tertiam aciem : this had been kept in reserve until now.
LIII. 30. proelium restitutum est: the tide of battle was

turned.

31. prius quam pervenerunt : cf. priusquam conaretur, p. 66,
1. 31, and the note. For the mood of pervenerunt see A. 551. a;
B. 291. 2; G. 574; H. 605. i; HB. 561. fugere: A. 456;
B. 328. i ; G. 423. 2; H. 607. i ; HB. 586. a.

32. milia passuum quinque : if this battle was fought between
Ostheim and Gemar, on the left bank of the Fecht, the distance
to the Rhine at its nearest point was twelve or fifteen miles, and
quinque must be an error. Some authorities think that Caesar
mistook the 111 for the Rhine. The date of the battle was about
Sept. 14.

33. viribus : A. 431; B. 219. i ; G. 401. N. 6; H. 476. 3;

HB.437-

89 2. naviculam: a diminutive. profugit: he seems to have

died not long after. His death is mentioned in Bk. V, Chap.
XXIX. reliquos omnis : 80,000 are said to have perished.

4. duxerat: had brought.

5. duxerat: sc. in matrimonium, had married.

7. altera, altera : one, the other. Cf. una, altera above.

8. trinis catenis : with triple chains, i.e. three sets of chains.
A. 137. b ; B. 81. 4. b ; G. 97. R. 3 ; H. 164. 3 ; HB. 247. i. Caesar
uses catenae as a plural only.

1 1 . honestissimum : notice that honestus means honorable, not
honest in the narrower sense.

13. neque . . . deminuerat : and (because) fortune had not de-
ducted anything from so great pleasure and rejoicing by harm to him.

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 307

15. sortibus : abl. of means. consultum: sc. efse, consulta-
tion had been held, or the gods had been consulted. utrum : as to
whether.

1 6. sortium beneficio : the lots had decided that he should be
reserved.

This defeat of the Germans on what was practically their own
ground insured the Roman supremacy in Gaul.

LIV. 18. Suebi: cf. Chap. XXXVII. Perhaps the Suebi men-
tioned in Chap. LI were a detachment only, the advance-guard of
the migration.

19. coeperunt: started. qiios : how is this to be translated ?

20. Rhenum: A. 432. a; B. 141.3; G. 359. N. I ; H. 435. 2;
HB. 380. b. Cf. tiimuhim, p. 84, 1. 21.

22. maximis bellis : a powerful blow had been struck at free
Gaul in the victory over the Helvetii, and the onward march of the
Germans had been checked by the victory over Ariovistus. These
victories had been won by a man of middle age, whose previous
military experience had been comparatively slight.

23. hiberna: sc. castra, winter quarters. See Introcl., p. 43.
in Sequanos : among the Sequani. Notice that both hiberna
and Seqtianos take the construction of end, or limit, of motion.

24. hibernis : dat. Labienum : see Introd., p. 32. citeri-
orem G-alliam : see Introd., p. 21.

25. conventus : the courts of justice presided over by the
governor of a province. Caesar wished to be nearer Rome, the
better to look after his political interests there.

BOOK II

I. r. Cum esset Caesar: while Caesar was. The use of the 90

subjunctive with cum in temporal clauses emphasizes the circum-
stances rather than the time. In this case the point of impor-
tance is that Caesar was not in Transalpine Gaul at the time when
he received the reports. A. 545, 546; B. 288. i; G. 579, 585;
H. 600. II. i; HB. 524, 550. a. citeriore Gallia: see Introd.,
p. 21. Here Caesar usually spent his winters while governor of
Gaul. See note at end of Bk. I. For comparison of citerior see
A. 130. a; B. 73. i ; G. 87. 2. 7 ; H. 155. i ; HB. 123. For declen-
sion of comparatives see A. 120; B. 69; G. 89; H. 127; HB. 116.
supra: at the end of Bk. I. See Introd., p. 12, for a brief sum-
mary of Bk. I.

3 o8

NOTES II

PAGE 2. adferebantur : notice the tense ; kept coming, lit. were (con-

90 tinually) being brought. A. 470; B. 260. 2; G. 231; H. 534. 3;

HB. 484. litteris : by despatches; see Vocab. For case see A.
409; B. 218; G. 401 ; H-476; 116.423.

3. Labieni: see Introd., p. 32. certior: see certus in Vocab.

fiebat: A. 204; B. 131; G. 173; H. 296; HB. 195. Belgas :
subject of coniurare and dare. A. 397. e; B. 184; G. 343. 2; H.
415; HB. 398. quam: subject of esse. Its antecedent is Belgas,
but it agrees in number and gender with partem. A. 306 ; B. 250. 3 ;
G. 614. R. 3. b ; H. 396. 2 ; HB. 326. I. tertiam Galliae partem :
see Bk. I, Chap. I, and Introd., p. 23. These words, with esse, form
the predicate of quam.

4. dixeramus : i.e. before we began to write the present narra-
tive about them. coniurare, dare : these are the verbs of a sen-
tence in indirect discourse depending on rumores adferebantur and
certior fiebat. Trans, that all the Belgae ivere conspiring . . . and
giving. To express the same thought in the direct discourse, change
the accusative to a nominative and the infinitive to an indicative,
i.e. omnes Belgae coniiirant . . . dant. Similarly quam . . . partem
above becomes quac tertia est Galliae pars. A. 578, 579, 580 ;
B - 3 r 3> 33 1 - 15 G. 508. 2, 5275 H. 613, 641, 642; HB. 589,
591.

5. inter se: to one another. A. 301. f; B. 245. i; G. 221;
H. 502. I ; HB. 266. Coniurandi: gen. of gerund, depending on
causas. A. 504; B. 338. i; G. 428; H. 626; HB. 612. i. Any
movement against the Roman power was, in Caesar's eyes, a con-
spiracy. has esse causas : that these were the reasons ; in the
direct form, hae sunt causae.

6. quod vererentur : if this were Caesar's statement, we should
have iierebantur. The subjunctive shows that it is part of the in-
formation he received. A. 580; B. 314. i ; G. 508. 2 ; H. 643 ; HB.
534.2. ne . . . adduceretur: after expressions denoting fear we
find ne with the subjunctive if it is wished that a thing may not
happen, ut or ne non if it is wished that a thing may happen. A. 564 ;
B. 296. 2; G. 550; H. 567; HB. 502. 4. The rule for sequence de-
termines the tense. A. 483 ; B. 267. 2 ; G. 509 ; H. 543 ; HB. 476.

Gallia : by this is meant the division inhabited by the Celtae, or
Galli. See Introd., p. 23. Trans, after all Gaul had been subdued
(rendered peaceful"). Since the ablative absolute is used much more
frequently in Latin than the nominative absolute in English, the
nominative absolute should seldom be used in translating it. A.
420. N. ; B. 227. 2 ; G. 410 ; H. 489. I ; HB. 421.

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 309

7. non nullis : some. sollicitarentur : see note on quod vere-
rentur, 1. 6.

8. partim . . . ferebant : partly those (i.e. by some) who, (just)
as they had been unwilling that the Germans should continue longer
in Gaul, so were indignant that an army, etc. diutius : A. 218. a ;
B. 77. i; G. 93; H. 311. 4; HB. 129. versari: A. 563. b; B.
331. IV; G. 532; H. 614; HB. 587. The reference is to the
hordes of Germans under Ariovistus whom Caesar had driven from
Gaul the previous year. noluerant : this and the following indica-
tives show that Caesar is not now quoting the information given by
Labienus.

9. exercitum . . . inveterascere : this depends on moleste
ferebant. A. 572. b; B. 331. V; G. 533; H. 614; HB. 594.

10. partim qui : these make a second division of the Gallis of
1. 7. The non nullis of 1. n form a third division. mobili-
tate . . . animi : on account of changeableness and fickleness of
purpose. A. 404; B. 219; G. 408; H. 475; HB. 444. The rest-
lessness of the Gauls (often mentioned by Caesar) rendered them
particularly susceptible to the influence of party leaders, some of
whom no doubt were actuated by motives purely patriotic. novis
imperils: a revolution. What literally? For case see A. 367;
B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. i ; HB. 362.

n. a potentioribus : abl. of agent, depending on occupabantur.
A. 405; B. 216; G. 401; H-468; HB. 406. i. Find other instances
of the construction in this chapter.

12. conducendos : a gerundive agreeing with homines. Trans,
the phrase for hiring men. A. 503 ; B. 339. 2 ; G. 427 ; H. 628 ;
HB. 613. i. '

13. regna occupabantur: royal power was seised {usurped}.
The plural helps to show that there were many instances. qui :
and these men. minus: A. 218. a; B. 77. i; G. 93 ; H. 311.2;
HB. 129. rem: thing is usually inadequate as a translation of
res. Since the reference is to regna occupabantur, we may here say
imirpation.

14. imperio nostro : tinder our government.

11. 15. commotus: because he was disturbed. The participle
is widely used in Latin, and English participles must be employed
less frequently in translating. Notice the agreement of every Latin
participle you meet, and consider its meaning carefully before trying
to render it. duas : A. 134. b; B. 80. 2 ; G. 95; H. 166; HB.
131.2.

16, conscripsit: Caesar already had six legions. See Introd.,

310 NOTES II

PAGE pp. 31, 36. inita aestate : in the beginning of summer, lit. summer

90 having been entered. in ulteriorem Galliam: see Introd., p. 23.
Connect the phrase with deduceret.

17. qui deduceret: A. 531. 2; B. 282. 2; G. 545; H. 590;
HB. 502. 2. Here, as often, the infinitive gives the best English
rendering of the clause of purpose. cum . . . inciperet: as soon
as there began to be a supply of fodder. See note on cum esset, 1. i.
Notice that there is in the original no equivalent of the word ' there,'
sometimes used in English to introduce a verb. What is the subject
of inciperet ?

18. Dat: historical present, very common in Latin. A. 469;
B. 259. 3; G. 229; H. 532. 3; HB. 491. i.

19. Senonibus : where situated ? The maps in this book should
be regularly consulted. - The word is in the dative case, indirect
object of dot. reliquis Gallis : ,we say the rest of the Gauls,
but observe that reliquis is an adjective. A. 293 ; B. 253. 5 ; G.
291. R. 2; H. 497. 4; HB. 279. i. b. Belgis : A. 384; B.
192. i ; G. 359; H. 434. 2; HB. 362.

20. uti . . . cognoscant : A. 563 ; B. 295. I ; G. 546 ; H. 564. I ;
HB. 502. 3. a. The phrase negoti^tm dare is equivalent to a verb
of commanding. We may translate he charges the Senones to learn,
lit. he gives the task to the Senones that they learn. gerantur :
A. 593; B. 324. i ; G. 629; H. 652; HB. 539.

21. certiorem faciant: cf. certior Jiebat, 1. 3. constanter:
consistently; their stories ' stood together.' manus . . . conduci:
indirect discourse ; direct, manus coguntur, exercitits . . . conducitur.

. 22. dubitandum : gerundive ; sc. esse, the two words together
making the infinitive of the so-called passive periphrastic conjuga-
tion. It is here used impersonally in indirect discourse depending
on existimavit. Trans, thought he ought not to hesitate, lit. thotight
that it was not to be hesitated (by himself). A. 196, 208. d ; B. 1 15,
138. IV; G. 251. i. 2; H. 237, 302. 7; HB. 162, 201. c.

23. quin proficisceretur : to set out. It depends on dubitandum.
Non dubito regularly takes quin and the subjunctive when it means
I do not doubt ; when it means / do not hesitate, it regularly takes
the infinitive.

24. castra movet: the army had been wintering among the
Sequani, probably at Vesontio. xv : read it quindecim. Caesar's
eight legions, with auxiliaries and cavalry, may have amounted to
from 40,000 to 50,000 men.

91 III. i. Eo : the adverb. celerius : how is this compared ?
omnium opinions: than any one expected. A. 406. a; B. 217. 4;

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 311

G. 398. N. i ; H. 471. 8 ; HB. 416. e. Notice the order of words in
this phrase. Adjectives and genitives normally follow the noun they
modify, but may be made emphatic by being put before it. So
on p. 90, 1. 3, omnis Belgas, 'all the Belgae ' ; p. 90, 1. 10, novis im-
periis, ' new governments.' The student should notice instances of
the application of this principle as he reads.

2. Hemi: their chief town was Durocortorum, the modern
Rheims. Galliae : see note on Gallia, p. 90, 1. 6. For case cf.
Belgis, p. 90, 1. 19. ex Belgis : takes the place of a partitive geni-
tive, or genitive of the whole. A. 346. c; B. 201. i. a; G. 372. R. 2 ;
H. 444 ; HB. 346. e.

3. qui dicerent : see note on q^^^ deduceret, p. 90, 1. 17.

4. se suaque : the -que shows that se as well as sna is object ofper-
mittere. The subject of an infinitive in indirect discourse is usually
expressed, but it would be awkward to have another se as the subject
of permittere. The indirect discourse extends to the end of the
chapter.

6. coniurasse : for coniiiravisse. A. i8i.a ; B. 116. i ; G. 131. i ;
H. 43. i ; HB. 163. i.

7. dare : the first of four infinitives limiting paratos. facere :
to obey, lit. to do, or exectite. oppidis : the omission of the
preposition is due to the fact that the ablative expresses means as
well as place.

9. incolant : this might have been incolerent, since misemnt, the
main verb of the sentence introducing the indirect discourse, is in a
secondary, or historical, tense. A. 585. b. N. ; B. 318 ; G. 654. N. ;
H. 644. i ; HB. 478.

10. taiitum : the predicate oifiirorem; so great was the infatua-
tion. It is correlative to ?//, which introduces the verb pot^lerint,
subjunctive of result. A. 537. N. 2; B. 284. i ; G. 552 (under 3) ;
H. 570; HB. 521. 2. a. ne quidem: that which is emphasized by
these two words always stands between them, here Suessiones, which
is the object of deterrere. The name of the Suessiones survives in
the modern Soissons.

n. fratres consanguineosque : the second word defines more
accurately the first, which is sometimes used in the figurative sense of
allies. suos : refers to the subject of potuerint, i.e. the Kemi.
eodem . . . legibus : the same cotistitution (legal system) and the
same laws (special enactments). A. 410; B. 218. i ; G. 407; H.
477. I ; HB. 429.

13. ipsis : here practically an indirect reflexive. A. 300; b; B.
249.3; G. 521. N. 4; H. 509. 6; HB. 263. quin consentirent :

312 NOTES II

PAGE from uniting. A. 558; B. 295. 3. a; G. 555. i; H. 595. 2; HB.
91 502. 3. b.

Try to put this speech into the direct form. Change the main
infinitives to indicatives of the same tense; five infinitives will
remain unchanged. Two verbs, potuerint and consentirent, must
remain subjunctive; the others must be changed to the indicative.
Be careful about pronouns. The first sentence will run as follows :
Nos nostraque omnia . . . populi Romani per mittimus. The last
four lines will be : Tantusque est . . . furor ^^t . . . consanguineos-
que nostros, qui . . . legibus utuntur . . . magistratum nobiscum
habent, deterrere potuerimus quin . . . consenfiant.

IV. 15. essent: A. 573, 574; B. 300. i; G. 467; H. 649. II;
HB. 534. 2. III. This question in the direct form would be, Quae
civitates quant aeque in armis sunt? quid possent: how strong
they were. A. 390. c; B. 176. 2 ; G. 334; H. 409. i ; HB. 387. III.
Belgas : subject of the four following infinitives. Nearly all the
remainder of this chapter is in indirect discourse.

16. a Germanis : see Introd., pp. 23, 24. Rhenum : depends
on traductos. A. 395. N. 2 ; B. 179. i. 3; G. 331. R. i ; H. 413;
HB. 386. a.

18. solos : pred. adj., (the Belgae) were the only ones. menio-
ria: A. 423 ; B. 231 ; G. 393; H. 486; HB. 436. b. omni G-allia
vexata: trans, by a w/W-clause. See Introd., p. 5.

19. ingredi: from entering. An infinitive is very common with
prohibeo. A. 558. b. N. ; B. 295. 3. N. ; G. 549. N. I ; H. 566. 2;
HB. 502. 3. b, 587. prohibuerint : A. 535. b; 6.283. 2 i G.
631. i ; H. 591. 5 ; HB. 521. i. a.

20. fieri : inf. in ind. disc. ; trans, it was coming to pass. What
was coming to pass ? The answer gives the subject of fieri. It is,
of course, the clause that follows. uti sibi sumerent: that they
took upon themselves. A. 569. 2 ; B. 297. 2 ; G. 553. 3 ; H.
571. i ; HB. 521. 3. a. In the direct form it would be qua ex re fit
uti . . . sumant. memoria : abl. of cause; cf. mobilitate, p. 90,
1. ro.

22. omnia . . . explorata: that they had everything ascertained.
This expression emphasizes the result of action, whereas omnia se
exploravisse, that they had ascertained everything^ would emphasize
the action itself. A. 497. b ; B. 337. 7 (337. 6) ; G. 238 ; H. 431. 3 ;
HB. 605. 5. In expressions like this we see the origin of the perfect
tense in English. French, and other modern languages.

23. propinquitatibus : the Remi were Belgae.

24. quantam . . . pollicitus sit : how great a number each

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 3

I ?,

(chief) had promised, ind. quest. A favorite position of quisque is
immediately after a reflexive, relative, or interrogative.

25. Flurimum : see note on quid possent, 1. 15.

26. virtute: abl. of cause or abl. of specification. A. 418;
B. 226; G. 397; H. 480; HB. 441.

27. armata milia centum : a hundred armed thousands, i e.
a hundred thousand armed men. So electa milia LX, sixty thousand
picked men.

28. totius : for declension see the grammar. sibi : for them-
selves. A. 376; B. 188. i ; G. 344; H. 425. 2; HB. 366.

29. Suessiones . . . finitimos : in the direct form, Snessiones
nostri sunt finitimi ; suos must refer to the speakers, the Remi. . If
the reference were to the Bellovaci, horum would be used.

31. Diviciacum : not, of course, Diviciacus the Haeduan, a
prominent character in Bk. I, who is mentioned in the next chapter.
qui . . . obtinuerit : who had held control not only of a great
part of these regions but also even of Britain. The correlatives
cum . . . turn are nearly equal to et . . . et.

32. partis : depends on imperium. A. 348 ; B. 200 ; G. 363. 2 ;
H. 440. 2; HB. 354. regionum: A. 346; B. 201 ; G. 367 ; H.
440. 5 ; HB. 346. obtinuerit : for tense cf. incolant, \. 9.

1. summam : the management, subject of deferri. omnium 92
voluntate : according to the wish of all, i.e. unanimously. A. 412. b ;

B. 220. 3 ; G. 399. N. i ; H. 475. 3 ; HB. 414. a.

2. habere : sc. as subject Suessiones, or a pronoun referring to
them. numero : abl. of specification ; cf. virtute, p. 91, 1. 26.

3. Nervios : sc. polliceri. maxime feri : sup. of ferns. A.
128; B. 74; HB. 121. ipsos : the Belgae. habeantur : why is
this subjunctive ?

6. Condrusos : with this and the following accusatives supply
polliceri, or conficere posse (from p. 91, 1. 27), and make the clause
depend on arbitrari, \. 8.

7. Germani: A. 393. a; B. 177. 3; G. 205, 206; H. 393; HB.
392. b.

8. appellantur: is this a part of the indirect discourse? See
note on noluerant, p. 90, 1. 8. arbitrari : sc. as subject se, refer-
ring to the Remi ; direct, arbitramur, we think. Perhaps these
tribes had not sent delegates to the meeting. ad : about (up
to}.

The location of some of the tribes mentioned in this chapter is
fixed by modern names of places, e.g. Bellovaci, Beauvais ; Ambiani,
Amiens.

314 NOTES II

PAGE V. 9. Caesar . . . iussit : Caesar encouraged the Remi, .dis-

92 missed them with gracious words, and directed that all their senate,

etc. Participles may often best be translated by finite verbs.

10. convenire: A. 563. a; 6.331.115 G. 423. N. 6; 1.565.3;
HE. 587.

n. obsides : as hostages. Perhaps the graciousness of Caesar's
speech was not fully appreciated by the Remi, when they heard the
orders which followed. ad diem : promptly, ' on time.''

13. rei publicae . . . intersit: it concerned the state (Rome)
and the common safety (of Romans and Haedui). For rei publicae
see A. 355 ; B. 210, 211. i ; G. 381 ; H. 449. I ; HB. 345. What is
the subject of intersit f Why is intersit subjunctive ? Cf. essent,
p. 91,1. 15.

14. manus hostium distineri: that the forces of the enemy be
kept from uniting (be held apart). The inseparable prefix dis-
means apart. ne confligendum sit: that they might not be
obliged to fight. For the impersonal use of the passive periphrastic
conjugation cf. dubitandum, p. 90, 1. 22. For mood of confligendum
j#see A. 531. i ; B. 282. I ; G. 545. 3 ; H. 568 ; HB. 502. 2. The
clause is to be closely connected with distineri.

15. Id: refers to manus distineri, and is subject of posse. The
sentence is in indirect discourse depending on docet, 1. 13. si Hae-
dui introduxerint : if the Haedui led (lit. shoidd have led). The
powerful Bellovaci would thus be kept busy defending their own
territory, and away from the rest of the Belgae. What mood is
introduxerint? Why? It was future perfect in the direct form.

17. mandatis : here a noun.

1 8. in unuzn locum : in one place, but, as coactas implies motion,
we have the accusative with in.

19. vidit: A. 543; B. 287. i; G. 561; H. 602; HB. 554, 557.

neque : and not, connects vidit and cognovit, but the negative
belongs to longe. ab iis exploratoribus, ab Remis : connect
both phrases with cognovit.

20. cognovit : learned. flumen, exercitum : two accusatives
with traducere, one the object of ducere, the other depending on the
preposition. Cf. Rhenum traductos, p. 91, 1. 16. extremis: how
is this compared ? For use of word see A. 293 ; B. 241. i ;
G. 291. R. 2 ; H. 497. 4; HB. 244.

21. traducere: A.456; 6.328.1; G. 423. 2 ; H.6o7; HB. 586.

ibi: north of the Aisne, near the little village of Berry-au-Bac.
Thus he was between the Aisne and a small, marshy stream (the
Miette). See the plan, p. 95.

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 315

22. Quae res : this manoeuver. et : notice that the conjunction
is used three times to connect the three predicates of quae res, but
the first et may be omitted in translation.- latus unum : the side
next the river and nearly parallel with it. ripis : abl. of means.

23. muniebat : see note at the end of Bk. I, Chap. III. Reread
from the beginning of this book, noticing the force of each tense of .
the indicative. post . . . reddebat; rendered his rear '(lit. those
things which were behind him} safe from the enemy. Notice the
strong emphasis of position of post eum, as also commeatus, 1. 24.

24. coinmeatus ut portari possent efficiebat : made it pos-
sible for supplies to be br ought ^ lit. accomplished that supplies could
be brought.

25. possent: for mood see A. 568; B. 297. i; G. 553. i; H.
571 . 3 ; HB. 521. 3. a. In eo flumine : over that river ; at Berry-
au-Bac ; Caesar had probably crossed by this bridge.

26. in altera parte : i.e. on the south, or left, bank. The river
here flows almost due west. By guarding the bridge Caesar secured
his retreat in case of disaster.

27. in altitudinem : in height. Notice that in this idiom the
accusative is used with in. What prepositions are used with both
accusative and ablative ?

28. pedum duodecim : depends on vallo. A. 345. b; 6.203.2;
G. 365. R. 2 ; H. 440. 3 ; HB. 355. duodeviginti pedum : width
is meant. This is given as the more important dimension. Per-
haps a definite relation was regularly observed between depth and
width. See Introd., p. 43. The site of this camp has been ex-
cavated, and it appears that the depth of the trench was about nine
or ten feet.

VI. 30. milia passuum octo : eight miles. See note on milia
passuum, p. 56, 1. 14. Id : notice its emphatic position. The
word serves to connect this sentence with the preceding. ex
itinere : the Belgae did not stop to organize a regular siege, but
attacked the town as soon as they arrived. See Introd., p. 46.
magno impetu: abl. of manner. A. 412; B. 220. i; G. 399;

H. 473-3; HB. 445-3-

2. sustentatum. est : impersonal ; trans, the attack was sus- 93
tained or the town held out.

3. Gallorum . . . haec : the method of attack of the Gauls, as
well as (lit. the same as) of the Belgae, is as follows. By Gallorum
Caesar means the Celtae. See Introd., p. 23. For atque see A.
384. N. 2 ; B. 341. i. c ; G. 643 ; H. 508. 5.; HB. 307. 2. a.

5 . ubi : when, introduces coepti sunt and mldat^ls est.

31 6 NOTES II

PAGE 7- moenibus : depends on circnmiecta. A. 370; B. 187. III. 2;

93 G. 348; H. 429. 2; HB. 376.

9. coepti sunt : this verb is usually passive when the dependent
infinitive is passive. A. 205. a ; B. 133. I ; G. 423. N. 3 ; H. 299. i ;
HB. 199. 2.

10. defensoribus : abl. of separation. A. 401; B. 214. I. b;
G. 390. 1.2; H. 462 ; HB. 408. 3.

n. testudine facta: making a testudo (tortoise). See Introd.,
p. 46, and the illustration on p. 93.

12. murum: observe that not all verbs compounded with preposi-
tions given in the rule take the dative.

13. Quod: this. A relative at the beginning of a sentence is
usually best translated by a demonstrative or personal pronoun, often
with a connective, e.g. and or but. A. 308. f ; B. 251. 6; G.
610. R. i ; H. 510; HB. 284. 8.

16. conicerent : its subject is nntltitudo. A. 317. d ; B. 254. 4. a ;
G. 211. R. i. a; H. 389. i ; HB. 331. a. consistendi : cf. con-
iurandi, p. 90, 1. 5.

17. erat nulli: A. 373; B. 190; G. 349; H. 430; HB. 374.
The subject of erat is potestas. Trans, no one was able to maintain
his position. What literally ?

18. fiiiem oppugnandi fecisset : had put an end to the assault
(inade an end of assaulting) .

20. summa nobilitate : (a man} of the highest rank. A. 415 ;
B. 224; G. 400; H. 473. 2; HB. 443. Caesar might have written
summae nobilitatis.

22. oppido: A. 370; B. 187. Ill; G. 347; H. 429; HB.

376-

23. ex iis: this equivalent for the partitive genitive, or genitive
of the whole, is especially common with numerals. See note on ex
Belgis, p. 91, 1. 2. legati : as envoys. Cf. p. 91, 1. 3.

24. nisi . . . posse : a sentence in indirect discourse, depend-
ing on nuntios mittit, which may be translated sent messengers to say
that. In the direct form, nisi subsidium mihi submittetur, diutius
sustinere non possum. sibi : as submittatur implies motion, Caesar
might have written ad se, but the dative makes the idea of helping
more prominent than that of sending.

VII. 26. de media iiocte : shortly after midnight, or about
midnight. See note on de tertia vigilia, p. 61, 1. 24. ducibus :
as guides, predicate apposition to isdem.

27. usus : employing. 'A. 491 ; B. 336. 5 ; G. 282. N. ; H. 640. i ;
HB. 601. i.

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 317

28. subsidio oppidanis : A. 382. i. N. i ; B. 191. 2; G. 356; PAGE
H. 433 ; HB. 360. b. 93

29. adventu: abl. of time and cause. Remis accessit: was
aroused in the Remi. What literally? Remis is dative depending
on accessit, a compound of ad. See note on oppido, \. 22.

30. propugnandi : notice the force of pro ; they were eager to
sally forth.

31. hostibus : dat., but trans, from the enemy. potiundi:
gerundive, or future passive participle, agreeing with oppidi, which
limits spes. Trans, hope of taking the town, lit. hope of the town to
be taken. Since the gerundive is a passive participle, it is regularly
used in agreement with a noun only when the verb is transitive.
See A. 503. N. 2; B. 339. 4; G. 427. N. 4. 5 ; H. 623. i; HB.
613. 2. b. N. The learner should carefully distinguish between the
gerund, a verbal noun, and the gerundive. For the form potiundi
(instead of potiendi) see A. p. 89. foot-note i ; B. 116. 2 ; G. 130. 8 ;
H. 243; HB. 184. N.

32. oppidum, vicis, aedificiis : see note on p. 57, 1. 22.

34. quo : an adverb, equivalent to ad qnae. incensis : this
participle is parallel to the deponent participles morati and depopu-
lati., and may be translated having set on fire.

35. omnibus copiis : cum might have been used. A. 413. a;
B. 222. I ; G. 392. R. i ; H. 474. 2. N. i ; HB. 420.

1. a ... duobus : less than two miles away. Perhaps the best 94
explanation of this phrase is that which regards a as an adverb, and

the ablative as one of degree, or measure, of difference. A. 414 ;
B. 223; G. 403; H. 479; HB. 424. For minus see A. 407. c; B.
217. 3 ; G. 296. R. 4 ; H. 471. 4 ; HB. 416. d.

2. milibus : not to be explained as in 1. i, but as an ablative
following the comparative. A. 406; B. 217. i ; G. 398; H. 471;
HB. 416, 417.

VIII. 4. et, et : both, and.

5. opiniouem virtutis : opinion of their valor, their repiitation
for valor-, for the case cf. partis, p. 91, 1. 32. See Introd., p. 25.
proelio : i.e. a pitched battle ; abl. of separation.

6. quid posset : see note on quid possent, p. 91, 1. 15.

7. auderent : a semi-deponent verb.

8. inferiores : how is this word compared? loco: abl. abs.
with the adjectives opportune and idoneo. A. 419. a; B. 227. i;
G. 409; H. 489; HB. 421. procastris: the front of a camp should
be the side towards the enemy. A glance at the plan shows that here
no side exactly fronted the Belgian lines, but it seems pretty cer-

318 NOTES II

PAGE tain that Caesar meant by the front the part facing westward. ad

94 aciem instruendam : for drawing -tip a line of battle, a gerundive

phrase depending on opportune) and idoneo. A. 385. a ; B. 192. 2. N. ;

G - 359- R - 3 5 H - 435- * 5 HB - 384- 2.

10. editus : rising, lit. having been put forth. tantum : sc.
loci, and connect with patebat as ace. of extent ; extended over as
much space as a battle-line, etc. This refers to the portion of the
hill west of the camp. See the plan. adversus : fronting (the
enemy}, an adj. agreeing with collis.

1 1 . quantum : obj. of occupare and correlative to tantwn. loci :
A. 346. a. 3 ; B. 201. 2 ; G. 369 ; H. 442 ; HB. 346.

12. ex utraque parte: on both sides. rand ab are frequently
used in expressions denoting position, contrary to the English idiom.

A. 429. b; G. 390. 2. N. 6; H. 485. 4; HB. 406. 2. lateris de-
lectus: i.e. steep lateral slopes, whereas the front sloped gradually.
in f route: cf. pro castris, 1. 8.

13. paulatim : do not confuse this word with paululum or paulis-
per. redibat : as the upward slope of a hill may be said to leave
the level of the plain, so the downward slope may be said to ' return.'

14. transversam : crosswise, i.e. at right angles to the axis of
the hill. See the plan. obduxit: notice the force of ob; the pur-
pose was to oppose or obstruct an attacking party. This is the
main verb of the sentence. passuum quadringeiitorum : limits

fossam. A. 425. a; B. 203. 2; G. 365. R. 2 ; H. 440. 3; HB.

355-

15. ad extremas fossas : at the ends of the trenches. A. 293 ;

B. 241. i ; G. 291. R. 2; H. 497. 4; HB. 244.

16. tormenta: see Introd., p. 50. instruxisset : A. 5935
B. 324. I ; G. 663. I ; H. 652 ; HB. 508, 509.

17. poterant : indicative because it is the writer's statement of
the reason. The use of possent would have indicated that the rea-
son was present in Caesar's mind at the time of digging the trenches.
ab lateribus : if the trenches had not been dug, the enemy could
have reached the right of the Roman line by crossing the Miette at
their own left and then following the stream, and the Roman left
by passing behind the camp and along between the hill and the
Aisne. See the plan.

18. duabus legionibus: what were their numbers? See In-
trod., p. 36. Raw legions were commonly assigned to camp duty,
or stationed as a reserve.

19. ut . . . possent: a clause of purpose. si . . . esset :
wherever (if to any place) it might be necessary. The subjunctive

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 319

may be explained on the same principle as instriixisset, \. 16. sub- PAGE
sidio : as a reinforcement, lit. for help. Why dative? 94

21. eductas instruxerunt : we may translate led oiit and drew up.

IX. 22. Palus : the Miette flowed through this marsh. nos-
trum : from noster ; sc. exercitiwt.

23. Hanc : see note on id, p. 92, 1. 30. si . . . exspectabant :
the enemy were waiting (to see) if our men would cross. A. 576. a ;
B. 300. 3 ; G. 460. i. b ; H. 649. II. 3 ; HB. 582. 2. a.

24. si ... fieret : depends on adgrederentur. Cf. si . . . esset,
1. 19. ut . . . adgrederentur : that they might attack them at a
disadvantage. impeditos : .i.e. as they were struggling through
the marsh.

26. contendebatur : impersonal ; cf. sustentatum est, p. 93, 1. 2.
faciunt : A. 543 ; B. 287. I. a ; G. 561 ; H. 602 ; HB. 557.

27. equitum proelio : equivalent to eqiiestri proelio. proelio':
abl. abs. with secnndiore. nostris : to our men-, it depends on
secundiore. A. 384; B. 192. i ; G. 359; H. 434. 2; HB. 362. I.

28. ad flumen : to the west of Caesar's camp. Apparently the
Belgae did not cross the Miette.

29. quod : the antecedent \s flumen.

31. eo consilio : with this design. ut . . . prohiberent: this
explains eo consilio. Four of the subjunctives are verbs of the ^lt-
clause. On these the clauses si possent and si minus potuissent
depend. The two relative clauses do not help to express the plan
of the Belgae, but are added by Caesar, and their verbs are therefore
indicative. castellum : cf. p. 92, 1. 26. This castelhim was south
of the Aisne.

1 . minus : when a protasis is repeated in a negative form, minus 95
is often used instead of non.

2. magno nobis usui : of great use (or very useful} to us. See
note on subsidio oppidanis, p. 93, 1. 28. The Remi were traitors to
the Belgae, and were furnishing supplies to Caesar. Cf. Chap. III.

3. ad bellum gerendum: in (for) carry ing on the war.

X. 4. certior factus : cf. certiorfiebat. p. 90, I. 3. The nature
of the ground no doubt concealed the movements of the Belgae from
Caesar.

5. levis armaturae : of light equipment, i.e. light-armed. The
expression is equivalent to an adjective. A. 345 ; B. 203 ; G. 365 ;
H. 440. 3; HB. 355. ponte : by way of the bridge. A. 429. a;
B. 218. 9; G. 389; H. 476; HB. 426. a. traducit: sc. flumen.

6. in eo loco : see the plan.

7. Hostis : obj. of adgressi.

320 NOTES II

PAGE 8. per . . . reppulerunt: we should be likely to say over their

95 bodies the rest attempted to cross, but were driven back. This expe-
dient of changing the voice of a verb in translation is often a very
convenient means of preserving emphasis.

10. primes . . . interfecerunt : we may say the foremost were
surrounded and killed, or, keeping the voice of interfecerunt, they
surrounded and killed the foremost. Is equitatu abl. of means, or
of agent ?

11. expugnando : is this a gerund, or a gerundive? oppido :
Bibrax ; cf. Chaps. VI and VII.

12. se : the indirect reflexive. A. 300. 2; B. 244. i. II. a; G.
521; H. 504: HB. 262. 2. neque: connects intellexerunt and
viderunt, both of which are introduced by ubi, as is also coepit ; but
the negative should be put with progredi.

13. puguandi causa: one of the ways of expressing purpose.
Consult the grammar. The student should accustom himself to
finding things in his grammar with the help of the index. Either
the word 'purpose' or the word 'gerund' should put him on the
track of this construction. ipsos: a more distinctive word than
eos, marking a contrast with nostros.

14. constituerunt : the principal verb of the sentence. De-
pending on it we have a clause in indirect discourse representing a

N decision as to a fact, optimum esse standing for optimum est, and a

clause with the subjunctive representing a decision as to a course
of action. It is not uncommon for a verb to have object-clauses of
different forms.

15. domum suam : to his home. A. 427. 2; B. 182. i. b; G.
337; H. 419. i ; HB. 450. b. reverti: subject of esse, and has
qztemque for its subject. Learn its principal parts from the Vocabu-
lary. It is semi-deponent, having active forms in the perfect, pas-
sive in the present. How does it differ, then, from audeo?
quorum: its antecedent is eos, 1. 16. A relative clause very
often precedes the clause containing the antecedent of the relative.

17. convenirent : to come together. A subjunctive depending
on constituo is regularly introduced by ut. See A. 565. a. N. ; B.
295. 8; G. 546; H. 565; HB. 502. 3. a. ut . . . decertarent
. . . uterentur : a clause of purpose. On what does it depend ?
In studying syntax always consider this question. It is the only
way to understand a sentence fully.

96 I. sententiam : decision.

2. ratio : consideration. It is explained by the appositive clause
quod . . . cognoverant. A. 572; B. 299. I ; G. 525. 2; H. 588. 35

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 321

HB. 549, 552. i. finibus appropinquate : were drawing near PAGE
to the territory. The dative is the usual construction with this verb. 96

3. His . . . poterat: trans, freely these could not be persuaded
to wait longer and not aid their people. His depends on persuaderi,
which is used impersonally, as all intransitive verbs must be when
passive. ' I am persuaded 1 is not pcrsuadeor, but mihi persnadetur,
lit. // is persuaded (inade acceptable} to me. A. 372 ; B. 187. II. b;
G. 208. 2 ; H. 426. 3 ; HB. 364. 2. By his is meant the Bellovaci in
the Belgian army. Caesars scheme had worked well ; cf. p. 92, 11.
13-17. ut . . . morarentur . . . ferrent : subject of persuaderi
poterat.

XI. 5. secunda vigilia : abl. of time. See note on de tertia
vigilia, p. 6 1, 1. 24.

6. castris : e castris might have been used. nullo . . . im-
perio : in no definite order and ^mder no definite direction. No one
superintended the movement. A. 412 ; B. 221 ; G. 399 ; -H. 473. 3 ;
HB. 422. cum . . . peteret : A. 549 ; B. 286. 2 : G. 586 ; H. 598 ;
HB. 526. We might translate every one trying to get for hiinself.

7. sibi: A. 376; B. 188. i; G. 345; H. 425. 2; HB. 366.
Notice its emphatic position, with quisqiie just after it, and see note
on p. 91, 1. 24.

8. fecerunt ut . . . videretur : caused the departure to seem
like flight. See note on possent, p. 92, 1. 25. fugae : see note on
Belgis, p. 90, 1. 19.

9. Caesar : the common subject of perspexerat and continuit.
Trans, having learned . . . and fearing . . . because he . . . Caesar
kept. speculatores : spies, sent secretly to obtain information.
veritus : see note on usus, p. 93, 1. 27.

11. castris : the idea of means is present in this ablative as well
as that of place. confirmata . . . exploratoribus : since the
fact had been corroborated by the scouts. For the exploratores see
note on p. 61, 1. 21.

12. qtii . . . raoraretur : see note on qni dedncerel, p. 90, 1. 17.

13. His: dat. with the compound verb; see note on oppido,
p. 93, 1. 22. Why is it plural ?

15. novissimos : those in the rear.

1 6. eorum fugientium : of them as they fled. Do not say 'of
those fleeing.'

17. cum : causal, introducing three verbs, consisterent, sustine-
rent, and ponerent. Though these verbs are grammatically coor-
dinate, logically the first two are somewhat subordinated to the
third. Notice that the first two are connected by -que, while the

y

322 NOTES? II

PAGE third, which has a new subject, stands without a connective. It is

96 as if Caesar had said ' because, while (it is true) those at the end
of the line stood their ground bravely, those farther forward were
thrown into a panic and fled.' ab extreme agmine: see note on
ex utraque parte, p. 94, 1. 12. ventum erat: trans, personally,
those to whom they (the pursuers) had come, those whom they had
overtaken.

20. imperio : cf. 1. 6. perturbatis ordinibus: broke ranks
and, etc.

22. tantam multitudinem quantum fuit: lit. a number as
great as was the length of the day, i.e. as great a number as there
was time for. See Introd., p. 45, for the usual treatment of a de-
feated army.

23. sequi: A. 456; B. 328. i ; G. 423. 2 ; H. 607 ; HB. 586.

24. erat imperatum : they had been ordered, lit. it had been com-
manded. Why is the verb used impersonally?

XII. 25. Postridie eius diei: the next day, lit. on the morrow
{next day) of that day. The genitive diei requires no special expla-
nation, but the student may consult A. 359. b; B. 201. 3. a; H.
446. 5 ; HB. 380. c. se reciperent : could recover. A. 551. b ; B.
292. i. b ; G. 577 ; H. 605. II ; HB. 507. 4. b. Caesar's plan was to
deal with the tribes of the Belgae one at a time.

27. magao itinere : by a forced march. Noviodunum : this
has been identified with the modern Soissons, named from the
Suessiones. Probably it was near the site of Soissons, at all events.

28. ex itinere: see note on p. 92, 1. 30.

29. ab defensoribus : abl. of separation. The preposition might
have been omitted.

30. paucis defendeiitibus : abl. abs., to be translated by a
clause beginning with though. expugnare : to carry by storm,
whereas oppugnare means to assault.

31. Castris munitis : the building of camps is constantly re-
ferred to by Caesar. See Introd., p. 41. vineas : see Introd.,
p. 47. quaeque : -que is the enclitic, and. The antecedent of
quae is not expressed. ad oppugnandum : for assaulting, for the
assault.

32. ex fuga : belongs grammatically with convenit, but its posi-
tion unites it closely with multitude, about as if it were fugientium,
agreeing with Suessionum. Those are meant who had escaped the
slaughter told of in the previous chapter. '

97 i. aggere, turribus : see Introd., pp. 47,48. magnitudine:
goes with permoti.

II -THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 323

4. petentibus . . . conservarentur : inasmuch as the Remi
begged that they should be spared. The Remi were, it will be re-
membered, kinsmen of . the Suessiones. Cf. p. 91, 1. n.

XIII. 6. primis : the leading men.

7. Galbae : cf. p. 91, 1. 33.

8. in ... accipit : in English idiom accepted the surrender of
the Suessiones. in Bellova^os : after the battle on the Aisne
Caesar marched westward, reaching first the Suessiones, then the
powerful tribe of the Bellovaci. See the map facing p. 91.

9. Qui cum : A. 308. f ; B. 251. 6 ; G. 610. R. i ; H. 510 ; HB.
284. 8. sua omnia: all their possessions (their all}.

1 1 . maiores natu : older men ; A. 131 . c. N. ; B. 226. i ; G. 397 ;
H. 480. i ; HB. 441.

12. voce significare : do you see any reason why Caesar did
not write dicere ? What is the object of significare f

13. fidem ac potestatem : protection and power.

15. accessisset, poneret : observe carefully the change of tense.

pueri : children.

1 6. passis : from pando. suo more: according to their cus-
tom; A. 418. a; B. 220. 3 ; G. 3975 H. 475. 3 ; HB. 414. a.

XIV. 18. Haeduorum copiis : the forces with which Divi-
ciacus had threatened the Bellovaci. Cf. p. 96, 1. 2. facit verba :
made a plea.

19. omni tempore . . . amicitia: i.e. they had always been
faithful friends.

20. impulses . . . intulisse : this sentence will not be trouble-
some, if one sees plainly that defecisse and intttlisse belong with
impulses (Bellovacos}, while perferre has Haeduos for its subject,
and depends on dicerent. Notice the tenses of the infinitives. The
principes said Haedtti perferunt, while Diviciacus said impulsi et
defecerimt et int^der^mt. Why is dicerent subjunctive ?

4. civitati intulissent : had brought upon the state.

5. profugisse : sc. eos, the implied antecedent of qui. Petere :
Bellovacos and Haeduos form its subject.

6. sua dementia : his customary clemency, dementia is the
mildne'ss of one in authority ; mansitetudo, gentleness of disposition.

utatur : the previous subjunctives of this passage have been im-
perfect or pluperfect, from here on they are present or perfect.
Such a change is common, especially in long passages of indirect
discourse. The ruling verb is facit (p. 97, 1. 18), a historical pres-
ent. A. 485. e; 6.268.3; G. 654. N. ; H. 546; HB. 491. 1.2.

7. Quod . . . amplificaturum : in the direct discourse, quod si

324 NOTES II

feceris (fut. perf.), amplificabis. auctoritatem : Caesar might be
expected to wish to increase the prestige of the Haedui, because
they were allies of Rome.

8. quorum : its antecedent is Belgas. si ... consuerint :
direct, si inciderunt, sustentare consuevimus. Remember that
Diviciacus, a Haeduan, is speaking.

9. consuerint : for consueverint, a perfect with present meaning.
See consuesco in Vocab.

XV. 10. honoris . . . causa : i.e. to show honor to Diviciacus
and the Haedui. A. 404. c; B. 198. I ; G. 373. R. I ; H. 475. 2 ;
HB. 339. d.

11. eos in fidem recepturum : would take them under his pro-
tection, i.e. would accept their allegiance ; cf. p. 97, 1. 13.

12. magna auctoritate : of great influence ; abl. of quality, or
description. multitudine : abl. of specification, or respect.

13. DC : sescentos. This was a very large number.

1 6. Nervii : three tribes, the Suessiones, the Bellovaci, and the
Ambiani, had submitted with scarcely a show of resistance. We
shall read that the Nervii acted differently. Quorum : poss. gen.,
limiting natura and moribus.

17. Nullum . . . mercatoribus : that traders had no access to
them. For case of mercatoribus see A. 373 ; B. 190; G. 349; H.
430 ; HB. 374. Regarding the mercatores see note on p. 55, 1. 8.

18. nihil vini: no wine, lit. nothing of wine', A. 346. a. I ; B.
201. i ; G. 369 ; H. 440. 5 ; HB. 346. pati : sc. eos, i.e. Nervios.

19. rerum . . . pertinentium : i.e. luxuries. inferri : A.
563. c; B. 331. Ill; G. 553. 2. N. ; H. 614; HB, 587.

21. feros : how is this compared? Cf. maxime feri, p. 92, 1. 3.
magnae virtutis : gen. of quality, or descriptive gen. Notice
that it limits homines, and is equivalent to an adjective.

22. dedidissent : it would be subjunctive in the direct form
also, since it stands in a relative clause expressing cause. A. 535. e ;
B. 283. 3. a; G. 633; H. 592; HB. 523. patriam: of their
fathers, ancestral.

23. sese : not subject of confirmare, but of missuros and acceptu-
ros (esse).

XVI. 25. triduum: why accusative? iter fecisset: had
marched. Trace Caesar's route on the map.

26. Sabim : for the form see A. 75. a. i ; B. 38. I ; G. 57. I ; H.
102. 2 5 HB. 88. i. amplius : cf. minus, p. 94, 1. i.

27. trans id flumen : emphatic, on the other side of this river,
i.e. on the southern bank.

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 325

29. his utrisque: both of these (tribes)] but notice, that the
genitive is not used. How is utrisque declined?

30. uti experirentur : to try, lit. that they sho^lld try, obj. of
persuaserant. exspectari : its subject is capias. The Atuatuci
did not come in time.

31. mulieres : this word and the omitted antecedent of qui are
objects of coniecisse, the subject of which is understood.

1. per aetatem: i.e. the old men and the children. in
eum locum quo : almost equivalent to in talent locum ut
eo.

2. exercitui : an (not the) army. For the case cf. mercatori-
bus, p. 98, 1. 1 8.

XVII. 3. centuriones : see Introd., p. 33.

4. castris : for a camp. This may be taken with either ido-
neum or deligant. deligant : subj. of purpose. ex Belgis :
equivalent to a genitive.

5. una : the adverb ; cf. p. 98, 1. 28.

7. eorum . . . perspecta : having carefully observed ottr army's
itsual order of march of (during) those days. Notice how the geni-
tives are heaped up. The translation given above will indicate the
connection.

8. demonstrarunt : A. 181. a; B. 116. I ; G. 131. i ; H. 238;
HB. 163. r. inter singulas legiones: between every two legions ;
for the meaning of singuli see Vocab. A passage in indirect dis-
course begins here and extends to the end of the sentence. For
the formation of the word legio see A. 238. b ; G. 181. 2. b ; H. 333 ;
HB. 206. 2.

9. numerum : amount, since we translate impedimentorum by
a singular noun.

10. quicquam: lit. anything at all. The masculine is quisquam.
Decline it without a feminine, and only in the singular. Note that
and nothing is not et nihil, but neqne quicquam. See A. 311, 312;
B. 252. 4; G. 317. i ; H. 513; HB. 276. 7. negoti: cf. vini, p.
98, 1. 1 8. What was no trouble? The answer to this question will
give the subject of esse. prima legio : i.e. the legion at the head
of the column. See Introd., pp. 31, 40.

11. venisset, abessent: represent future perfect and future in
the direct discourse.

12. sarcinis : i.e. the packs carried by the soldiers, while impedi-
menta signifies the heavy baggage. See Introd., p. 40. The attack
was to be made before the soldiers had laid down their packs. qua
pulsa: translate by a clause with when. futurum ut . . . aude-

326 NOTES II

rent: equivalent to reliquas . . . non ausuras (esse). A. 569. a;
B. 270. 3. a, 297. 2 ; G. 248, 553. 3 ; H. 619. 2, 571. i ; HB. 472. c,
521. 3. a.

13. Adiuvabat: the emphasis may be brought out by a change
of voice, e.g. the advice -was supported by the fact that the Nervii,
etc. The subject of adiuvabat is the gtiod-cla.\ise.

14. eorum : the quidam of 1. 6.

15. cum . . . possent: causal, being weak in cavalry. For
nihil see note on quid possent, p. 91, 1. 15. neque enim : and in
fact . . . not; the negative goes with student.

1 6. eirei: i.e. cavalry. For the case see note on novis imperiis,
p. 90, 1. 10. possunt, valent: practically synonyms. Translate
freely, all their strength lies in infantry. What literally ?

17. quo : in order that, lit. by which', used sometimes instead of
ut in clauses of purpose, regularly when there is a comparative in
the clause. A. 531. a; B. 282. i. a; G. 545. 2; H. 568. 7; HB.
502. 2. b. si venissent : if they came (lit. should have come) .

1 8. teneris . . . interiectis : young trees were cut into not far
from the ground and bent over. The branches then grew out side-
ways (in latitudineni) . Thus a hedge was formed, with brambles
and thorns filling the interstices. These hedges served as boun-
daries of districts or towns, or possibly of individual farms. Such
hedges are said still to be found in this region.

2. -ut . . . praeberent: obj. of effecerant ; see note on pos-
sent, p. 92, 1. 25. instar muri : like a wall. See instar in Vocab.,
and A. 359. b-, B. 198. 2 ; G. 373 ; H. 446. 4; HB. 339. d.

3. quo . . . posset: through which (whither} one could not
only not enter, but not even see, or which could not even be seen
through, much less entered. The clause is one of characteristic.

4. cum . . . impediretur: causal. non omittendum con-
silium : that the plan (suggestion} should not be neglected.

5. sibi: A. 374; B. 189. i ; G. 355 ; H. 431 ; HB. 373. i.
XVIII. 6. quern locum: A. 307. a; B. 251. 3; G. 615; H.

399. i ; HB. 284. 4. Omit locum in translation.

7. ab . . . declivis : sloping downward evenly from the top.

8. Ab eo flumine : on the other side of this river.

9. acclivitate : upward slope ; cf. declivis above. nasceba-
tur : rose. What literally ? This hill was on the right, or south-
ern, bank of the Sambre, while Caesar's camp was north of the river.
See the plan, p. 102. adversus . . . contrarius : fronting this
and opposite.

10. passus : ace. pi. infimus apertus : open (i.e. not wooded)

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 327

at the bottom. A. 293; B. 241. i ; G. 291. R. 2 ; H. 497. 4; HB.
244. Both words agree with collis. How is infimus compared ?
ab superiors parte : in the upper part.

11. ut . . . posset: a clause of result.

12. secundum flumen : along the river, \\i. following the river.
Secundum is derived from sequor.

14. altitude: A. 241; B. 149; G. 181. 2. b; H. 345; HB.
207. 2. ^-pedum trium: pred. gen. of measure.

XIX. 15. subsequebatur : was following close behind. om-
nibus copiis : A. 413. a ; B. 222. I ; G. 392. R. i ; H. 474. 2. N. i ;
HB. 420.

16. ratio ordoque : the two words express one idea, and there-
fore take a singular verb. aliter . . . ac : was different from
what, lit. had itself otherwise than. See A. 407. d; B. 341. i. c;
G. 643; H. 516. 3; HB. 307. 2. a. Notice the derivation of aliter
(from alius).

17. appropinquabat : was getting near.

18. consuetudine : see note on suo more, p. 97, 1. 16. expe-
ditas : without encumbrances, i.e. in fighting order. See Introd.,
p. 40.

19. conlocarat: for conlocaverat. duae legiones : numbered
XIII and XIV. Cf. p. 90, 11. 15, 16. Caesar usually placed the
inexperienced soldiers in the position of least danger.

20. totum agmen claudebant : brought up the rear.

21. Equites : these, with the archers and slingers, preceded the
main body.

23. silvas : those at the top of the hill. Cf. 1. n.

25. longius . . . pertinebant: farther than (to the limit to
whicJi) the open tracts extending before them (lit. stretched forward}
reached. The Romans dared follow only as far as the edge of the
woods. quern ad finem: i.e. ad finem ad quern. A. 307. b; B.
251. 4; G. 616. i ; H. 399. 3; HB. 284. 6.

26. cedentis : sc. eos, obj. of insequi.

27. dimenso : passive in sense. A. 190. b; B. 112. b; G.
167. N. 2 ; H. 222. 2 ; HB. 291. d.

29. quod tempus : the time which. committendi proeli :
for beginning the battle, gen. limiting tempus. In what case would
proeli stand, if committendi were the gerund? coiivenerat:
had been agreed upon. Compare the use of the English word
' convention ' in the sense of agreement.

30. ut : just as. Having arranged their line of battle under
cover of the woods and strengthened their courage, they charged.

328 NOTES II

1. incredibili: A. 252; B. 150. 4; G. 187. 4; H. 329; HB.
208. 2. incredibili celeritate: this phrase limits decucurrerunt.
Be careful to notice who were routed and who ran down to the river.

2. in manibus nostris : upon us, within reach.

3. adverse colle : tip the hill, lit. by way of the hill fronting
them, an abl. of the route, or way by which. A. 429. a ; B. 218. 9 ;
G. 389 ; H. 476 ; HB. 426. a. These words are, however, explained
by some as ablative absolute. The hill was the one where the Roman
camp was building. The camp was more than a half mile from the
river.

4. opere : i.e. the work of building the fortifications of the
camp. The Romans were completely surprised.

XX. 5. Caesari: cf. sibi, p. 100, 1. 5. vexillum: a red flag
displayed at the general's tent. See Introd., p. 39.

6. proponendum : with this and the following gerundives of this
sentence, except petcndi, sc. erat or erant. cum oporteret : ivhen-
(ever) it was necessary. A. 542,514. D. 2. b; B. 288. 3. a; G.
584. R. ; H. 601. 45 HB. 540. concurri: the impersonal use of
the passive.

7. signum : the signal for the soldiers to take their places in the
ranks. tuba: see Introd., p. 39. qui: the omitted antecedent
of qui is subject of arcessendi (erant).

8. aggeris : by this is meant material (timber, sods, stones)
used to strengthen the rampart. See Introd., p. 43.

9. cohortandi: A. 190. d; B. 112. b; G. 128; H. 222. 2 ; HB.
291. a. signum : i.e. proeli committendi. The signal given by the
tuba was probably taken up and repeated by horn-blowers with their
cornua. See Introd., p. 39. There was, perhaps, one horn-blower
for each maniple.

10. brevitas: A. 241 ; B. 149; G. 186. 7; H. 345; HB. 207. 2.
impediebat : see note on ratio ordoque, p. loo, 1. 16.

11. duae res : (i) scientia atque usus ; (2) quod ab opere . . .
vetuerat, the fact that Caesar had forbidden, etc.

12. superioribus proeliis : abl. of means. quid . . . po-
t erant : they could themselves not less advantageously decide for them-
selves (direct themselves') what ought to be done than be shown by
others. Observe the collocation of intensive and reflexive pronoun,
ipsi and sibi, a favorite one in Latin.

14. singulis legionibus singulos legates : the several legates,
and their respective legions. Caesar often assigned to his legati the
command of legions. See Introd., p. 32.

15. vetuerat: what verb of commanding takes the accusative

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 329

and infinitive ? What is the usual construction with other verbs
of commanding ?

1 6. nihil iam: no longer,

17. perse . . . administrabant : did of themselves what seemed
best.

XXI. 18. cohortandos: the speech of encouragement before
a battle was regarded by Caesar as necessary.

19. quam . . . obtulit: sc.militum; whatever part (of them)
chance brought in his ivay. A. 307. e; B. 251.4. b; G. 616 2; H.
399. 3 ; HB. 327. ad legionem decimam : posted on the left
wing. See the plan, p. 102.

20. non longiore quam uti . . . retinerent : not longer than
(simply to urge) that they should holdfast, etc. Cf. uti . . . cognos-
cant, p. 90, 1. 20.

21 . neu : equivalent to et ne, as neque (nee) is equivalent to et non.

22. animo : abl. of specification or, as explained by some, a loca-
tive abl.

23. quod . . . aberant: with what is this causal clause to be
connected ? non longius quam . . . posset : not farther
than (whither) a spear could be. thrown, i.e. not too far for spears
to reach them. A. 535. c; B. 283. 2. a; G. 298, 631. 3; H.
570. I ; HB. 521. 2. c. Quo is here equivalent to ut eo.

24. signum: cf. 1. 9. in alteram partem : i.e. to the right

wing.

25. pugnantibus occurrit: sc. militibu's ; he found the soldiers
already fighting. Temporis, hostium : emphatic by position ;
the time was so short, the enemy so ready.

27. ad insignia accommodanda : for adjusting their ornaments,
crests of helmets, perhaps also other devices by which soldiers of
different divisions of the army could be distinguished.

28. galeas : not worn on the head during the march, or while
the soldier was at work. See Introd., p. 35. scutis : abl. of sepa-
ration. See Introd., p. 35, and the picture, p. Si. tegimenta:
leather coverings, to prevent the shields from becoming scratched
or tarnished. For the formation of the word see A. 239 ; B. 147. 4;
G. 189. 20; H. 336; HB. 206. 3. defuerit: for mood see
A. 537. i ; B. 284. i ; G. 552 ; H. 570 ; HB. 521. 2. For tense see
A. 485. c; B. 268. 6; G. 513; H. 550; HB. 478.

29. Quam . . . constitit, ne . . . dimitteret : i.e. every one
took his place wherever he happened to come first, so as not to
lose time, etc. Quam: agrees with partem. For the order of
the words quam quisque see note on p. 91, 1. 24. quaeque , . ,

330 NOTES II

PAGE conspexit : and what (ever) standards he saw first. The stand-

101 ards of maniples are meant. See Introd., p. 38.

30. ad haec : we might expect hac inparte et ad haec. suis : sc.
signis. Is quaerendis a gerund or a gerundive ? Which \spugnandi ?

31. dimitteret: lose (voluntarily), let slip.

XXII. 32. loci natura deiectusque collis : for the order of
these words see note on p. 60, 1. 14.

33. rei . . . ordo: i.e. the rules of military science ; ratio means
theory and ordo arrangement. For formation of the word ratio see

A. 238. b ; B. 147. 3 ; G. 181. 2. b ; H. 333 ; HB. 206. 2.

102 i . cum : causal, introducing two subjunctives. The clause
explains the preceding ablative absolute, while uniting with it to give
the reasons for the statement of the main clause. diversae :
being separated. aliae alia in : observe how much neater this is
than the awkward English idiom some in one, others in another.
See A. 315. c; B. 253. 2; G. 319; H. 516. I ; HB. 279. 3.

2. saepibus interiectis : cf. last part of Chapter XVII.

3. conlocari : sc. poterant ; reserves could not be put in position
to meet definite emergencies.

4. esset : its subject is quid, while opus is pred. nom. A. 41 1. b ;

B. 218.2. a; G. 406; H. 477. III. N. ; HB. 430. 2. a. provideri:
sc. poterat ; the indirect question quid . . . esset is its subject.

5. Itaque . . . sequebantur: i.e. owing to the diversity of
conditions, varied results necessarily followed.

6. quoque: A. 599. b; B. 347. I ; G. 479; H. 657. 3; HB.
302. 2. How may we know that this word is not the ablative of a
pronoun ?

XXIII. 7. Legionis nouae et decimae : these legions were
commanded by Labienus, as we learn from Chap. XXVI. siriis-
tra parte : the Atrebates, then, were posted on the right wing of
the enemy. See the plan.

8. acie : gen. case; see the fifth declension in the grammar.
pilis emissis : see Introd., pp. 35, 45. exanimatos : out of breath,
agrees with Atrebatis, the obj. of compnlerunt.

9. his : most naturally referred to the Atrebates.

n. conantis : sc. eos, obj. Qiinsecuti. impeditam : i.e. strug-
gling in the water.

12. transire : dubito usually takes an infinitive when it means
hesitate.

13. rursus resistentis hostis : remember the hill with its wooded
summit. After those of the enemy who were not killed got across the
river, they rallied and renewed the battle, but were again put to flight.

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 331

14. diversae : separated from the rest.

15. quibuscum: i.e. ami quibus. C^lm is enclitic with personal
and reflexive pronouns, and usually with relative and interrogative.

1 6. ex loco superiors : to be taken with profligates. in ripis :
with proeliabantur.

1. afronte: in front. 103

2. nudatis : since the ninth and tenth legions had crossed the
river, while the eighth and eleventh, which had formed the center
of the Roman line, were fighting on the bank.

4. duce Boduognato : abl. abs., ^lnder the leadership of Bodit-
ognatus. See A. 419. a; B. 227. i ; G. 409; H. 489; HB. 421.
summam imperi: the stim of power, i.e. the chief command.

5. ab aperto latere: on the exposed flank. As the shield was
carried on the left arm, the right was the exposed side. Apertum
latits regularly means the right flank.

6. summum castrorum locum : i.e. the height on which the
camp stood. The genitive is possessive.

XXIV. 7. levis armaturae: see note on p. 95, 1. 5. See
Introd., p. 37.

8. cum iis una : along with them, i.e. the equites. quos : re-
fers to equites and pedites, not to iis.

9. dixeram : cf. p. 100, 1. 32 ; for tense cf. dixeramus, p. 90,
1. 4. adversis : face to face.

11. calones : see Introd., p. 38. decumana porta: the rear
gate, away from the enemy. See Introd., p. 42. It was nearest the
top of the hill.

12. victores : as victors. Cf. p. 102, 1. 12. For formation of
the word see A. 236. a; B. 147. i ; G. 186. n ; H. 334; HB. 206. i.

13. cum respexissent : i.e. looking back, circumstance, not mere
time. versari : means hardly more than esse.

14. eorum: the drivers. Where were the thirteenth and four-
teenth legions ? Cf. Chap. XIX.

15. oriebatur: what suggests the blending of distant sounds
into one confused uproar ? What is the distinction between imper-
fect and perfect indicatives in narrative ? alii aliam : see note on
aliae alia in, p. 102, 1. i.

1 6. perterriti : what is the force of per- ? f erebantur : Jmrried.

17. virtutis opinio : reputation for courage.

1 8. auxili causa: for Caesar's auxiliaries see Introd., p. 37.

19. cum : at first sight this seems to be a preposition, as an abla-
tive follows. But as we read on we meet compleri (was fllling up),
which requires an ablative to complete its meaning. A. 409. a;

33 2 NOTES II

PAGE B. 2 1 8. 8; G. 405; H. 477. II; HB. 425. Farther on, vidissent
103 evidently needs a conjunction. legiones : the seventh and twelfth.
Cf. 11. 1-6.

21. Numidas: they were famous archers.

22. desperatis nostris rebus : despairing of our success, lit.
our things being despaired of. In the active desperare de re is
used by Caesar rather than desperare rem. contenderunt : its
subject is equites Treveri. This sentence may well be broken up
in English into several short sentences.

23. pulsos superatosque : sc. esse. castris impedimentis-
que : abl. with potitos.

24. hostis : subject of potitos (esse).

XXV. 25. Caesar: subject of processit, p: 104, 1. 6. We last
saw Caesar in Chap. XXI. This sentence, though long, is not diffi-
cult. In finding the meaning follow strictly the order of the Latin.
In translating follow the hint given in the note on contenderunt,
1. 22.

26. ubi : introduces vidit, 1. 28 ; the vidit of p. 104, 1. 4, is simply
a repetition. signisque : the -que connects the clauses suos urgeri
and signis . . . milites . . . esse. A. 324. a; B. 341. 2. a; G.
476. N. 3 ; H. 677. 2 ; HB. 307. I. b. conlatis : the sudden rush of
the Nervii described in Chap. XXIII had driven the component
parts of the legion too closely together.

27. conf ertos : being crowded together. sibi impedimento :
the double-dative construction. Cf. subsidio oppidanis, p. 93, 1. 28.

28. cohortis: see Introd., pp. 31, 44.

29. signifero : probably the bearer of the standard of the first
maniple of the cohort. This might be regarded as, in a certain
sense, the standard of the cohort. See Introd., p. 38. The loss
of a signum was always regarded as a great disgrace. For forma-
tion of the word signifer see A. 264. a, 265. 3; B. 158. I. 2. b; G.
193, 195. i. a, 197. 2. b; H. 369. 4; HB. 214. i, 215. i, 216.3.

31. primipilo: see Introd., p. 34. P. Sextio . . . viro : the
brave Publius Sextius Baculus, In Latin an attributive adjective
seldom limits directly a proper name.

32. ut . . . posset : a clause of result. What particle introduces
a -negative clause of purpose ? se sustinere : i.e. to stand. Bacu-
lusy however, lived to fight again. See Bk. VI, Chap. XXXVIII.

1Q4 i. tardiores: rather spiritless. deserto loco: abl. abs.,

deserting their posts.

2. hostis . . . instare : that the enemy did not cease coming up
in front from the lower ground, and were pressing on from both

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 333

sides. The participle subeuntis agrees with hostis and is closely PAGE
connected in thought with intermittere, which, however, usually 104
takes an infinitive in this sense.

4. rem . . . angusto : that the sitriation was critical. subsi-
dium : reserve ; the six legions which had preceded the baggage-
train were all engaged, the cavalry and auxiliaries were in flight,
and the thirteenth and fourteenth legions had not yet come up.

5. militi: depends on detracto. A. 381 ; B. 188. 2. d; G. 345,
347. R. 5 ; H. 427 ; HB. 371.

6. processit : "The bare scheme of the sentence is as follows
Caesar . . . ubi . . . rem esse in angusto vidit, . . . processit :
but strokes of detail are added as the picture grows, until the whole
becomes a crowded battle-piece with Caesar advancing to the front
as its central figure." See A. 600 ; B. 351. 5 ; G. 684, '685 ; H. 685 ;
HB. 630.

7. nominatim : how many centurions did Caesar have to know
by name in each legion ? signa inf erre : see Introd., p. 39.

8. manipulos laxare : to spread out the maniples, open their
ranks. quo : in order that. uti : the verb ; the conjunction has ii.

9. inlata : having been inspired in (lit. brought into). militi-
bus : dat.

10. cum . . . cuperet : since everybody for himself was eager
to do his best in the sight of the Commander-in-chief, even in his own
utmost peril.

12. tardatus est: an account of this episode in the battle is
given in Longfellow's " Courtship of Miles Standish," II, " Love and
Friendship."

XXVI. 13. constiterat : from consisto.

14. tribunes militum: see Introd., p. 33.

15. conversa signa inferrent: wheel about and charge. See
A. 496. N. 2 ; B. 337. 5 (337) 5 G. 664. R. I ; H. 639 ; HB. 604. i.
See also Introd., p. 39.

1 6. aliis . . . ferrent : they assisted one another.

17. aversi : while turned away, in the rear. As the enemy were
attacking in two divisions ab utroque latere, each legion, i.e. the
seventh and twelfth, could face a single division, knowing that the
other legion was protecting it from the other division. circum-
venirentur : see note on ne . . . adduceretur, p. 90, 1. 6.

18. legionum duarum: cf. p. 100, 11. 19-21.

20. proelio nuntiato: getting word that a battle was on.

21. T. Labienus : he had crossed the river with the ninth
and tenth legions. See Chap. XXIII, and note on p. 102, 1. 7.

334 NOTES II

PAGE 22. quae . . . gererentur : an ind. quest.

104 23. nostris : what different shade of meaning would ad nostros
give ?

24. Qui : i.e. milites decimae legionis. quo . . . esset : in what
condition tJie battle was.

25. versaretur: were involved. We might have had versa-
rentur. A. 317. c; B. 255. i. 2; G. 285. EXC. i; H. 392; HB.
329. 2.

26. nihil . . . fecerunt : made all possible haste, lit. made noth-
ing of remainder for themselves towards speed.

XXVII. 28. ut : introduces three verbs, redintegrarent, occur-
rerent, and praeferrent. etiam qui procubuisseut : even those
who had sunk to the ground. The subjunctive is due to attraction.
See A. 593; B. 324. i; G. 663. i; H. 652; HB. 539. scutis
innixi: leaning on their shields. A. 431 ; B. 218. 3 ; G. 401. N. 6;
H. 476. 3 ; HB. 438. 2. a.

30. inermes : agrees with calottes, subject of occurrerent. ar-
matis : sc. hostibus ; dat. depending on occurrerent.

31. fugae: cf. p. 100, 1. 32. pugnando : abl. of the gerund;
nearly the same idea would have been expressed by the present
participle pugnantes agreeing with the subject.

32. praeferrent : to be understood, perhaps, in a literal as well
as a figurative sense. The hilly ground was unfavorable for cavalry.

33. praestiterunt : manifested. ut : introduces insisterent,
pugnarent, conicerent, remitterent. cum . . . insistereiit :
when the foremost of them had fallen, those nearest stepped up on
their fallen comrades.

105 i. iacentibus: from iaceo. The present participle of iacio is,
of course, iaciens.

3. qui . . . tumulo: tJwse who survived, as if from a mound.
For sitperessent see supersum in Vocab.

4. intercepta remitterent : caught up and hurled back. What
literally? Cf. conversa signa inferrent, p. 104,!. 15. ut . . . esse :
therefore (lit. so that) one must admit that not in vain (i.e. not with-
out performing worthy exploits, or not without ground for confidence)
did men of so great bravery dare. This cause of result depends
logically on the whole preceding account, from at hostes, p. 104,!. 32.
What is the subject of deberet? Notice the emphatic position of
non nequiquam, which limits ausos esse, and look up the word
'litotes 1 in the Latin grammar or English dictionary.

6. subire iniquissimum locum : to come up into a very unfa-
vorable place. A. 388. b ; B. 175. 2. a. 2 ; G. 331 ;H. 406 ; HB. 391. 2.

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 335

7. quae . . . redegerat : (deeds) which the greatness of their PAGE
spirit had rendered easy from most difficttlt, i.e. though actually 105
extremely difficult. redegerat: A. 267. b; B. 159. 3. N. ; G.
200. 2. a; H. 375 ; HB. 218. i. b.

So ended one of the fiercest battles which Caesar fought in Gaul,
one in which the Roman army only narrowly escaped defeat, perhaps
annihilation. Caesar gives full credit to the Nervii for their bravery.

XXVIII. 9. redacto : agrees in gender with nomine, but is to
be taken also with gente.

lo. aestuaria ac paludes : i.e. the marshy country along the
coast, where inlets, filled with water at high tide, cut them off from
the mainland.

n. dixeramus : i.e. before describing the battle. Cf. the end of
Chap. XVI. cum . . . arbitrarentur : since they thought there
was no obstacle in the way of the victors (lit. nothing was hindered
for the victors}) no chance of safety (lit. nothing was safe) for the
vanquished.

13. miserunt: its subject is maiores natu.

14. DC : sc. senatoribus. Caesar is applying the Roman word
senator to the councilors of the Nervii. See Introd., p. 27.

15. vix ad D : i.e. ad vix quingentos (homines). Yet three
years later they took part in an uprising, and two years later still
could furnish 6000 men. : qui . . . possent : a clause of charac-
teristic, to be taken with both numerals.

1 6. ut usus videretur : sc. esse, that he might be seen (not might
seem) to have displayed.

1 8. finitimis : i.e. the neighboring tribes.

19. ut . . . prohiberent : to keep themselves and their depend-
ents from (doing) injury and mischief (to the Nervii). Let the
student rewrite this sentence, transposing iussit and imperavit.

XXIX. 20. Atuatuci : cf. Chap. XVI. cum : is this a prepo-
sition or a conjunction ? If a preposition, why is venirent "sub-
junctive ?

21. ex itinere : i.e. from the place which they had reached when
the news of the battle came to them. '

22. reverterunt: see note on reverti, p. 95, 1. 15. castellis:
small fortified places.

23. oppidum : the site of this town is uncertain. It has been
identified with the citadel of Namur, but Mont Falhize on the Meuse
agrees better with Caesar's description. egregie : e, grex, -ius.
Applying principles previously learned, explain completely the form
egregie. Consult the grammar, if necessary.

336 NOTES II

PAGE 24. Quod cum: now while this. in circuitu: the position of

105 this phrase gives it almost the force of an adjective limiting partibus.
rupis deiectusque : i.e. the town was on a hill, steep and diffi-
cult of access on all sides but one.

26. amplius : A. 407. c ; B. 217. 3 ; G. 296. R. 4 ; H. 471. 4';
HB. 416. d. pedum: gen. of measure.

28. conlocabant : notice the tense, and cf. munierant above.
ex Cimbris : abl. of source, or origin, sometimes used without a
preposition. A. 403. a. N. i ; B. 215. i; G. 395 ; H. 467; HB.
413. b. See Introd., pp. 4, 5, and cf. Chap. IV and Bk. I, Chap.
XXXIII.

31. agere ac portare: the impedimenta included cattle as well
as goods. citra : i.e. on the Gallic side.

32. sex milia: obj. of reliquerant. In predicate apposition
with it are custodiam (a guard for the impedimenta) and praesidium
(a military garrison). una : sc. cum impedimentis.

33. Hi : the sex milia hominum. eorum : the main body of
Cimbri and Teutoni. See Introd., p. 6.

106 * alias : an adverb. bellum inferrent : this refers to offensive
warfare. inlatum : sc. bellum. defender ent : warded off, acting
on the defensive.

2. eorum omnium : i.e. fa&finitimi. -hunc locum : the region
west and north of the Meuse, perhaps extending across the river
to the eastward.

XXX. 6. pedum : to be taken with both vallo and milium.
The wall was twelve feet high and 15,000 feet in extent.

7. castellis : these served as rallying-points for the soldiers, and
were used also for the storage of arms. circummuniti : when they
had been hemmed in.

8. vineis : see Introd., pp. 46-49, for an account of siege-opera-
tions. turrim : subject of constitui.

9. inridere : began to jeer ; a more lively form of expression
than the indicative. A. 463; B. 335; G. 647; H. 610; HB. 595.
It is nearly equivalent to the imperfect indicative.

10. a tanto spatio: so far away, lit. away by so tmtch space;
see note on a . . . duobus, p. 94, 1. i . institueretur : the mood
shows that this is part of the taunt. See note on quod vererentur,
p. 90, 1. 6. Quibusnam: A. 333. a; B. 90. 2. d; G. 106; H.
184. 5 ; HB. 141. b.

11. homines tantulae staturae: being men of so very small
stature. tantulae : a diminutive. See the diminutive endings in
the grammar. nam . . . est : for our shortness of stature, in

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 337

comparison with the huge size of their own bodies, is generally a sub- PAGE
ject of contempt to all the Gauls. 106

13. in muro : verbs of placing, unless active motion is emphasized,
regularly take the ablative with in. A. 430 ; G. 385. R. i ; H. 418. 3 ;
HB. 433. c. Cf. the construction with coniectos, p. 105, 1. 10. sese
. . . confiderent : trust that they could place. The Atuatuci were
acquainted with towers placed along a line of wall, but probably not
with movable towers. Hence they affected to assume that this tower
must be picked up and placed on the wall an idea which struck
them as very ridiculous. Why is confiderent subjunctive?

XXXI. 15. moveri: that it was moving.

17. ad hunc modum : after this fashion, as follows.

18. qui . . . possent: probably subjunctive in the direct form, a
causal relative clause. A. 535. e; B. 283. 3; G. 633; H. 592;
HB. 523.

19. tanta celeritate : abl. of manner.

20. Unum deprecari : in the direct form nnum petimus ac
deprecamur. Petere means to ask ; deprecari, to pray that some-
thing may not happen.

21. dementia: see note on sua dementia, p. 98, 1. 6.

22. audirent: kept hearing about. statuisset: fut. perf. ind.
in the direct form. esse conservandos : that he oiight to spare.
What literally ?

23. ne . . . despoliaret: explains unum, and is therefore virtu-
ally the object oipetere and deprecari. Sibi : notice the emphatic
position of this word. The reflexive refers of course to the Atuatuci.

24. virtuti: A. 367 ; B. 187. II. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 2 ; HB.
362. II. traditis armis : equivalent to si anna tradita essent.

25. Sibi . . . deducerentur : in the direct form nobis praestat
(it is better for us), si . . . deducemitr. The subject of praestare
is pati.

26. quamvis : any whatever, from quivis. quam : than, after
the comparative force in praestare. ab his: \hzfmitimi of 1. 23.

27. consuessent: for constievissent. Consuesco .is an inchoative
(or inceptive) verb. A. 263. i ; B. 155. i ; G. 133. V, 191. 2 ; H.
365; HB. 212. 2. Notice that this verb has virtually a present
meaning in the perfect tense, and cf. cognosco.

XXXII. 29. priusquam . . . attigisset: before the battering-
ram touched the wall. Only so could the surrender be considered
voluntary. See Introd., p. 49.

31. armis traditis: abl. abs. in Nerviis : in the case of the
Nervii.

338 NOTES ' II

PAGE 32. ne . . . inferrent: not to do any injury to those who had

106 surrendered to (lit. to the captives of) the Roman people. When is
quis (gut) indefinite?

107 i. adsuos: why not dative? quae imperarentur : the things
which were commanded- The clause is the object oifacere.

2. facere : sc. se as subject^ The future infinitive might have
been used, but the envoys say, in effect, 'We are already obeying
your commands.'

This is a good time to review the principles of indirect discourse
and the sequence of tenses. In changing a sentence from the
indirect to the direct form, observe these rules : (i) Change the
main infinitive to an indicative, except in the case of the conclusion
of a conditional sentence which requires the subjunctive; use im-
perfect, perfect, or pluperfect for the perfect infinitive, as the mean-
ing demands. (2) Put dependent clauses in the indicative, unless
you know of some reason why the subjunctive should be used ; if a
tense of completed action is used in the indirect form, use a similar
tense in the direct form. (3) Let sense determine the choice of
pronouns and the person of verbs.

3. sic ut . . . adaequarent: so that the piles of arms almost
eqttaled in height (lit. equaled the greatest height of} the wall and
agger. The agger had been carried forward almost to the edge of the
moat. The verb aequo is derived from the adjective aeqmis.

5. circiter : is this a preposition or an adverb?

6. portis . . . usi : they threw open their gates and that day
enjoyed peace. What compounds of facio baveyfo in the passive?
A. 204. a. b ; B. 122. Ill ; G. 173. N. 2 ; H. 274; HB. 195. a.

XXXIII. 8. ne quam : that . . . no. noctu: an adverb.
9. ante: here an adverb. ut intellectum est: as became
clear. consilio : abl. abs. with inito.

10. indiligentius servaturos : would keep less careful watch.

11. partim, partim: nearly equivalent to alii, alii, some, others.
quae . . . celaverant : limits Us armis.

12. scutis . . . factis . . . intextis : abl. abs., yet in effect
parallel with ciim Us armis. Trans, with shields made of bark or
woven of (by means of} osiers.

13. postulabat: rendered necessary. pellibus : abl. of means,
or possibly dat. with the compound verb.

14. tertia vigilia: see note on de tertia 'uigilia, p. 61, 1. 24. N
qua : where.

15. ascensus: evidently the Roman works were on ground
higher than that which lay between them and the town.

II THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE 339

16. fecerunt : has the subject of this verb been expressed?

17. ignibus . . . est: the news being spread by fires, there was
a rush to that place from the nearest redoubts. The signals in
this case were probably bonfires. One kind of signal consisted of
a torch displayed from a wooden or stone tower, the torch being
thrust forth in the direction from which danger threatened. See
the picture, p. 107.

18. pugnatum . . . debuit: i.e. the enemy fought as fiercely as
brave men ought to have fought, etc. As the English verb ' ought '
is defective, we have to translate the present infinitive fotgnari by a
perfect. A. 486. a; B. 270. 2; G. 254. R. i ; H. 618. 2; HB. foot-
note 2 on p. 311.

19. eos qui iacerent: men who were throwing; a rel. clause
of characteristic.

20. vallo turribusque : cf. p. 106, 1. 6. Towers were erected
at intervals along the line of the vallum. cum . . . consisteret :
at a time when all hope rested in valor alone. Cum is a relative
word, from the same root as the relative pronoun, and the subjunctive
is subjunctive of characteristic.

21. ad : about, used as an adverb.

22. Postridie eius diei: see note on p. 96, 1. 25.

23. iam nemo: no one any longer.

24. sectionem : including both goods and people. vendidit :
see its derivation in Vocab., and note the quantity of its e. The
purchasers were mercatores. See Introd., p. 38. Caesars reputa-
tion for dementia must have suffered, but, after all, such action as the
townspeople had been guilty of could not be left unpunished. The
Atuatuci were not all destroyed, for we find them three years later
storming a Roman camp.

Caesar's policy of dealing with the tribes of the Belgae one at a time
had been very successful. He had met with little resistance except
from the Nervii.

XXXIV. i. a P. Crasso : abl. of agent with certior factus est.
This was the Crassus who had commanded the Roman cavalry in the
battle with Ariovistus. See Bk. I, Chap. LII. legione una: the
seventh, as we see from Bk. Ill, Chap. VII.

3. quae : agrees in gender with civitates. A. 306; B. 250. 3;
G. 614. R. 3. b; H. 396. 2; HB. 326. i.

5. esse redactas : evidently these tribes were not all thoroughly
subdued, for several of them were in arms the following year. Some
of these names of tribes survive in modern names, e.g. Veneti,
Vannes ; Coriosolites, Corseult ; Redones, Rennes.

340 NOTES III

PAGE XXXV. 6. pacata : having been rendered peaceful, i.e. having

108 been subdued. huius belli : the war with the Belgae.

,8. incolerent: subj. by attraction. qui pollicerentur : to
Promise. se : indirect reflexive, referring not to qui, but to the
logical subject of the sentence; as if Caesar had written, 'The
states across the Rhine sent ambassadors to promise that they.'

10. Italiam : Gallia Citerior was beginning to be called Italy.
See Introd., p. 21. inita proxima aestate : at the beginning of
the following summer, abl. abs. expressing time.

11. in ... hiberna: to be taken with deductis. From the name
Carnutes comes the modern Chartres : from Andes, Anjou ; from
Turom, Tours and Touraine.

12. quaeque civitates : and the states which.

15. quod: the antecedent is not, of course, supplicqtio,\>\& the
sentence dierum . . . est ; trans, an honor which. .A stipplicatio
of twelve days was decreed to Pompey after his victory over Mith'ri-
dates.

BOOK III

109 I. i. in Italiam : see the last chapter of Bk. II.

5. quod . . . volebat : a substantive clause, subject of fuit,
causa being predicate nominative. iter : subject of patefieri.
The route through the Great St. Bernard pass is probably meant.
The growing importance of Gaul rendered an easy communication
with the country beyond the Alps necessary to Rome. quo: by
which ; its antecedent is iter.

6. portoriis : tolls, levied on goods transported through a coun-
try. patefieri: see note on p. 107, 1. 6.

7. arbitraretur : although this is not formal indirect discourse,
yet it does represent indirectly Caesar's word, arbitraberis, uti
. . . conlocaret: obj. of permisit.

8. secundis : favorable, a common meaning of secundus.

1 1 . ipse : agrees with the subject of constituit, but should be
translated with hiemare. reliquis cohortibus: how many were
there ?

13. Octodurus : probably on or near the site of the modern
Martigny. non . . . planitie : with a small plain adjoining it,
an abl. abs.

15. flumine: no doubt the Dranse. alteram, alteram: one,
the other.

16. cohortibus : dat. with attribuit.

Ill TROUBLE IN THE ALPS 341

.II. 1 8. dies complures: no long time could have elapsed,
for Galba's preparations for the winter were not complete.

19. exploratores : see note on p. 61, 1. 21.

20. ex ea parte : to be taken with discessisse. concesserat :
why not subjunctive ?

22. Id : it, subject of acciderat, and explained by the clause tit
. . . caperent.

24. quod . . . despiciebant : this clause and the clause quod
. . . existimabant explain causis. Two more causes are given by
quod . . . habebant, ip. no, 11. 5-9, which is made grammatically the
subject of accedebat. legionem . . . plenissimam : a (niere)
legion, and not a very full one at that.

25. compluribus : abl. abs. with absentibits.

1. commeatus petendi: A. 503; B. 339. i ; G. 427; H. 626.
i; HB. 613.

2. paucitatem: no doubt one reason for the smallness of the
legion was that it had suffered severely in the battle with the Nervii.
Cf. Bk. II, Chap. XXV.

3. decurrerent: this represents a future indicative, which would
express the Gauls' thought as they made their plan.

5. Accedebat quod : there was the additional reason that, etc.

suos liberos abstractos : sc. esse ; that their children had been
taken away. A. 572. b; B. 331. V; G. 533; H. 614; HB. 594.

6. obsidum nomine : as hostages, lit. tinder the name of hostages.

Romanes . . . habebant : had become convinced (lit. had it
persjiaded to themselves') that the Romans were trying to seize the
heights of the Alps not merely for the sake of the passes, but also for
the sake of a permanent occupation ; and (that they were trying) to
join this region to the neighboring province. A clause used as a noun
is always regarded as neuter ; hence persuas^tm, which agrees with
the clause Romanes . . . conari, object of habebant, is neuter.

8. finitimae : the Allobroges, recently subdued, were near this
place. See Introd., p. 6, and cf. p. 109, 1. 3.

III. 10. opus hibernorum : the b2iilding of the winter camp.
See Introd., p. 43.

11. munitiones : the fossa and vallum.

12. esset provisum : impersonal; trans, by making an abstract
noun from the meaning of the verb, provision had been made.

14. consilio : a council of war, probably of the tribunes and the
centurions of the first rank (see Introd., p. 34), with perhaps the
cavalry officers.

15. cum: since, introducing three subjunctives.

342 NOTES III

PAGE 16. accidisset : this word is used of an unexpected event, often,

110 as here, of a misfortune. Compare the English word ''accident.'
Contingere is more often used of a favorable event.

17. completa conspicerentur : were seen (to be) covered.
usque subsidio veniri : sc. posset, lit. and it could not be come (by
any one to them) for aid; freely, and no aid could come to them.

19. desperata salute : this passive construction implies an active
desperare salutem, a construction which is found in some authors.
Caesar, however, says desperare de, or uses the dative. eius modi :
of the following sort, explained by the substantive clause ^lt . . .
contenderent.

21. Maiori . . . placuit: the majority, however, thought it best.
What is the subject of placuit ?

IV. 25. conlocandis, administrandis : in agreement with Us
rebus. Trans, for arranging and executing those things. We have
here the gerundive construction in the dative. A. 505. N. ; B. 339. 2 ;
G. 429. i ; H. 627 ; HB. 613. i.

26. decurrere: historical inf. gaesa: heavy javelins. They
seem to have been used especially by Alpine tribes ; Vergil speaks
of Alpina gaesa. See Vocab.

27. propugnare : observe the force oipro.

28. ex loco superiore : i.e. from the rampart of the camp.

29. defensoribus : abl. of separation, with nudata.

30. eo : i.e. ad earn partem castroriim. hoc superari, quod :
they were at a disadvantage in this, that ; hoc is abl. of cause ; or
perhaps abl. of specification, or respect. The subject of this histori-
cal infinitive, as of the four preceding, is nostri.

31. pugnae : the fighting. proelio : the battle. integris viri-
bus : abl. of quality, or description.

32. quarum . . . poterat : while nothing of this sort could be
done by our men, by reason of their small numbers.

33. non modo . . . sed ne . . . quidem: A. 217. e; B.
343. 2. a ; G. 482. R. i ; H. 656. 3 ; HB. 299. The ne really belongs
with dabatur, and hence its force supplies the extra negative which
English idiom requires. Trans, not only was opportunity not given
to one who was tired, but not even to a wounded man, etc.

111 i. constiterat: had taken his stand, nearly equivalent to
stabat, was standing. relinquendi : gerundive agreeing with loci.

2. sui recipiendi : withdrawing, lit. taking himself back. A.
504. c; B. 339. 5 ; G. 428. R. i ; H. 626. 3 ; HB. 614.

V. 3. Cum pugnaretur: when the fight had been going on.
This use of the imperfect is more common in the indicative. See A.

Ill TROUBLE IN THE ALPS 343

471. b; B. 260. 4; G. 234; H. 535. I ; HB. 485. How many verbs
depend on cum ?

5. languidioribus nostris : abl. abs., causal. vallum scin-
dere : i.e. to tear down the palisades on the top of the rampart.

7. P. Sextius Baculus: cf. Bk. II, Chap. XXV. primi pili
centurio : i.e. primipilus ; see Introd., p. 34.

9. tribunus militum : see Introd., p. 33. virtutis : sc. mag-
nae. Why ? A. 345 ; B. 203 ; G. 365 ; H. 440. 3 ; HB. 355.

1 1 . extremum auxilium : to abandon camp and attempt to force
a way to safety was a resource to be tried only when the situation
became desperate. experirentur : subj. of ind. disc., standing
for a fut. ind. ; una est spes salutis, si . . . experiemur.

12. certiores facit: we have had this expression as one of say-
ing ; here it is equivalent to a verb of commanding, and is followed
by five subjunctives without ut, each representing an imperative.
The English verb 'tell' has a similar double meaning.

13. tela missa exciperent: receive (i.e. guard themselves
against) the enemy's missiles, without throwing any.

14. post : an adverb here.

VI. 16. Quod: obj. of facere understood.

17. sui conligendi: see note on sui recipiendi, 1. 2.

18. qui . . . venerant: who had conceived (come into) the hope
of capturing the camp. Ordinarily only transitive verbs are used in
the gerundive construction. Cf. potiundi, p. 93, 1. 31.

21. constabat : it was agreed; its subject is the clause quern nu-
merum . . . venisse. plus tertia parte : more than a third.

i. ne . . . quidem : there is a strong temptation here to ignore 112
the usual rule about ne . . . quidem, and to place the emphasis on
superioribus. Probably the meaning is that the enemy were allowed
no foothold whatever.

3. armis : abl. of separation with exutis, which is in the abl. abs.
with copiis.

4. saepius for tun am temptare : observe the emphasis on this
phrase, causing it to precede the subject, Galba.

5. alio . . . consilio, aliis . . . rebus : i.e. the design with
which he had come had been one thing, the situation which he had
met a quite different thing. The design is stated in Chap. I. Notice
the absence of a connective (asyndeton) between the clauses.

8. prohibente : trying to prevent him, abl. abs. with hoste.

9. in Nantuatis: there were two cohorts here. Cf. p. 109,
1. ii.

This campaign really belongs to the year 57 B.C., and the story *

344 NOTES III

PAGE should have formed a part of the previous book. But as it occurred

112 after the close of the regular operations of 57, Caesar preferred to
place the account of it at the beginning of a new book.

VII. 12. Germanis: the hordes of Ariovistus. See the latter
half of Bk. I and Introd., p. 12.

13. in Illyricum : cf. Bk. II, Chap. XXXV. Caesar appears to
have started before Galba's difficulties began.

16. P. Crassus : cf. p. 88, 1. 26.

17. mare Oceanum : i.e. the Atlantic. The ace. depends on
proxi7nus. A. 432. a; B. 141. 3; G. 359. N. I ; H. 435. 2; HB.
380. b.

19. praefectos : see Introd., p. 34.

20. quo in numero' : among whom. est missus : to be taken
together.

21. Esuvios, Coriosolites : look up these tribes on the map of
Gaul .

22. Venetos : this and the adjoining tribes in northwestern
Gaul were classed together as civitates Aremoricae. For the
meaning of Aremoricae see Vpcab. The region now is called
Bretagne (Brittany).

VIII. .23. omnis orae maritimae : i.e. of all the maritime
states.

24. quod et, et : because, in the first place, and also. The force
of quod extends through antecedunt.

25 . quibus : abl. of means, but trans, in 'which. in Britanniam :
it is said that the Veneti already knew or suspected Caesar's purpose
(carried out the next year) to visit Britain, and that they wished to
prevent him from interfering with their trade with that island.
consuerunt : are accustomed. Why should we not translate ' were
accustomed ' ?

27. maris vasti atque aperti : it was a very different kind of
sea from the land-inclosed Mediterranean. paucis portibus in-
teriectis : i.e. since there are only a few scattered harbors.

28. vectigalis : pred. to omnis, the obj. of habent. These
people were obliged to pay tribute to the Veneti for the use of their
harbors.

29. Ab . . . Velani : i.e. they began the detention of envoys by
detaining Silius and Velanius.

30. obsides : cf. Bk. II, Chap. XXXIV.

113 i. Horum: observe the emphatic position of this pronoun, and
notice the beginning of the two sentences before this.

2. subita: Caesar often speaks of the changeableness of the

Ill THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI 345

Gauls, and the ease with which they were influenced to form new
plans ; e.g. Bk. II, Chap. I, Bk. IV, Chap. V.

4. acturos : sc. se and esse. The indirect discourse depends on
coniurant.

5. reliquasque : -que here connects two verbs. What are
they ?

6. tit . . . malint: to wish rather to remain in that liberty
which, etc., than to endure slavery at the hands of the Romans.
acceperint : why subjunctive ?

9. Si ... remittat : in the direct discourse, si vis tuos recu-
perare, obsides nobis remitte. By suos are meant the officers who
had been seized.

IX. 12. longius : i.e. too far away to take action himself. He
seems to have been in Illyricum. navis longas : see Introd.,
p. 51. Ships of burden were wide in proportion to their length.

15. cum primum : followed by the indicative. A. 545 ; B. 287. i ;
G. 561 ; H. 600. I ; HB. 557. a. See Introd., p. 13, for an impor-
tant event in the life of Caesar, which occurred just before this time.

17. in se admisissent : had taken upon themselves, i.e. had
committed.

18. legates retentos ... coniectos : sc. esse. The clause
explains /acinus, but takes the form of indirect discourse, as if de-
pendent on intellegebant. quod nomen : a name -which. Subor-
dinate military officers sent to procure grain could hardly be properly
called legati, ambassadors ; but Caesar wishes to put the act of
the Gauls in the worst possible light, to justify his own subsequent
action.

21. hoc maiore spe: with the greater hope (Jiope greater by
this).

22. quod . . . confidebant: explains hoc. natura : fido and
confido generally take the ablative of things and the dative of
persons. Find the rules in the grammar.

23. aestuariis: see note on p. 105, 1. 10.

26. confidebant : confidently believed. ac . . . acciderent :
and even though everything should turn out contrary to their expec-
tation. A. 527. a; B. 308; G. 608; H. 586. II ; HB. 532. 2. b.

28. locorum : limits vada, portus* insulas.

29. gesturi essent : the periphrastic conjugation is used because
the subjunctive is required and the time to be expressed is distinctly
future ; gererent might mean were waging. longe aliam atque :
far other than (different from}. A. 407. d; B. 341. I. c; G. 643;
H. 471. 6; HB. 307. 2. a.

346 NOTES III

PAGE 30. concluso mari : what sea is meant ?

113 3 2 - frumenta : see note on p. 64, 1. 26.
33. primum : an adverb.

114 4. posita est : is sfaiated.

X. 7. iniuria retentorum equitum Romanorum : the in-
justice of Roman knights detained^ i.e. of detaining Roman knights ;
freely, the unjust detention of Roman knights. For use of participle
see A. 497; B. 337. 6 (337. 5); G. 664. R. 2 ; H. 636. 4; HB.
608. 2. For the meaning of equitum see note on p. 82, 1. i.
rebellio : notice the derivation.

8. in primis: especially r , lit. among the first {chief} things.

9. ne . . . arbitrarentur : this clause, like the nominatives
which precede, is in apposition with multa. We may translate the
fear that the other nations might think, etc. hac parte neglecta :
equivalent to a conditional clause.

11. novis rebus studere : *were eager for revohition.

12. natura: abl. of cause.

13. odisse: hate. See A. 205. b; B. 133. 2; G. 175. 5; H.
299.2; HB. 199. i. priusquam . . . conspirarent : before more
states conspired (should conspire}. The verb was probably subjunc-
tive in the direct form, implying a purpose on Caesar's part to get
ahead of the plures civitates. A. 551. c; B. 292. i. b; G. 577;
H. 605. I ; HB. 507. 4. b.

14. partiendum: sc. esse ; the gerundive is passive, even in
deponent verbs.

XI. 1 6. in Treveros : the Treveri had been friendly to the Ro-
mans. Cf. Bk. I, Chap. XXXVII, Bk. II, Chap. XXIV.

17. mandat : the three subjunctives depending on this verb may
be explained in the same way as those on p. in, 11. 13-15.

1 8. Belgas : the Belgae had been subdued only the year before,
and were still uneasy. No doubt the Veneti and other Aremo-
rican states expected help from them. adeat: some compounds
of eo may be used transitively.

19. arcessiti: sc. esse. A. 582; B. 332. c; G. 528. i; H.
6n. i ; HB. 590. i.

20. P. Crassum: cf. p. 112, 1. 16.

21. equitatus : cavalry would be useless in the operation against
the sea-coast states.

22. ne . . . coniungantur : clauses of purpose. The second
continues the thought of the first, otherwise neve or neu would be
used instead of ac. in Galliam : i.e. Celtic Gaul.

25. qui . . . curet : to see that their forces were kept back.

Ill THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI 347

*

What literally ? For the construction of distinendam see A. 500. 4;
B. 337. 8. b. 2 (337. 7. b. 2) ; G. 430; H. 622; HB. 612. III.

26. D. Brutum : he afterwards became one of the conspira-
tors against Caesar.

27. Pictonibus : the name survives in the modern Poitiers.

28. praeficit : observe the direct and indirect objects of this verb.
cum possit: this forms apart of Caesar's order, and hence the
subjunctive is used.

29. pedestribus copiis : Caesar had eight legions. Read this
chapter through carefully and see how many he retained with him-
self. Some soldiers appear to have been placed on board the fleet.

XII. 30. ut . . . haberent : a clause of result.

31. pedibus : on foot, i.e. by land, abl. of means.

32. quod: the rel. pron., referring to the clause cum . . . incita-
visset. Id quod or quae res might have been used.

33. navibus : by ship. quod . . . adflictarentur : because,
when the tide ran out again, the ships would be stranded on the
shoals, if they tried to approach.

1. oppugnatio : how does this word differ in meaning from
expugnatio ?

2. superati: agrees with the subject of coeperant.

3. extruso mari, his adaequatis : ablatives absolute explain-
ing magnitudine operis. aggere ac molibus : "The forts were
situated at the ends of spits or promontories, connected with the
mainland by shoals, which, at high tide, were completely submerged.
Caesar constructed dykes across the shoals, along v/hich the troops
marched to attack the town. Before they could deliver the assault,
however, the garrison took to their ships, and sailed away to the
nearest fort. 1 ' (Holmes, " Caesar's Conquest of Gaul.") Another
theory is that Caesar built two parallel walls, or dikes, between
which the soldiers marched. moenibus : dat., depending on
adaequatis.

4. f ortunis : dat., depending on desperare. What other con-
structions have occurred with this verb ?

5. cuiusrei: equivalent to quarum, referring to navium.

6. deportabant : would carry off. This and the following
imperfects denote repeated action.

7. eo facilius : the more easily, explained by the following quod-
clause.

XIII. 12. ipsorum : their own.

13. carinae aliquanto planiores : the hulls somewhat more flat-
bottomed. It is unnecessary to supply a verb with this nominative..

348 NOTES III

PAGE 14. quo . . . possent: see note on p. 99. 1. 17. excipere: to

115 take. The ships did not sink so far into the water as did those of
the Romans.

15. admodum: ' to the limit,' i.e. very.

16. totae : trans, by an adverb, wholly, or throughout.

17. ad ... perf erendam : how many different ways of express-
ing purpose can you recall ? quamvis : from q^^.ivis, any whatever
(lit. what you please}.

1 8. transtra: the cross-beams which upheld the deck. The word
often means rowers' 1 benches, but these ships did not employ rowers.
pedalibus in altitudinem : afoot in thickness (Jieighf).

19. crassitudine : abl. of quality, or description, limiting clavis.
It is accompanied by a genitive, digiti pollicis, instead of the more
usual adjective. pro funibus : for (instead of} ropes.

20. pelles alutaeque: untanned skins and (pieces of) leather.

21. eius usus : i.e. of the use of flax in the making of sails.

22. quod . . . simile : which is more probable. veri : A.
385. c. 2; B. 204. 3; G. 359. R. i. N. 4; H. 435. 4; HB. 339. c.
quod . . . arbitrabantur : explains eo. The accusatives in this
clause are subjects of. posse.

23. tanta onera navium : for tanti oneris navis, such heavy ships.

24. Cum . . . praestaret : the encounter of our fleet with these
ships was such that it excelled in speed alone and (the force given
by) the impulsion of oars. The Gallic ships had no oars. For
dassi see A. 377 ; B. 188. i ; G. 350. I ; H. 425. 4 ; HB. 368.

26. reliqua: (while) everything else.

27. illis : i.e. navibus Venetorum.

28. Neque . . . poteraut : for our ships could not harm them
with the beak. See Introd., p. 51. Why is Us dative ?

29. altitudinem: cf. erectae, 1. 15.

30. adigebatur : could be (effectively) hurled.

31. Accedebat ut : besides, or there was the additional fact that,
lit. it was added that. Cf. accedebat quod, p. no, 1. 5.

33. consisterent tutius : more safely rode at anchor. ab
aestu : abl. of agent, used instead of abl. of means by a sort of
personification. relictae : sc. naves. nihil: in no respect, not
at all.

34. quarum rerum omnium casus : i.e. all these .accidents.

116 XIV. 3. neque . . . posse: and that no harm could be done
to them. A. 372; B. 187. II. b; G. 217; H. 426. 3; HB. 364. 2.

4. convenit : from the Loire, where it had been built. See
Chap. IX.

Ill THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI 349

6. armorum: this word, like armamenfis in 1. 19, includes the
entire equipment of the vessels, not merely weapons. ornatis-
simae : thoroughly fitted out. profectae . . . constiterunt :
sailed out of the harbor and came into position fronting our ships.
This battle was probably fought in Quiberon Bay, near the mouth
of the Auray River; but arguments .have been adduced to show
that it took place farther south, between the mouths of the Loire
and the Vilaine.

7. tribunis centurionibus : military officers commanded the
ships of the fleet.

9. quid agerent : what they were to do. The direct form of this
indirect question would be quid agamus ? what are we to do f A. 444 ;
B. 277; G. 265 ; H. 559. 4; HB. 503.

10. noceri: sc. navibus (dat.) hostium. turribus excitatis,
has : more regular would be turris excitatas as object of super abat,
but this expression is clearer. See the illustration, p. 51.

11. ex navibus : of the ships.

12. neque : correlative to et,\.i-$,both . . . not . . . and; but
it is well to omit both in translating. inferiors loco : i.e. the tops
of the towers.

13. erat magno usui : was of great use.

14. falces : in apposition with res.

15. longuriis : dat., depending on insertae and adfixae. non
. . . falcium : of a shape not unlike that of wall-hooks. The abl.
limits falces. For murales falces see Introd., p. 49. His: sc.
falcibus, abl. of means, or instrument. cum comprehensi ad-
ductique erant, praerumpebantur : A. 542, 518. b; B. 288. 3;
G. 567, 584 ; H. 539. 2 ; HB. 579.

1 6. furies : halyards, by which the yard was held in place or
raised or lowered.

17. navigio : does this mean a Roman or a Gallic ship ?

1 8. cum: causal. Gallicis navibus: for the case cf. classi,
p. 115, 1.25.

19. his ereptis : abl. abs., expressing time.

23. nullum . . . factum: no deed a little braver (than the ordi-
nary), no specially brave deed.

24. propinquus despectus in mare: a near view of (lit.
downlook upoti) the sea.

XV. 2.6. cum circumsteterant : cf. cum . . . comprehensi
adductique erant, 1. 15. singulas : sc. navis hostium. Notice the
three distributive numerals.

27. circumsteterant: from circumsisto. transcendere in:

350 NOTES III

PAGE t b oa rd. The Roman soldiers were much more skilful in fighting

116 than in naval nianoeuvering. On board the ships of the enemy the
conflict became a hand-to-hand fight.

28. Quod: and . . . that this, subject of fieri.

29. compluribus : very likely the ships of the Gauls out-
numbered those of the Romans.

31. in earn partem: in that direction. quo: i.e. in quam
{partem).

32. malacia ac tranquillitas : on the coast of Brittany the wind
in summer often dies down about midday. se movere: the Eng-
lish verb ' move ' may be either transitive or intransitive.

117 i. interventu: abl. of time and cause.

2. cum pugnaretur: the battle having lasted, more literally
when the battle had been going on. hora quarta : about 9 A.M.
Into how many hours did the Romans divide the day ? The time of
year of this battle was probably late August or early September.

XVI. 5. cum, turn : not only, but also. iuventus : equivalent
to iuvenes, i.e. all of military age.

6. aliquid consili: something of wisdom, i.e. some wisdom.

7. navium quod fuerat: whatever) of ships there had been,
i.e. all the ships which they had had; obj. of coegerant.

8. quo . . . habebant: had no place to which they could betake
themselves, nor any way of defending (Jww they might defend} their
towns. For the subjunctives see A. 531. 2; B. 282. 2; G. 631. 2;
H. 591. i ; HB. 517. 2.

11. vindicandum: sc. esse, punishment must be inflicted.
quo diligentius : why is quo used, instead of ut f

12. ius legatorum : see note on quod nornen, p. 113, 1. 18.

13. senatu: Caesar applies the Roman name to the Gallic
council of leaders. sub corona : into slavery. Captives were
crowned with chaplets when sold as slaves. The selling was in
charge of the quaestor.

After this war no important naval power was left in Transalpine
Gaul.

XVII. 14. Sabinus: cf. p. 114, 1. 23.

1 8. copias: troops, not organized into a regular army. his
paucis diebus : within a few days, i.e. just before the arrival of
Sabinus. Aulerci Eburovices : there were several divisions of
the Aulerci. See the map of Gaul.

19. senatu interfecto: the senates, it appears, were between
two fires. We remember how Caesar treated the senate of the
Veneti.

Ill THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI 351

22. perditorum hominum: scoundrels. quos : i.e. ii conve-
ner ant quos.

24. omnibus rebus: abl. of specification, or respect. loco
castris : both may be explained as locative ablatives.

25. spatio : abl. of degree, or measure, of difference with contra.

27. ut . . . veniret : this clause of result evidently cannot de-
pend on facer 'et. On what does it depend ? hostibus : in the eyes
of the enemy, a dat. of reference.

28. nostrorum . . . carperetur: was criticized somewhat in
our soldiers' 1 talk (by the voices of our soldiers) .

29. opinionem praebuit : produced an impression.
31. eo : the man, i.e. Caesar.

1. teneret : subj. because subordinate in ind. disc.

2. legato: A. 374; B. 189. i ; G. 355 ; H. 431 ; HB. 373. I.

XVIII. 4. auxili causa : as auxiliaries.

6. uti . . . transeat : to go across.

7. quibus . . . prematur: ind. quest., depending on docet.

8. neque . . . educat : lit. and that it ivas not farther off",
that on the next night Sabinus would lead, etc., or, more shortly,
and that not later than the next night Sabinus would lead. The
wz-clause is subject of abesse, which is in ind. disc, depending on
docet. A. 558 ; B. 298 ; G. 555 ; H. 595. i ; HB. 502. 3. b.

9. proxima nocte : abl. of time.

12. iri: observe the impersonal passive; it depends on oportere,
which is also impersonal. Trans, they ought to go.

13. Multae res: five are named, the last being the clause quod
. . . credunt.

1 5 . cui rei erat provisum : for which provision had been made.
spes Venetici belli : their hopes regarding the war with the

Veneti. Cf. especially 11. 7, 8.

1 6. quod homines credunt : the fact that men believe.

17. non prius quam : not sooner than, i.e. not . . . until.

1 8. sit concessum : permission had been granted. See A.
551. b. N. 2 ; B. 292 ; G. 577. 2. N. 2 ; H. 605. I ; HB. 507. 4. c.

19. ut: as if. The abl. abs. expresses a condition.

20. quibus compleant: with which to fill zip, a rel. clause of
purpose.

XIX. 22. acclivis : rising, or sloping upward.

23. mille : an adj. quam minimum : as little as possible.
25. cupientibus : dat., sc. Us or militibus.

27. Factum est : what is its subject ?

30. ac : biit. When a negative clause is followed by an affirm-

352 NOTES III

PAGE ative which carries on the thought of the negative clause, 'and'

118 is often used in Latin where English idiom requires 'but.' Quos,
eorum : these refer to the same persons.

32. equites : nom. ex fuga : from the general rout.
35. Titurio : who was Titurius ? How many names did a Roman
regularly have ? A. 108 ; B. 373. I ; G. p. 493 ; H. 354. 3 ; HB. 678,

Nam. ut . . . est : for though (lit. as) the spirit of the Gauls is
quick and ready, etc., yet (lit. so) their will is weak and very far
from firm to endure disasters.

119 XX. 3. Aquitaniam : see Introd., p. 23.

4. tertia pars : a glance at the map will show that this estimate
was far from exact.

6. L. Valerius Praeconinus : nothing more is known of him
than is stated here.

7. proconsul : i.e. governor. Manlius was defeated in 78 B.C.
by an army commanded by a subordinate of Sertorius, a Roman
general who fought in Spain against his country.

10. comparato : agrees^ with equitatu, but is to be taken with
auxiliis as well. viris : abl. abs. with evocatis. See Introd., p. 34.

Tolosa : Tolosa (modern Toulouse) was a town of Gallic origin.

11. Narbone : Narbo (modern Narbonne) was a Roman colony,
founded in 118 B.C. It was an important commercial city. G-al-
liae provinciae : gen., limiting civitates.

18. ostenderunt: i.e. brought into action.

XXI. 20. victoriis: A. 431. a; 6.218.3; G. 401. N. 6; H.
476. i ; HB. 432.

21. nostri autem : while our men, on the other hand. quid . . .
possent : an ind. quest., grammatically the subject of the inf.
perspici.

22. adulescentulo : a mere boy, diminutive of adulescens. Ob-
serve in this sentence the important distinction between imperator
and dux.

24. ex itinere : cf. p. 92, 1. 30.

25. Quibus : and since they, i.e. the Sotiates in the town. The
town is thought to have been the one now called Sos (from Sotiates) .

26. cuniculis : these were to enable the Sotiates to destroy, by
fire or otherwise, the agger and vineae. See Introd., pp. 47-50.

27. cuius rei : in which, i.e. the digging of mines or tunnels.

28. aerariae secturaeque : copper-mines and quarries, prob-
ably, though the meaning of secturae is not altogether certain.

29. diligentia, rebus : are these two ablatives of the same kind?
31. faciunt: i.e. anna tradunt.

Ill THE CAMPAIGN IN AQUITANIA 353

XXII. 2. Adiatunnus cum sescentis devotis : it will be
necessary to look forward a long way to find anything with which to
connect these words ; so far, in fact, that they are repeated in cum
his Adiatunnus, 1. 9. What conies between is a long parenthesis
describing the devoti. In idiomatic original English this description
would probably come after the narrative part of the chapter. The
narrative might run, perhaps, somewhat as follows : ' While the
attention of all our men was fixed *on this proceeding, Adiatunnus,
who held supreme command, with six hundred devoted followers,
whom they call solditrii, tried to make a sally from another part of
the town. A shout was raised from that part of the fortifications.
The soldiers ran to arms', and after a fierce contest Adiatunnus was
driven back,' etc. Let the student complete the translation in this
way, making two or three sentences of the description of the
solduru.

4. condicio : position. ut : introduces three verbs, fruantur,
ferant, consciscant. The clauses are substantive clauses explaining
condicio. in vita : the position of this phrase, between omnibus
and commodis, gives it almost the force of an adjective. com-
modis : why ablative ?

5. dediderint: subj. by attraction. si quid: if anything.
his : i.e. the men to whose friendship the soldurii have devoted
themselves.

6. una: together (with them) .

8. qui . . . recusaret: A. 535. a; B. 283. 2; 0.631.2; H.
591. i ; HB. 521. i.

12. uti . . . uteretur: obj. of impetravit. Crassus dealt more
leniently with Adiatunnus than Caesar had dealt with the Atuatuci.
Cf. Bk. II, Chap. XXXIII.

XXIII. 1 6. paiicis diebus quibus : within the few days 'with-
in which. In force quibus nearly equals postquam, and may be
translated after. A. 423 ; B. 231 ; G. 393 ; H. 488. 3 ; HB. 550. c.

17. expugnatum : sc. esse.

20. citerioris Hispaniae : Hither Spain comprised that part
of Spain extending from the Pyrenees Mountains to the Hiberus
(Ebro) River. finitimae : nom. Aquitaniae : dat.

21. magna-cum auctoritate : abl. of manner, while magna
multitudine is abl. of means. Both are to be connected with
helium gerere.

23. Q. Sertorio : see note on p. 119, 1. 7.

24. omnis annos : the Sertorian War lasted for about ten years,
ending with the assassination of Sertorius in 72 B.C.

2A

354 NOTES III

PAGE 26. castra munire : until taught by Roman example, the Gauls

120 did not intrench their temporary camps.

27. Quod ubi : so when, lit. as to which thing when. Cf. the
common quod si, but if.

30. in dies : from day to day.

31. non . . . decertaret: he thought he must not delay to fight
a decisive battle, lit. fight it out with a battle. For the 07#!-clause
see note on p. 118, 1. 8. It is subject of cunctandum (esse).

32. consilium : a council of war.

121 XXIV. i . duplici acie : thus his twelve cohorts would present
a wider front than if drawn up in a triplex acies. See Introd.,

P- 44-

2. auxiliis : the auxilia were usually placed on the wings.

3. caperent : would adopt. veterem : old-time.

4. tuto : an adverb. A. 214. e; B. 77. 2 ; G. 91. 2. c; H.
307. 2; HB. 126. 3.

5. obsessis viis, commeatu intercluso: ablatives absolute,
expressing means.

7. impeditos : sc. eos, i.e. Romanes.

8. animo : in spirit, with infirmiores. adoriri: though not
strictly in indirect discourse, this verb expresses indirectly the
thought of the enemy, and hence throws the dependent verb coepis-
sent into the subjunctive.

1 1 . sua : can this refer to Crassus ? opinione timoris : i.e.
apparent fear. Their conduct led the Romans to believe that they
were afraid.

13. exspectari . . . iretur: that they ought not to delay longer
about going against the camp. The three verbs, exspectari, opor-
tere, and iretur, are all impersonal. What is the subject of exspec-
tari?

15. contendit: some troops were left in camp, as we see from
Chap. XXVI.

XXV. 18. quibus : dat, see note on natura, p. 113, 1. 22.
lapidibus telisque subministrandis : by handing stones and
weapons ; gerundive construction, abl. of means.

20. opinionem pugnantium praeberent : produced the impres-
sion of fighting men, not ' of fighting,' which would be expressed by
pugnandi.

21. non timide: an example of the common rhetorical figure
known as litotes. Cf. non frustra in the next line. ex loco
superiore : the rampart and the high ground of the camp.

22. circumitis castris : freely, having ridden around the camp.

Ill THE MORINI AND MENAPII 355

23. eadem diligentia : abl. of manner. ab decumana porta : PAGE
i.e. on the side where the decuman gate was. Where was the decu- 121
mana porta situated?

XXVI. 27. devectis : having been brought over from the
Roman camp.

28. praesidio castris : both are dative. relictae : a participle
expressing cause. intritae : an adj.

29. circumductis : with Us cohortibus.

31. munitiones : i.e. the part near the decuman gate. prius :
do not translate this until qiiam is reached, then translate pritts
quam together before.

32. videri : sc. possent, from posset of the next line. The indica-
tive here would simply state a fact. The subjunctive hints at the
desire or purpose of the Romans to escape notice. Always try to
see the meaning of a mood or a case. That is more important than
a mere classification.

1. quod: a thing which, or as. The antecedent of qtiod is 122
the idea contained in the words redintegratis viribits.

2. consuevit : is wont.

5. apertissimis campis : abl. of the way, or route, but with an
implication of cause. Because the country was open, the cavalry
could easily hunt down the fugitives. ex numero : connect this
with quarta parte. *

6. quae : ace., subject of convenisse. Its antecedent is milium.

7. multa nocte : late at night.

XXVII. ii. paucae ultimae nationes : a few very remote
tribes.

XXVIII. 14. exacta erat : was ended.

1 6. essent, misissent : subjunctives of characteristic.

18. exercitum: i.e. six legions and eight cohorts, if Sabinus
with his three legions had rejoined Caesar. Cf. Chap. XL qui :
the Morini, whom alone, it appears, Caesar actually attacked. alia
ac : other than (differ ettt frorti). See note on p. 113, 1. 29.

19. quod : introduces two verbs.

20. continentis : of wide extent.

24. opere : i.e. the building and fortifying of the camp.

25. evolaverunt: sc. hostes as subject.
27. longius : rather too far, with sec^lti.

XXIX. 29. deinceps : aa, adverb, but its position makes it
nearly equivalent to an adjective, successive.

30. quis : with impetus.

32. conversant ad hostem : the tops of the trees were outside,

356 NOTES IV

PAGE the butts inside. pro vallo: as a rampart on either side, as he
123 advanced into the forest.

2. extrema impedimenta : the rear of the baggage-train.

3. eius modi : of such a sort, i.e. so violent.

5. sub pellibus : winter was approaching, and a permanent
camp, with warmer, drier quarters than skin-covered tents, was
necessary for soldiers who came from Italy.

7. exercitum reduxit : i.e. from the Morini.

8. reliquis civitatibus : the Venelli and others.

BOOK IV

124 I. i. annus : owing to the confusion of the calendar, the offi-

cial beginning of the year, January I, actually fell in November.
Hence this entire winter was included in the year of the consulship
of Pompey and Crassus. See Introd., pp. n, 13.

3. Rhenum transierunt: German hordes from across the
Rhine formed a constant menace to Roman power in Gaul.

4. quo : into which.

8. centum pagos : this probably refers to the separate com-
munities, members of which were connected by ties of blood.

11. anno post: a year later, that next year. Why is anno
ablative ?

12. ratio atque usus : system and practice.

13 . privati agri : the land was occupied and cultivated in common.

15. maximam partem : mostly. A. 397. a; B. 185. i; G.
328. i. b; H. 416. 2; HB. 387. III.

16. quae res : and this manner of life.

17. a pueris: from childhood. nullo officio: A. 409; B.
222. A (218. 7) ; G. 401. N. 2 ; H. 476. 3 ; HB. 431.

19. et . . . efficit : both feeds their strength and makes (thei)
men of gigantic size of body.

20. consuetudinem : explained by the following substantive
clause.

21. neque: correlative to et. haberent: have. The present,
or definite, perfect usually takes the secondary sequence.

23. lavarentur : bathe', passive used reflexively. Compare the
middle voice in Greek. A.i56.a; 6.256.1; G.2i8; H-5i7;HB.
288. 3.

II. 24. Mercatoribus : see note on p. 98, 1. 17. ut . . .
habeant : a conjunction or relative regularly is to be taken with the

IV THE USIPETES AND TENCTERI 357

verb which comes next after it ; but if another relative or conjunc- PAGE
tion intervenes, the verb of the latter will precede that of the 124
former. Here, therefore., ut must introduce habeant, which is a
subjunctive of purpose.

25. quibus vendant: (those} to 'whom they may sell. quam
quo desiderent : than because they desire, a reason introduced ex-
pressly to deny it. The comparative implies denial, magis quam
being nearly equivalent to non. A. 540. 2. N. 3 ; B. 286. I. b; G.
541. N. 2; H. 588. II. 2; HB. 535. 2. b.

1. iumentis : abl. with utimtur. quibus: abl. with delect antnr. 125

2. pretio: A. 416; 6.225; 0.404; H. 478; HB. 427. I.
importatis : "contrasted with quae . . . nata.

4. haec ut sint efficiunt: these they make (to be). laboris :
capacity for work, a pred. gen. of quality, or description.

5. pedibus : on foot, abl. of manner; cf. p. 114, 1. 31.

8. ephippiis : the ancients did not use true saddles or stirrups.

9. quemvis : whatever, ace. of qui-vis. quamvis : an adverb,
limiting paucL

10. adire : i.e. in a hostile encounter. Vinum : compare a
similar statement about the Nervii, Bk. II, Chap. X.V. The drink
of the Germans was a kind of beer.

III. 1 6. Publics: i.e. to them as a state.

18. vacare agros : for the lands to lie waste, subject of esse.

22. una ex parte : in one direction, but notice carefully the Latin
idiom.

23. succedunt Ubii : the Ubii were a little south of Cologne.

24. captus : capacity, i.e. for dignity and prosperity (cf. ampla
atqueflorens~). paulo : with humaniores.

26. ventitant: A. 263. 2. a; B. I5'5. 2. a; G. 191. A. i ; H.
364. i ; HB. 212. i. N.

27. Gallicis moribus adsuefacti: used to Gallic ways. See
note on millo officio, p. 124, 1. 17.

30. humiliores redegerunt: reduced (so that they were) less
important, i.e. rendered less important.

For a further description of Germany and the Germans see Bk.
VI, Chaps. XXI-XXVIII, and also the "Germania" of Tacitus.

IV. 32. causa : case, or sittiation.

2. quas regiones : the district which. 126

5. trans flumen: i.e. from the standpoint of Gaul.

6. praesidiis : this word is used especially of bodies of troops
detailed to defend some point.

7. vi contendere : force their way across.

358 NOTES IV

PAGE 9. reverti se : ind. disc., depending on simulaverunt.

126 ii. equitatu: abl. of means. The foot-soldiers, women, and
children of course returned more slowly.

15. certior fieret : could be informed.

17. se . . . aluerunt: lived on their supplies.

V. 20. nihil his committendum : that nothing ought to be left
to them. Caesar's action is given in the next chapter.

21. Est . . . consuetudinis : for there is this Gallic custom ',
consuetudinis is pred. gen. uti: introduces four verbs, cogant,
guaerant, circumsistat, cogat.

22. quaque : abl. fern, of quisque.

26. quorum . . . est: of which they must repent (lit. it must
repent them) immediately. A. 354. b ; B. 209. I ; G. 377 ; H. 457 ;
HB. 352. i. Observe that eos is object oipaenitere, not subject.

27. rumoribus : dat.

28. ad ... ficta : things made up to their wish.

VI. 29. ne . . . occurreret : that he might not have to meet a
more dangerous war, a war from Gauls and Germans united.

30. ad exercitum : apparently Caesar had spent the winter, as
usual, in Cisalpine Gaul.

31. ea . . . cognovit: he found that his suspicions had been
realized, lit. he found that those things had been done -which he had
suspected would take place.

32. missas : notice its emphatic position.

127 i. ab Rheno discedereiit : i.e. come farther into Gaul from the
Rhine. Omnia . . . parata: depends on invitatos; they had been
invited with the promise that everything, etc.

2. fore parata : nearly equivalent to paratum zrz, fut. pass. inf.

3. Eburonum et Condrusorum : these were so-called German
tribes living among the Belgae. They may have been late immi-
grants from the eastern bank of the Rhine. The Eburones caused
Caesar much trouble the next year.

4. Principibus evocatis : Caesar held such meetings of the
leading men of Gaul from time to time.

6. imperato : having been levied. The number of Caesar's
horsemen in this campaign is given in Chap. XII as 5000.

VII. 9. audiebat : notice the tense. News kept coming to him.

11. neque priores : i.e. they were not acting on the offensive.
With this speech compare that of Ariovistus, Bk. I, Chap. XLIV.

12. neque tamen: but yet . . . not.

13. quin contendant : to fight.

14. quicumque . . . deprecari: to resist those who (lit. who-

IV THE USIPETES AND TENCTERI 359

ever) made war itpon them and not to try to beg off. Why is PAGE
infer ant subjunctive ? 127

15. dicere : sc. se as subject invitos : do not confuse this
word with invitatos.

17. attribuant: let them assign, probably imperative (attribrtite)
in the direct form, though possibly subjunctive.

1 8. possederint: from possido. unis Suebis : to the Suebt
alone.

19. reliquum . . . possint: in the direct form reliquus quidem
in terris est nemo quern non superare possimus. The last verb is
subjunctive of characteristic. The order of words shows the chief
emphasis to be on reliquum, there was no one else.

VIII. 21. visum est: sc. respondere as subject. exitus:
the conclusion.

23. verum : just. suos . . . potuerint : this alludes to the
words elect os domo, 1. 15.

24. alienos: the possessive of alms. A. 113. d; B. 354. 4; G.
108 5 H. 93. 3 ; HE. 339. a. occupare : its subject is the omitted
antecedent of qui.

26. Ubiorum finibus : see note on p. 125, 1. 23.

IX. 30. post diem tertium : on the next day but one. pro-
plus se: the comparative propius takes an accusative, like the
positive prope. Cf. proximus mare, p. 112, 1. 17.

i. trans Mosam: they must have crossed to the west bank of 128
the Meuse, but the exact location of the Ambivariti is unknown.

X. 5 . Vacalus : now the Waal. It is larger in volume than the
northern arm of the Rhine. insulam Batavorum: the island is
bounded on the north by the northern arm of the Rhine, on the south
by the Waal and the Meuse, and on the west by what is now the
North Sea. See the map. inde : i.e. from the eastern end of the
island.

7. longo spatio : in a long course.

8. Nantuatium: the Nantuates previously spoken of (Bk.
Ill, Chap. I) dwelt near Lake Geneva and the Rhone. The
tribe here meant may have been a branch or offshoot of the
other.

9. citatus : trans, by an adverb, swiftly.

13. multis capitibus : by many mouths. Either end of a river
might be called cap^lt, but the word was more often applied to the
source.

XI. 1 6. congress! : sc. cum Caesar e.

19. sibi pot est at em faceret mittendi: give them an oppor-

360 NOTES IV

PAGE tumty to send. legates mittendi: what would this be if the

128 gerundive were used instead of the gerund ?

20. fidem fecisset : gave (should have given} a pledge.

21. ferretur : Caesar's proposal is given in the last three lines of
Chap. VIII.

22. daret : this represents an imperative of the direct form.

23. eodemillo: to that same point, explained by the following
^/-clause.

24. qui: the antecedent of this pronoun is not eorum.

26. quam frequentissimi : these words indicate that Caesar
already had in mind the plan which he afterwards executed.

29. qui nuntiarent : (inen*) to say. et : but.

31. accessisset: this is subordinate to sustinerent, which rep-
resents a command. In the direct form it was either a future
perfect indicative or a perfect subjunctive denoting anticipation or
expectancy.

129 XII. 3. equites: obj. of haberent ', its case is not affected by
the comparative ampfats.

6. indutiis : for a truce. impetu facto : this attack, which
was probably made without the orders of the German leaders, gave
Caesar an excuse for his act of treachery.

7. rursus his resistentibus : when the latter rallied.

8. suffossis equis : may be translated actively, stabbing the
horses from below, or in the belly.

9. ita perterritos : in such terror. egerunt : the German
cavalry was very effective. Caesar afterwards made considerable use
of German cavalry and tactics. Cf. Bk. I, Chap. XLVIII, and see
Introd., p. 30.

12. Piso Aquitanus : a foreigner who received Roman citizen-
ship usually took the name of the person from whom he received it.
Probably that was the case with Piso. genere : A. 403. a ; B.
215; G-395; H.469. 2; HB. 413.

13. reguum: monarchy was disappearing in Gaul in Caesar's

time.

16. quoad: as long as, not as on p. 128, 1. 30. A. 555; B.
293. II; G. 569; H. 603. I; HB. 550.

1 8. procul : from a distance. incitato . . . est: spurring on
his horse, he dashed upon the enemy and was slain.

XIII. 22. per dolum: it is quite possible that the German
cavalry had not heard of the truce. Caesar wishes to excuse and
justify his action of the next day.

23. dura . . . auger entur : until the enemy's forces should be

IV THE USIPETES AND TENCTERI 361

increased. A. 553; B. 293. III. 2; G. 572,- H. 603. II. 2; HB. PAGE

57- 5- 129

24. summae dementiae : the height of madness, lit. of the
highest madness. A. 343. c ; B. 203. 5 ; G. 366 ; H. 447 ; HB. 355.

26. auctoritatis : with quantum. quibus : i.e. the Gauls.

28. consilio: his purpose, explained by the clause ne . . . prae-
termitteret.

30. quod . . . venerunt : explains opportunissima res.

33. purgandi sui causa: to clear themselves. A. 504. c; B.
339.5; G. 428. R. i ; H. 626. 3; HB. 614. contra atque: con-
trary to what. Cf. the use of atque with alius. The subjunctive is
due to the fact that Caesar is giving the reason assigned by the
ambassadors.

1. ut . . . impetrarent : that, if they could (get) anything, 130
they might by deceiving get (something) in regard to a truce. This
translation will show the construction.

2. Quos : subject of oblatos (esse). The clause depends on
gavisus. A. 572. b; B. 331. V; G. 533; H. 614; HB. 594.

3. retineri: to be detained. This was treachery on Caesar's
part, for the Germans came at his request. An enemy of Caesar,
Cato, proposed in the Roman senate that Caesar should be given up
to the Germans for this breach of faith.

XIV. 6. Acie triplici: see Introd., p. 44.

7. quid ageretur: ind. quest., obj. of s -entire.

8. omnibus rebus : partially explained by the following
ablatives.

9. suorum : i.e. those who had gone to Caesar's camp.

10. consili habendi: for holding a coimcil of war. pertur-
bantur, -ne . . . an : were in great perplexity as to whether
. . . or.

13. pristini diei : of the day before.

17. domo excesserant : had emigrated.

XV. 20. clamore : sc. puerorum mulierumque.

22. confluentem Mosae et Rheni : if this reading is right, the
point meant is probably the junction of the Meuse and Waal. Cf.
Chap. X. But there are rather strong reasons for thinking that this
massacre of the Germans actually took place farther up the Rhine,
in the neighborhood of Coblenz. If so, Mosae must be a mistake
for Mosellae.

25. ad unurn omnes incolumes : without the loss of a man.
That incolumes does not here mean ' safe and sound ' is shown by
the words which follow it.

362 NOTES IV

PAGE 26. ex: after.

130 27. ccccxxx milium : probably an excessive estimate.
31. libertatem : permission to do so.

The sacrifice of life in this campaign was enormous ; the. Ger-
mans were thoroughly cowed, and gave no further trouble. These
two tribes were not annihilated, as we see from the next chapter.
Besides the cavalry who escaped, there were also, no doubt, some
survivors from the battle.

131 XVI. 2. suis quoque rebus : for their own possessions, too.
cum intellegerent : when they shoidd learn. The use of the
subjunctive is due to the fact that the clause represents Caesars
thought, 'They will fear when (if) they shall learn.'

4. Accessi,t quod : there was the additional reason that.
9. eos . . . dederent : that they should give up to him those
who, etc.

11. si se invito existimaret : direct, si te invito existimas.

12. cur . . . postularet: why should he ask. that anything
across the Rhine be subject to his authority or power. The verb pos-
tularet is in the subjunctive because this is a question in indirect dis-
course. sui imperi: pred. gen. of possession.

15. legates miseraut: cf. p. 127, 1: 27.

18. Id : does this refer to exercitum f

21. ad: among; the reputation had spread to the remotest tribes.

22. tuti esse : be protected.

XVII. 27. suae dignitatis : consistent with his dignity, a pred.

gen.

29. proponebatur : presented itself.

30. id contendendum : that that effort (i.e. to build a bridge)
must be made.

32. Tigna . . . iungebat: logs a foot and a half in thickness,
sharpened a little at the bottom (and~) of lengths corresponding
to the varying depths of the river, he joined in pairs at a dis-
tance of two feet from each other. bina : two by two, i.e. in pairs.

dimensa : passive in meaning, though from a deponent. Cf. di~
menso, p. TOO, 1. 27.

33. intervallo : for the case see A. 412; B. 221; G. 399;
H. 473. 3 ; HB. 422. I.

132 i. cum : whenever, or after. See note on cum, etc., p. 1 16, 1. 15.

machinationibus : the machinatio probably consisted of a pair
of rafts fastened together, with an open space between. Over this
open space and supported by both rafts would be erected a scaffold-
ing with tackle for holding and letting down the logs, and ma-

IV CAESAR'S PASSAGE OF THE RHINE 363

chin ery for driving them home. immissa defixerat: had let PAGE
down and set. 132

2. modo : not the adverb. derecte ad perpendiculum :
straight to the plummet.

3. prone ac f astigate : leaning forward and sloping like the
rafters in a gable-roof.. ut . . . procumberent : a clause of
result. secundum naturam : with -the cztrrent.

4. duo : sc. tigna, obj. of statuebat.

5. intervallo : connect this with statuebat. quadragenum :
A. 49. d; B. 63. 2 (25. 6) ; G. 97. R. I ; H. 169; HB. 71. 4. All
things considered, it is most reasonable to believe that the forty feet
were measured at the surface of the water. If so, the distance at
the top, fixing the width of the bridge, would be less than this.
ab inferiore parte : sc. fluminis, down-stream.

6. Haec utraque : these two fairs.

. 7. trabibus immissis : abl. abs. quantum . . . distabat:
explains immissis, i.e. the beams were let in from above as far as the
cross-tie (iunctura) was distant from the top of the pier made of
the two logs. Some, perhaps rightly, connect the clause with
bipedalibus and explain it to mean equal to the distance between
the logs, lit. as much as the joining of those logs stood apart.

8. binis . . . distinebantur : were held apart (kept from
falling towards each other) at the top by a pair of fasteners on either
side. It is entirely uncertain what ^& fibulae were. The form
shown in the picture would be effective, and this form seems to fit
Caesars description as well as any that has been proposed. Cross-
pieces are placed in the acute angles formed by the pier and the two-
foot beam on the up-stream side of the bridge, and these are
fastened together by strong ropes or bands of iron. Others, simi-
larly fastened together, are placed in the obtuse angles formed by
the pier and the beam on the down-stream side of the bridge.
A little reflection will show that the force of the current of the river,
causing the up-stream pier to bend farther away from the perpen-
dicular and the down-stream pier to become more nearly vertical,
will tend to carry these cross-pieces farther apart and stretch and
tighten the rope or metal fastenings. Cf. 11. 10-12.

9. quibus . . . revinctis : and as these (the opposite pairs of
logs) -were thus kept apart and furthermore made fast in the appo-
site direction, i.e. so that they would not pull apart.

10. ea: sitch.

n. quo . . . hoc: the . . . the.

12. Haec : the trestles, each consisting of two piers with the con-

3*4

NOTES IV

PAGE necting beam. The wi'dth of the river was probably about one

132 fourth of a mile. If we assume that the trestles were twenty-five
feet apart, fifty to sixty would be needed. The building of the suc-
cessive trestles is indicated by the imperfects of the description.
derecta . . . contexebantur : were connected (woven together)
by joists laid on straight, i.e. lengthwise of the bridge.

13. cratibus : these took the place of flooring. nihilo setius :
i.e. though the work was so strong, yet.

14. oblique agebantur : these words seem to mean that the
sublicae were driven in so as to lean not directly against the cur-
rent of the river, but diagonally athwart the current. pro ariete
subiectae : placed underneath as a prop, but where and how they
were placed can only be conjectured. Certainly an effective arrange-
ment would have been that shown in the picture. Sublicae placed
this way would not only brace the bridge against lateral swaying
caused by the current, but also counteract longitudinal movement
of the. bridge.

1 6. aliae supra pontem : these sublicae were probably vertical.
There may have been a continuous line of them across the river, or,
more likely, two or three in front of each trestle, perhaps as in the
picture.

1 8. neu : regularly used for et ne.

This bridge was probably built near Neuwied, eight miles north of
Coblenz, which is at the confluence of the Rhine and Moselle.
Napoleon placed it at Bonn, and various other places have been
fixed upon by others. In the dredging of the river near Neuwied
remains of piles have been found, which are thought to have be-
longed to this bridge. Somewhat less than a mile up-stream other
piles have been found, and excavations near the river reveal the
remains of fortifications. These are thought to belong to the bridge
and fortifications built by Caesar at the time of his second crossing
of the river, two years after the first crossing. See Bk. VI, Chaps.
IX and XXIX.

133 XVIII. i. quibus: after, lit. within which; see note on p.
120, 1. 16. materia: do not translate this 'material.' coepta
erat: notice that this verb is regularly passive when the infini-
tive depending on it is passive.

3. praesidio : see note on p. 126, 1. 6. A castellum'wzs no doubt
built at each end of the bridge.

7. quo: when.

8. ex ... TTsipetibus : the cavalry and the survivors from the
battle described in Chaps. XIV and XV.

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 365

XIX. 5. auxilium suum pollicitus : i.e. se 'auxilium latiirum PAGE
Pollicitns', hence the subjunctive premerentur, which stands for a 134
future indicative.

9. omnes : subject of convenirent.
ii. medium : in the center, a pred. adj.

13. constituisse : sc. S^lebos as subject. rebus : explained by
the following z//-clauses.

15. ulcisceretur : for their insolence. Cf. p. 131, 11. 8-14.

1 6. obsidione : from oppression.

1 8. profectum: from proficio ; its subject is satis.

Not until many years later were the Germans conquered in their
own country by the Romans. We shall meet with the Suebi and
the Ubii again in Bk. VI.

XX. 21. ad septemtriones vergit : cf. Bk. I, Chap. I.

23. subministrata auxilia : for the fact see Bk. Ill, Chap. IX.
Caesar's real reasons for invading Britain are not far to seek. His
accounts of his two expeditions, given in this book and the next, are
among the most interesting parts of his story. Before Caesar's time
Britain was a land practically unknown to the civilized world. See
Introd., pp. 29, 30.

25. fore: that it would be; the subject of fore is implied in the
following conditional clause.

26. adisset, perspexisset, cognovisset : subj. of ind. disc.

28. temere : easily, a common rendering for temere when it is
used with a negative.

30. Gallias : Gaul as a whole had several divisions. See Bk. I,
Chap. I.

2. usum belli : skill in war. 135

4. ad ... multitudinem : ~w'\\hidonei; A. 385. a; B. 192. 2.N. ;

G - 359- R - 3 5 H. 435- J 5 HB - 3 6 4- 6.

XXI. 6. priusquam faceret: before making. A. 551. b; B.
292. i. a ; G. 577 ; H. 605. II ; HB. 507. 4. a.

7. idoneum : in agreement with C. Volusenum. navi longa :
a war-ship. In war-ships the ratio of length to breadth was
about 7 or 8 to i ; in ships of burden, about 4 to I . See Introd.,
p. 51.

9. in Morinos : cf. Bk. Ill, Chaps. XXVIII, XXIX.

ii. quam classem : i.e. earn classem qtcam.

15. polliceantur : observe the mood. dare: A. 580. c. N. ;
B. 328. i ; G. 531. N. 4; H. 619. i ; HB. 593. a. Verbs of promis-
ing generally take the future infinitive in indirect discourse.

17. eos: the legati.

366 NOTES IV

PAGE 18. ibi: among the Atrebates. There was in Britain a tribe

135 called Atrebates, probably kindred to those in Gaul. Hence Com-
mius was a suitable person to send.

19. consilium: shrewdness.

21. magni: of great value. A. 417; B. 203. 3; G. 379; H.
448; HB. 356. i. adeat: depends on imperat. What construc-
tion is used after iubeo ?

22. fidem sequantur : place themselves tmder the protection.
se : refers to Caesar.

23. Volusenus . . . revertitur: Volusenus, having examined
the country, so far as one could (lit. how much of opportitnity could
present itself to one) who did not dare, etc., returned $ quantum is
the subject oipotuit.

25. auderet: subj. of characteristic.

XXII. 27. Dum: while. Learn from the grammar (use the
index) the different constructions used with dum. in his locis:
i.e. among the Morini.

29. superioris temporis consilio: their actions as given in
Bk. Ill, Chap. XXVIII. homines barbari: being barbarians.

30. consuetudinis : gen. with imperiti. What adjectives take
the genitive ? The custom is probably that of granting more
favorable terms to those who submitted voluntarily. bellum
fecissent: this expresses from Caesar's point of view the
statement of the legati; hence the word barbari and the subjunc-
tive fecissent.

31. sefacturos: cf.dare,!. 15.

34. tantularum rerum : of so trifling matters.

35. Britaiiniae: dat. with anteponendas . The meaning is, of
course, 'the expedition to Britain.'

136 i. Quibus : the hostages. eos: the Morini in general.

2. quot . . . existimabat : a number which (Jww many) he
thought was enough for, etc. Each ship, then, would carry some-
thing like one hundred men. The two legions were the seventh and
tenth. Where have we met these legions before ?

3. quod . . . habebat : all the war-ships which he had besides.

4. quaestori, legatis : see Introd., p. 32. praefectis: com-
manders of the auxilia. See Introd., p. 34.

5. Hue accedebant : to these were added. Notice this use of
the adverb for a pronoun, a very common use.

6. a ... octo: eight miles away. See note on p. 94, 1. i.
quominus possent : so that they could not. A. 558. b ; B. 295. 3 ;
G. 549; H. 568. 8; HB. 502. 3. b.

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 367

10. ducendum : to be led. A. 500. 4 ; B. 337. 8. b. 2 (337. 7. b. 2) ; PAGE
G. 430; H. 622; HB. 612. III. 136

1 1 . quod . . . arbitrabatur : How do you know that this
clause is not a part of the order given to Rufus ?

XXIII. 14. tempestatem : weather, which may be either good
or bad. tertia fere vigilia : this means 'about midnight.' Ex-
plain why. solvit : set sail ; sc. navis. The point of departure
was probably Portus Itius, identified by some with Boulogne, by
others with Wissant. The ulterior portus would then be Amble-
teuse (somewhat less than eight miles from Boulogne) or Sangatte
(nearly eight miles from Wissant).

2. esset administration : the order had been executed. hora 137
qtiarta : not far from 9 A.M. It was towards the end of August.

3. Britanniam attigit : somewhere near Dover, it is thought.

4. expositas : arrayed.

5. haec : such. montibus : cliffs, coming close to the water's
edge.

7. ad egrediendum : sc. ex navibus, for disembarking.

8. dum : until; the best rendering would be for the rest of the
ships to arrive.

10. quae cognovisset et quae vellet: objects of ostendit.
monuit : advised, instead of the stronger imperavit.

11. ut . . . maxime ut . . . postularent: as . . . (and) es-
pecially as . . . demanded. The clause depends on ad nutum . . .
administrarentur.

12. ut . . . haberent: being, as they are, things which (lit. as
things which) involve quick and unsteady motion. A. 535. e. N. i ;
B. 283. 3. a; G. 626. R. N. i ; H. 592. i ; HB. 523. b. The tense
of haberent follows the rule for sequence, but English idiom re-
quires the present tense. ad nutum . . . administrarentur:
depends on monuit.

14. secundum : to be taken with ventum as well as with aestum.
See Vocab. for derivation and meaning.

16. aperto: i.e. not shut in by cliffs. navis constituit:
various considerations make it probable that Caesar landed between
Deal and Walmer. The tidal current, which had been running
towards the southwest, turned between four and five o'clock in the
afternoon.

XXIV. 18. quo genere : the kind (of troops) which. A de-
scription of the method of fighting from chariots is given in Chap.
XXXIII.

19. navibus egredi: from disembarking.

368 NOTES IV

PAGE , 22. militibus . . . pugnandum : i.e. the soldiers, weighed down

137 by their armor, were obliged, etc.

24. consistendum : i.e. get a foothold. erat: to be taken with
all three gerundives. cum illi : while the enemy. Notice the
phrases in this clause which balance phrases in the preceding clause.

26. insuefactos : well-trained. The word occurs only here.

28. omnino : altogether. generis : gen. with imperiti.

XXV. 30. navis longas : subject vlremoveri and the two fol-
lowing infinitives.

31. motus expeditior: these ships were more easily handled
than the transports, since they were propelled by oars. They were
capable of great speed.

33. latus apertum: the exposed flank ', i.e. the right side, which
was not protected by shields.

138 I- tormentis : see Introd., pp. 50, 51. Tormenta were placed
on Roman war-ships, as heavy guns on modern war-ships.

5 . pedenx rettulerunt : fell back. What would terga verterunt
mean ?_

10. aquilam: see Introd., p. 38. obtestatus deos ut: beseech-
ing the gods that.

15. rei publicae atque imperatori : the position of these words,
between meitm and officium, shows that they are closely connected
in thought with officium.

21. inter se: one another, practically the obj. vicohortati.

22. tantum dedecus : the loss of the eagle.

24. ex proximis navibus : an adverbial phrase connected
with conspezissent, but we may say those in the nearest ships.
26. hostibus : dat. with appropinquavemnt.

XXVI. 31. firmiter : for formation of this word see A. 214. c;
B. 77. 4; G. 92. 2; H. 309; HB. 126. 2.

32. alius . . . adgregabat: one from one ship, another from
another (i.e. soldiers from different ships), they joined whatever
standards they came to. Notice in this chapter several instances of
the imperfect indicative in a principal clause with the pluperfect in-
dicative in a subordinate clause, both denoting customary or re-
peated action.

33. notis vadis : abl. abs.

35. impeditos: at a disadvantage.

139 i . in universes : at the main body.

3. speculatoria navigia : small, swift vessels for reconnoiter-
ing and carrying despatches. They were often painted blue or
green, so as the more easily to escape detection.

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 369

5 . simul : for siimd atque, as soon as. PAGE

7. neque : but . . . not. eqtiites : they were detained at the 139
tdterior -portus. See Chap. XXIII and the first part of Chap.
XXVIII. Cavalry were necessary for the pursuit.

8. capere: reach.

9. fortunam : though he ultimately triumphed, fortune was not
always with Caesar in his campaigns.

XXVII. 12. quaeque : equivalent to et (ed) quae.

13. Commius : see Chap. XXI.

14. demonstraveram : for tense cf. dixeramus, p. 90, 1. 4.

15. illi : i.e. Britanni. oratoris mo do : as (in the manner
of) an ambassador. Caesar chooses to regard him as an envoy,
that his seizure may be treated as a violation of international law.

. 17. eius rei culpam : the blame for that act.

1 8. propter . . . ignosceretur : that pardon might be granted
on the ground of ignorance. With ignosceretnr sc. sibi, or perhaps ei
rei. The verb is impersonal. A. 372 ; B. 187. II. b ; G. 346. R. I ;
H. 302. 6; HB. 364. 2.

19. cum: although.

20. sine causa : from Caesar's standpoint the attack of the
Britons on the Romans was entirely unprovoked. Why is intu-
lissent subjunctive ?

21. imprudentiae : dat. with ignoscere.

23. arcessitam : the action denoted by this word must, of course,
precede that denoted by daturos.

XXVIII. 26. post diem quartum quam: an idiomatic ex-
pression equivalent to quarto die postquam. Cf. post diem tertium,
p. 127, 1. 30. The time, according to our method of reckoning,
would be three, not four, days after.

28. sustulerant: had taken on board. superiore portu:
called ulterior portus in Chap. XXIII.

30. tempestas: storm] cf. p. 136, 1. 14.

31. eodem : to the same place.

1 . inf eriorem partem : southwest of where Caesar had landed. 140

2. occasum : ace. with propius. suo periculo : danger to
themselves. The possessive takes the place of an objective
genitive.

3. cum fluctibus complerentur : is cum a preposition or a
conjunction ? See A. 409. a; B. 218. 8 ; G. 405 ; H. 477. II ; HB.
425.

4. adversa nocte : in the face of the night.

XXIX. 5. Eadem . . . plena : on this passage rests the deter-

2B

370 NOTES IV

PAGE mination of the chronology of the expedition to Britain. We know
140 (cf. Chap. XXXVI) that the full moon here mentioned was the one
next preceding the autumnal equinox. The calculations of astrono-
mers show that this full moon occurred August 31, about 3 A.M.
Hence this storm occurred August 30. As this was four days (three
by our method of counting) after Caesar's arrival in Britain, the
date of his arrival would be August 27. To get this date we must
assume the absolute accuracy of Caesar's statements. But, as a
matter of fact, the highest, tides in these regions occur a day and
a half after full moon. Here is a discrepancy, and all that can be
said is that Caesar's arrival must have taken place within a day
or two of August 27. dies : used in the astronomical sense, to
include also the night.

6. in Oceano : the Romans were most at home in the Mediter-
ranean, where there are practically no tides. They must, however,
have had experience with high tides in the war with the Veneti. Cf.
p. 115, 1. 10.

9. in aridum subduxerat : ships were beached out of the reach
of ordinary waves and tides. complebat : notice the tense.

10. deligatae : used adjectively. The transports were not drawn
up on land like the galleys.

11. administrandi aut auxiliandi: those on board could not
manage the vessels, and those on shore could not go to help.

12. funibus . . . amissis : the abl. abs. gives the reason why
the rest of the ships were useless.

13. id ... accidere : as could not fail to happen. Give the
syntax of each word. Observe that quod is not the subject of erat.

15. Neque: correlative with et, et following. possent: subj.
of characteristic. The subject of the verb, milites, is to be sup-
plied from exercitus.

1 6. usui: for use, i.e. useful.

17. omnibus constabat: everybody agreed. What literally?
hiemari : impersonal passive. ' It is the subject of oportere.

18. in hiemem : against the winter.

XXX. 21. Romanis : A. 373. b ; B. 190 ; G. 349. R. 4 ; H.
429; HB. 362.

23. hoc angustiora : smaller on this account.

24. factu: A. 510; B. 340. 2; G. 436; H. 635. I ; HB. 619. I.

25. prohibere, producere : subjects of esse.

26. reditu : from returning, abl. of separation.

28. rursus : i.e. changing from a state of peace to one of prepa-
ration for hostilities.

IV FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 371

XXXI. 3 1 . ex e ventu navium suarum : from what had PAGE
happened to his ships. ex eo, quod : from the fact that. 140

32. fore . . . accidit : that the thing would come about which
really did happen. Notice the mood si accidit.

33. casus : emergencies. subsidia : explained by the following
sentence.

2. acre : less liable than iron to rust. "^

3. quae : sc. as antecedent ea, subject of comparari. Observe
the mood of erant.

4. cum : causal.

5. reliquis . . . effecit: he rendered it possible for a
voyage to be made fairly well in the rest (lit. by means of
the rest).

XXXII. 8. frumentatum : a supine, expressing purpose.
septima : the numbers of legions, like names, were permanent.
neque ulla : equivalent to nullaque. Observe that the negative and
the connective usually combine.

9. interposita : having arisen. hominum : the Britons.
10. ventitaret: see note on ventitant, p. 125,!. 26.

12. quam . . . ferret: than c^lstom warranted (i.e. than
usual).

13. id ... aliquid : suspecting (as was the case) that some.

15. in stationem succedere : to replace them on guard.

1 6. armari : to arm themselves ; see note on lavarentur, p. 124,
1. 23.

17. paulo longius : some distance. suos : those who were out
foraging.

21. disperses: sc. eos, i.e. nostros, obj. Qiadorti.
23. incertis ordinibus : cf. conferta legione above.

XXXIII. 25. ex essedis : connect this with pugnae. The
British war-chariot was open in front, and probably carried two men.
Whether it was armed with scythes is uncertain. Caesar makes no
mention of scythes. The Gauls did not use war-chariots in Caesar's
time.

26. terrore equorum : fear of the horses ; equorwn is an obj.
gen.

28. equitum turmas : this description was probably not written
until after the campaign of the next year. In writing it Caesar ap-
pears to have forgotten that at this time his cavalry was not with him.
Some refer the words to the cavalry of the Britons themselves, which
would thus serve to protect the charioteers when dismounting, and
there is much to be said in favor of this view.

372 NOTES IV

PAGE 29. pedibus : on foot, abl. of manner. Aurigae : the

141 drivers.

30. illi : the fighters who have left the chariots.

142 i. mobilitatem : mobility. stabilitatem : steadiness.

2. declivi ac praecipiti : steep down-hill.

3. incitatos equos sustinere : to drive at breakneck speed, lit.
to hold their horses urged fo full speed. brevi : sc. tempore, in an
instant. moderari: to rein in.

4. per ... recipere : to run out along the pole, step on the
yoke, and from there return very swiftly into the chariot.

XXXIV. 6. Quibus rebus: abl. of means. nostris: sc.
militibus, dat. novitate : abl. of cause.

13. alienum: unfavorable.

18. occupatis : busy. reliqui: pred. adj. agreeing with qui.
discesserunt : the subject is the antecedent of qui. Cf. Chap.
XXXII, near the beginning.

19. quae continerent : i.e. severe enough to keep.

22. praedicaverunt : made much of.

23. sui liberandi : see note on sui recipiendi, p. in, 1. 2.

24. expulissent : for fut. perf. of the direct form.

XXXV. 27. idem : subject of fore. The clause ut . . . effu-
gerent is in apposition with it.

29. equites : what these horsemen had been doing in the mean-
time is not stated.
32. ac: but.

143 i. tanto spatio: we might expect here the accusative.
quantum: i.e. having pursued them as great a distance as their
strength enabled them to run.

2. occiderunt : carefully distinguish compounds of caedo from
those of cado.

XXXVI. 7. pro pin qua die : since the day was near. It has
been calculated that the autumnal equinox of 55 B.C. fell on Septem-
ber 26. Caesar probably returned to Gaul a week or ten days
earlier than this. hiemi subiciendam : ought to be exposed to bad
weather (wintry weather), i.e. the heavy storms which often accom-
pany or follow the equinox.

9. navis solvit: cf. p. 136, 1. 14.

1 1 . reliquae : sc. ceperunt.

12. paulo infra: i.e. towards the south.

XXXVII. 14. in castra: the camp held by Rufus and the
garrison of soldiers at Portus Itius. Cf. Chap. XXII, end.

1 6. non ita magno : no very large.

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 373

17. sese : subject of interfiti, but it may be omitted in transla- PAGE
tion. orbe facto : see Introd., p. 45. 143

21. horis : what other case might have been used ?

XXXVIII. 28. siccitates : the plural is used to show that all
the swamps were dry. A. 100. c; B. 55. 4. c; G. 204. N. 5 ; H.
138. 2 ; HB. 103. N.

29. quo se reciperent: see note on p. 117, 1. 8. quo perfugio
erant usi : the refuge which they had ^lsed. For the fact cf. Bk.
Ill, Chap. XXVIII.

7. dierum xx supplicatio : cf. Bk. II, end. Caesar by his 144
passage of the Rhine had checked for a time the onward movement
of the Germans ; and, though he accomplished nothing in this ex-
pedition to Britain, he gained knowledge and experience which were
useful to him in the expedition of the next year.

BOOK V

I. i . L. Pomitio . . . consulibus : 54 B.C. Asyndeton (omis- 145
sion of connective) is common in such formulas as this.

3. quos legionibus praefecerat: cf. Bk. I, Chap. LII, begin-
ning. Caesar now had eight legions.

4. navis aedificandas curent : have ships built.

5. modum formamque : fashion and shape. subductionis :
see note on p. 140, 1. 9.

6. humiliores : i.e. lower and shallower. quam quibus :
than (those) which. iiostro mari: the Mediterranean.

7. atque id : and that too (he did).

8. minus magnos fluctus fieri: shallowness of water, as well
as the meeting of opposing tidal currents in the English Channel,
brings. this about.

9. paulo latiores : sc. eas facit.

11. actuarias : driven by oars and sails. imperat fieri: im-
pero usually takes the subjunctive with ut or ne. It allows the in-
finitive of passive or deponent verbs, very rarely an active infinitive.

12. ex Hispariia : Spain furnished metals and ropes.

13. conventibus : see note on p. 89, 1. 25.
15. civitatibus : i.e. of Illyricum.

19. Percepta oratione : having heard their plea.
21. fecerint: subj. of -hid. disc.

23. arbitros dat : he appoints referees. litem : the damage
(value of property destroyed) . poenam : the recompense^ inqlud-

374 NOTES V

PAGE ing no doubt the value of the property and an additional sum as

145 penalty.

146 II. 3. circumitis : circumeo is transitive, though eo is intransi-
tive. singular! studio : limits instructas.

4. in : in spite of.

5. cuius : sc. generis, descriptive gen. (gen. of quality) limiting
navis, the omitted obj. of demonstravimus .

6. neque . . . possint: and were not far from this point, that
they could be launched in a few days. The clause quin . . . possint
is in loose apposition with eo, but has the form of a clause dependent
on 11011 multum abesse. Cf. quin . . . educat, p. 118, 1. 9.

8. portum Itium : see note on solvit, p. 136, 1. 14.

10. milium passuum xxx : limits traiectum.

11. huic rei: i.e. for finishing the preparations, bringing the
ships round to portus Itius, and guarding them while there.

13. concilia: stated assemblies of Gallic leaders held under
Caesars auspices.

III. 16. equitatu : cf. p. 103, 1. 17.

17. supra: cf. p. 114, 1. 16.

1 8. principatu : not an official position, but leadership due to
personal popularity and influence. By espousing the cause of one
contestant, Caesar turned such quarrels as this to his own profit.

19. Cingetorix: he was son-in-law of Indutiomarus. alter:
to which does this refer ? . Cf. 1. 23.

24. iisque : -que connects cogere and parare, Us . . . pertinet
being parenthetical.

25. silvam Arduennam : the Forest of Ardennes still exists, but
it is not as large as in ancient times.

29. de privatis rebus petere : contrasted with civftaticonsulere.

30. quoniam . . . possent : whose reason is this ? Notice the
mood of the verb.

31. consulere : this word may take, with a difference in mean-
ing, either the dative or the accusative. A. 367. c; B. 175. i,
187. II. a; G. 346. N. 2; H. 426. 4; HB. 367.

32. idcirco : explained by the clause of purpose quo . . . con-
tineret.

147 i . itaque : i.e. because he had remained at home.

IV. 5. instituto consilio : cf. bellum par are instititit, p. 146,

1.27.

1 1 . principibus, hos : these two words refer to the same
persons.

12. Cingetorigi conciliavit : this looks very like double dealing

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 375

on Caesar's part. quod : subject of fieri. cum, turn : not only, PAGE
but also. eius : i.e. Cingetorigis. 147

13. magni . . . perspexisset : he thought it of great conse-
quence that that marts influence among his own people should be as
strong as possible, whose friendliness toward himself (i.e. Caesar),
etc. What is the subject of inter esse?

1 6. qui . . . fuisset: a clause of concession, or opposition.
Trans, qui, whereas he.

17. multo gravius exarsit : one can hardly blame him.

V. 19. Meldis : there was a tribe of Meldi living inland near
the Marne and Seine. Some think that there was a maritime tribe of
this name, or that the Meldi here meant were a subdivision of the
Morini. *

24. perpaucos : what is the force viper- ?

25. obsidum loco : as hostages.

26. cum abesset : while he was (should be) away.

VI. 28. Du'mnorix: we have met with him before, in Bk. I,
Chaps. IX, XVIII-XX.

30. eum : this word has four predicates, cupidum, cupidum,
magni animi, magnae auctoritatis . magni animi: of a proud
spirit.

3. regnum deferri: a statement possibly true, though probably 148
not. The Haedui were governed by an elective magistrate. Cf.

p. 65, 1. 4.

4. neque : but yet . . . not.

7. insuetus navigandi : unaccustomed to sailing.

8. religionibus : by religious duties. diceret : sometimes in
the statement of a quoted reason the vei'b of saying or thinking
is put in the subjunctive by a kind of attraction. Cf. existima-
rent, p. 68, 1. 29.

1 1 . territare : historical inf.

12. fieri: inf. in ind. disc., depending on the idea of saying in
metu territare. Its subject is ut . . . spoliaretur.

13. quos : its antecedent is hos.

14. traductos necaret: i.e. take across and murder. fidem
. . . poscere : pledged his faith to the rest and demanded an oath
from them. In other words, Dumnorix began to form a 'conspiracy.'

15. ex usu Galliae : to the advantage of Gaul.

VII. 1 8. quod . . . tribuebat: Caesar treated the Haedui
with so much honor that it would not do to have them set a bad
example to the other states of Gaul.

19. coercendum atque deterrendum: Caesar did not wish to

376 NOTES v

PAGE adopt extreme measures, because harshness might alienate the friends

148 of Dumnorix.

20. quod : (and} because.

21. prospiciendum . . . posset: he must look out that he
(Dumnorix) should not have the power to do any harm to him and
the (Roman) state.

23. Corus ventus : a wind blowing approximately from the
northwest.

28. impeditis : the hampering effect of the work on their minds
prevented them from noticing other things.

32. retrain : see note on imperat fieri, p. 145, 1. n. neque
pareat : and refuse to obey.

33. nihil pro sano : nothing as a man of rational mind, i.e. noth-
ing rational.

34. praesentis : not se praesente (cf. se absente above), because
it limits imperium.

149 3- interficiunt: so Caesar had no more trouble from Dumnorix.
He was guilty of no crime, so far as Caesar tells us, but that of being
a patriotic Haeduan, anxious to save his country from a foreign yoke.
That was crime enough, and his death served as a warning to others.

VIII. 8. consilium . . . caperet: i.e. meet any emergency
which might arise.

9. pari quern : equal (to that) -which.

10. navis solvit : with wind from the southwest and tidal cur-
rent running in the opposite direction, the fleet sailed northwesterly.
When the wind died away, the current, which had turned, bore the
fleet towards the northeast. In early morning the current changed
again, and following the change the Romans moved back to their
landing-place of the previous year. This is the view usually held.
There are, however, reasons for thinking that the landing was some-
what further north than in the previous year, somewhere between
Deal and Sandwich.

11. Africo : why should the south west wind btAfricus to a Roman ?

12. sub sinistra relictam : he had been carried too far north-
east, and was drifting away from land.

15. qua: where.

1 6. virtus: pluck. vectoriis . . . adaequarunt: in their
heavy transport-ships, not ceasing the. labor of rowing, kept itp
with, etc.

18. Accessum est : the date has been usually supposed to have
been July 21 ; but there are strong arguments in favor of placing it
two weeks earlier, or about July 7.

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 377

22. quae, amplius DCCC : more than eight hundred of which, PAGE
lit. which,- more than eight hundred. For case of quae see A. 346. e ; 149
B. 201. i. b; G. 370. R. 2; H. 442. 2; HB. 346. c. privatis :

those of wealthy officers accompanying the expedition, or of merca-
tores.

23. sui quisque : observe the order of these words, which is
the regular one.

IX. 28. cohortibus decem : not a legion, but cohorts selected
from different legions.

29. de tertia vigilia : during the third watch, i.e. not long after
midnight. Into how many watches was the night divided ?

30. navibus : dat.

2. ad flumen : according to Napoleon, the Little Stour ; but 150 '
Holmes thinks that the Great Stour is the river referred to. ex
loco superiors : the Britons had occupied the opposite bank of
the river. Probably there were hills on this side, but ex loco superiore
may refer to the advantage those standing on the bank would have
over those crossing.

6. arboribus succisis : they had made barricades of trees.

7. ex silvis rari propugnabant : kept sallying forth from the
woods in small parties.

8. legionis septimae: so the seventh legion got revenge
for hard usage of the previous year. See Bk. IV, Chap.
XXXII.

9. testudine : see Introd., p. 46. aggere . . . adiecto : car-
rying an agger up to the fortifications. This must have been a
very rough-and-ready piece of work.

1 1 . prosequi : with iubeo and veto an infinitive is often used with-
out an expressed subject, if the chief stress is on the action com-
manded or forbidden, or if the subject is obvious.

13. castrorum: plainly not the same as the camp mentioned at
the beginning of the chapter, for that must have been on the sea-
shore (cf. navis ctim castris coniungi, 1. 31), while this was a
considerable distance inland.

X. 15. expeditionem : notice derivation and meaning.

1 6. cum lam extremi: while still the rear, i.e. of Caesar's
columns.

17. ad Caesarem: Caesar evidently had not accompanied one
of his flying columns.

19. adflictas . . . esse : had been shattered and thrown up on
shore.
21. concursu : bumping together.

378 NOTES V

PAGE XI. 24. resistere : i.e. to act only on the defensive.

150 26. sic ut : i.e. he saw that the ships were in such a state that.

27. magno negotio : though with great difficulty. fabros : in
early times there were in the Roman army centuries of artisans
(fabri). Caesar seems to have had no regularly organized body
of workmen distinct from the legionary soldiers.

28. ut ... instituat : scribit is here equivalent to a verb of
ordering.

29. legionibus : abl. of means. How many legions had Labienus ?
31. cum castris : this camp was no doubt partially fortified on

the afternoon of the army's landing. Whatever further work was
needed was probably done the next day by the ten cohorts left as a
praesidium.

151 i ne . . . intermissis : not even the night-time being lost for
(allowed to cause interruption to} the soldiers 1 work.

2. Subductis navibus : if the ships were arranged in a double,
or even in a triple row, the frontage on the beach must have been
from one to two miles.

7. Cassivellauno : Caswallon, " first of the roll of English
heroes."

8. milia passuum LXXX : this probably gives the distance
from Caesar's landing-place to the point where he himself crossed
the Thames into the territory of Caswallon. Too much stress should
not be laid on distances given by Caesar, as they can be only rough
estimates.

10. continentia: i.e. without any interval between them.

XII. Chapters XII-XIV contain an interesting description of
Britain, in which, however, there are some statements demonstrably
false, and others which we have no means of verifying.

12. quos . . . dicuiTt : who they say it has been handed down by
tradition were born (i.e. originated} in the island itself', quos is
subject of natos (esse), and this clause forms the subject viproditum
(esse~). We may translate more freely, whom they say tradition
declares to have originated in the island itself.

14. qui: and they.

15. quibus ex civitatibus : with orti, which agrees with the
subject of pervenerunt. There were Atrebates, for example, on
both sides of the Channel.

18. aedificia: the houses of the Gauls were built of timber and
wickerwork, round, with conical or dome-shaped roofs.

19. taleis . . . examinatis: iron bars regulated (weighed} to
a definite weight.

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 379

20. Nascitur : is found. plumbum album: tin. Long be- PAGE
fore Caesar's time the Phoenicians went to Britain for tin ; but Corn- 151
wall, the chief place of supply, is not 'mediterranean.'

22. aere importato : notice the position of each word ; the
copper that they vise is imported.

23. fagum, abietein: the beech and fir are both said to be in-
digenous to Britain.

24. fas non putant : they co2int it a sin. haec : Why neuter?

25. animi voluptatisque causa: i.e. as pets. Loca : the
Latin has no word for ' climate.'

26. remissioribus frigoribus : the seasons of cold (the frosts)
being less severe. There are no great extremes of heat and cold in
Britain, owing to the warm seas that surround it and the winds from
the Atlantic.

XIII. 27. natura: the word seems superfluous, but may be
translated in shape. unum latus : Caesar regards this side as
extending from northeast to southwest.

30. inferior: sc. angulus, now Land's End. tenet: embraces,
or extends.

31. Alterum: sc. latus, the second side. ad Hispaniam:
Spain is considered as being west of Britain, with Ireland lying
between. Tacitus in the " Agricola" repeats this error.

32. dimidio: abl. of degree, or measure, of difference.

33. pari . . . Britanniam : but it is at a distance (from Britain)
equal to that from Gaul to Britain', spatio is an abl. of quality, or
description, and the gen. transmissus depends upon it. For pari
atque see note on p. 72, 1. 4.

2. Mona : the Isle of Man. minores insulae : the islands 152
west of Scotland.

3. non nulli: the scriptores were probably Greeks, who may
have heard strange stories from voyagers to far-off northern
lands.

5. certis . . . mensuris : by means of accurate measurements
with the clepsydra. The clepsydra, or water-clock, measured time
by the emptying of a vessel through a small orifice. Caesar must
have found the summer nights in Britain more than an hour shorter
than at Rome.

14. vicies . . . passuum : straight lines connecting Caesar's
' angles ' would measure somewhat less than this distance ; but if
indentations be followed, the coast-line of Britain is more than
2000 miles.

XIV. 1 6. humanissimi : most civilised. Shakspere mentions

380 NOTES V

PAGE this statement of Caesar's in the Second Part of " King Henry VI,"

152 Act 4, Scene 7.

21. lacte et carne vivunt: cf. Bk. IV, Chap. I, where Caesar
is speaking of the Suebi. These people had not passed from the
pastoral into the agricultural stage of civilization.

23. capillo promisso: abl. of quality, or description.

25. Uxores communis: this statement could have been true
only of the more remote Britons, if it was not altogether a mistake.

27. quo : to whom, or to whose home.

28. deducta est: was led (as a bride), a regular meaning of
this verb.

XV. 29. Equites hostium : the story is resumed from Chap. XI.

30. ita tamen ut : yet m such, a way that, freely but the result
was that.

31. fuerint: for tense see A. 485. c. N. i; B. 268. 6; G. 5-13;
H. 550 ; HB. 478.

153 i. intermisso spatio : a rendering of the ablatives absolute of
this sentence may be found in A. 420. 5. N.

4. duabusque : -que connects piignaverunt and perrupernnt.

5. primis : the first cohort of a legion contained the best sol-
diers of the legion.

6. loci spatio : loci defines spatio, which often, as a few lines
above, means time. The two cohorts probably attempted to get
in the rear of the assailants, thus cutting off their retreat ; but as
they did not come sufficiently close together, the enemy slipped
away through the interval. novo genere pugnae: cf. Bk. IV,
Chap. XXXIII.

9. submissis : notice the force of sub, i.e. as a support, or help.
Cf. subsidio above.

XVI. 12. nostros : sc. milites, foot-soldiers, contrasted with
equites in 1. 15.

1 6. illi: the enemy. consulto cederent : gave way intention-
ally.

17. removissent, desilirent: these verbs would be in the per-
fect and present indicative in direct discourse.

1 8. dispari proelio : the enemy were at a decided advantage,
because supported by their chariots ; while the Roman horsemen
could not have the support of the legions.

19. cedentibus: i.e. the Roman cavalry were pursued, if they
gave way, by the, British cavalry.

20. Accedebat hue ut : besides.

21. stationes : reserves.

V SECOND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN 381

22. alios . . . exciperent : i.e. they relieved one another. PAGE

XVII. 25. rari: here and there. 153
27. C. Trebonio : it was Trebonius who, in 55 B.C., proposed the

law by which Caesar's term as governor of Gaul was extended for
five years.

29. sic uti non absisterent : so (furiously) that they did not
keep back from.

31. quoad: until, introducing egerunt, dederunt. subsidio:
abl., or possibly dat. See note on natnra, p. 113, 1. 22.

32. praecipitis : pell-mell, a pred. adj.

I. summis copiis : with their full force. -^4

XVIII. 4. lino omnino loco : of course not literally true.
This was the only ford which Caesar found. Its location is unknown,
but it was some distance above London, perhaps near Kingston or
Brentford.

5. hoc : sc. loco.

8. praefixis : driven in front (of the bank). defixae : driven
down.

II. eo impetu: with sitch a rush. The stakes must have been
removed in some way, but we are not told how. cum : though.
capite solo : in modern times a river more than three feet deep
is generally considered unfordable by an army.
13. dimitterent : abandoned.

XIX. 16. milibus . . . essedariorum : from these words some
infer that Caswallon had 4000 war-chariots, others that the number
was 2000, since each chariot carried two men, a driver and a fighter.

19. atque : connects the verb preceding it with compellebat.

24. hoc metu : i.e. hums ret metu. Notice the idiom carefully.

Relinquebatur ut : the fatal result was that.

25. disced! : impersonal, sc. ab equitib:is.

26. tantum hostibus noceretur : (only) so much damage was
inflicted on the enemy ; but noceretur is impersonal, and tantum is
ace., not nom.

27. quantum : obj. of efficere.

XX. 29. Trinovantes : in Essex.

30. adulescens : this word is regularly used to distinguish a
younger from an older person of the same name, somewhat like our
' Junior.' Probably some older relative was named Mandubracius.

Caesaris fidem secutus : seeking Caesar* s protection.

2. sese : obj. of dedituros. 155

3. Cassivellauni : subjective gen.: niittat, qui praesit : send
him, to govern. Caswallon had met with reverses, and now his old

382 NOTES V

PAGE enemies wished to revenge themselves upon him, even to the extent

155 of handing Britain over to the Romans. Cf. p. 151, 11. 9-11. Caesar
was very ready to accept the assistance of the Trinovantes, as he
had that of the Haedui in Gaul.

5. exercitui : for the army.

XXI. 8. militurn : at the hands of the soldiers, subjective gen.
9. Bibroci: some think that this name is preserved in the mod-
ern name Berkshire.

ii. oppidum Cassivellauni : according to some authorities,
located in the vicinity of St. Albans.

13. Oppidum vocant: call it a town; oppidum is a pred. ace.
The Gauls, on the other hand, had real towns. Observe here the
perfect indicative in the <w2-clause with a present indicative in the
main clause, generalizing the statement.

XXII. 25. castra navalia : cf. Chap. XI. adoriantur: this
word is often used of a secret or unexpected attack.

30. civitatum : those mentioned in the preceding chapter, who
followed the lead of the Trinovantes.

33. id ... posse : this (the little remaining) could easily be
frittered away. The death of Julia, Caesar's daughter, wife of

Pompey, had just occurred, and even before this bond was broken
Pompey had begun to be jealous of Caesar. Caesar had reason to
fear the effect upon his political fortunes of a prolonged absence in
distant Britain.

34. quid vectigalis : what (of} tribute. No measures were
taken to collect this tribute, which was probably never paid.

35. penderet : should pay. interdicit atque imperat : notice
the fullness of expression. We may translate, with ne noceat, strictly
forbids to injure, or orders positively not to injure.

156 XXIII. 3. Obsidibus acceptis : besides hostages Caesar car-
ried back slaves, and perhaps other booty. Dion Cassius says that
Caesar himself remarked on the desolation he left behind him in
Britain.

5. deperierant: had been utterly destroyed.

6. commeatibus : trips (goings forward and back}.

9. inanes : two classes of vessels were sent to Caesar inanes :
first, those from which the soldiers carried on the first trip had been
landed ; second, those which Labienus had had built. Of the latter
the verb mitterentur would properly be used.

15. angustius milites conlocavit : he crowded the soldiers into
rather narrow quarters.

16. secunda . . . vigilia : i.e. though he had not sailed until

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 383

after the 'beginning of the second watch. terrain attigit : the time PAGE
of his return was probably about the middle of September. Caesar 156
had very likely intended, if circumstances permitted, to winter in
Britain.

Not for nearly a hundred years did a Roman force again land in
Britain, and the actual conquest of the island was not completed
until many years later.

XXIV. 1 8. Samarobrivae : the name means Somnie-bridge.
It is generally identified with Amiens.

19. siccitates : in the previous year also Gaul had suffered from
droughts. Cf. p. 143, 1. 28.

23. Q. Ciceroni: brother of the orator. He was Caesar's legatus
several years. Some of his letters written from Gaul and Britain
are mentioned in the extant collection of Cicero's correspondence.

26. M. Crassum : an older brother of the P. Crassus mentioned
in Bk. I, Chap. LII.

27. Uiiam legionem: this legion was perhaps enrolled in the
spring of this year, and was probably numbered XV. Caesar there-
fore should have had nine legions. Only eight and one half are
here accounted for. One explanation is that the five cohorts men-
tioned in 1. 28 belonged to XIV, and that the other five cohorts
of XIV were used to fill gaps in other legions.

28. in Eburones : to Atnatuca, identified by Napoleon with the
modern Tongres. Many scholars do not accept the identification.
Some place it east of the Meuse. Caesar's purpose undoubtedly was
to command the road from northern Gaul to the Rhine.

Into the discussion of the exact location of most of the winter
camps mentioned in this chapter it is unnecessary to go. Of those
who have studied the question most carefully, hardly any two agree
exactly.

4. mederi : meet, lit. remedy. 157

6. milibus passuum c continebantur : this probably means
that the distance between any two camps was not more than 100
miles, but the number is certainly too small ; for Samarobriva, where
it appears Trebonius was located, and Atuatuca must have been
more than 100 miles apart.

8. cognovisset: see note on p. 128, 1. 31.

XXV. 10. Carnutibus : on the Loire, round Orleans and
Chartres. loco: abl. of source, or origin.

13. fuerat usus : for erat tesus, emphasizing the fact that this
action preceded that of restituerat.

14. multis ex civitate : many citizens ; these resented Caesar's

384 NOTES V

PAGE interference, and wished to preserve the independence of the

157 state.

17. L. Plancum : he had been sent among the Bellovaci.

1 8. cognoverit: he should learn.
21. hibernis: dat.

XXVI. 22. quibus : after.

25. praesto fuissent : had met.

26. Indutiomari : see Chaps. Ill and IV.

29. Hispanis equitibus : of what nation were the most of
Caesar's cavalry ?

158 i. aliqui: aliqui is usually an adjective, and the pronominal
form is aliquis.

XXVII. 5. eques Romanus : a Roman knight.

8. Sese : it should be easy now for the student to turn indirect
discourse into direct, and it is recommended that the translation also
be given in the direct form. Pro Caesaris in me beneficiis phirimum
ei confiteor (ine) debere, I admit that I owe much to Caesar for his
kindnesses to me.

10. ei : we might have had the reflexive, but a Caesare saves ei
from ambiguity. Is ei equivalent in meaning to ad eiim ?

14. sua imperia : his own powers.

16. porro : in the next place. Having presented his own apology,
Ambiorix proceeds to offer one for the state.

18. imperitus rerum: cf. p. 83, 1. 28.

20. hibernis oppugnandis : for assaulting the winter camps.
24. Quibus : dat., to be connected with satisfecerit '. pro pie-
tate : i.e. to meet the demands of patriotism.

27. consulat : have regard for.

28. biduo: next day. See note on p. 85, 1. i. Ipsorum esse
consilium : i.e. in the direct form, ; It is for you (the Romans ) to
consider.'

33. Quod cum faciat : and in so doing.

159 i. quod levetur: because it would be relieved. In the tenses
of this speech we have numerous instances of present and perfect
subjunctives in secondary sequence.

XXVIII. 8. credendum : credible.

10. primorum ordinum centuriones : see Introd., p. 34.
13. rem. i.e. what had occurred, given in the following ^od'-clause.

14. ultro : they had borne the attack, and wounded many of the
enemy besides.

17. quid ess e: direct, quidest? A. 586; B. 315. 2 ; G. 651. R. 1 ;
H. 642. 2; HB. 591. a.

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 385

XXIX. 19. facturos : sc. illos and esse ; &\r&c.t,facietis. PAGE
22. Caesarem: subject of profechim (esse). 159

24. fuisse captures : direct, cepissent -, apodosis of a condition
contrary to fact (unreal), the protasis of which is contained in the
adverb aliter. A. 589. b ; B. 321. A. 2 ; G. 656. 2 ; H. 647 ; HB.
581. b. i.

25. ventures: sc.fuisse. Some supply esse, and the manuscripts
do not have ' vent^lros. Sese ' but * ventures . esse] making the direct
form venirent. Sese . . .. spectare : he looked not to the enemy
but to the facts as his authority.

27. Ariovisti mortem : this has not been mentioned before.
He escaped safely to Germany, according to Bk. I, Chap. LIII.
Yet these words seem to indicate that he had been killed by
Romans.

28. ardere : was ablaze.

30. quis . . . persuaderet: 'who could convince himself of this f
i. consentiret: pres. ind. in the direct form. 160

3. consilium : ace., subject of habere.

XXX. 6. in utramque partem : pro and con.
7. resisteretur : is its subject Sabinus ?

9. exaudiret : notice the force of ex.

12. perendino die : i.e. tertio die, the day after to-morrow.
14. fame : notice the peculiarity in the declension of this word.

XXXI. 15. comprehendunt : the liveliness imparted to the
narrative by the asyndeton and by the use of historical presents
should be noticed.

20. dat manus : yields ; originally manus dare meant offer one's
hands to be bound. Probably Cotta had been directed by Caesar,
in the event of a difference, to yield to Sabinus.

25. quare . . . augeatur : why they could not remain without
peril, and the peril would be increased, etc.

26. sic ut quibus esset persuasum: as men who had been
convinced. The subj. is characteristic.

28. longissimo . . . impedimentis : they did not take the or-
dinary precautions of an army on the march. Most of these troops
were probably newly enlisted. See p. 156, 1. 27, and the note.

XXXII. I . a : away. ^.61.

5. nostris : dat. with iniquissimo.

XXXIII. 7. providisset : subj. of characteristic, not strictly
causal, but with a strong implication of cause.

9. ut . . . viderentur : freely, so that it was plain he had lost
all presence of mind.

2C

386 NOTES V

PAGE 10. in ipso negotio : in the midst of action.

161 14. imperatoris : depends upon officia.

1 6. per se omnia obire : attend personally to everything.

18. orbem: see Introd., p. 45.

22. factum: sc. esse.

23. ab signis discederent : i.e. left their places in the ranks.

24. quaeque : equivalent to et (ea) qnae.

26. fletu : yet they fought with desperate courage.

XXXIV. 29. Illorum, illis : emphatic.

30. proinde : sv, frequently used with imperative expressions.
32. a fortuua : notice the preposition. Fortune is, as it were,
personified. Fortuna was worshiped as a goddess by the Romans.

162 5. Levitate . . . posse: a declarative sentence in indirect
discourse, inserted parenthetically. The dative his refers to the
Eburones (vobis in the mouth of Ambiorix) .

6. rursus. . . insequantur : and that they should follow them
'when they again fell back (se recipientis) to their standards.

XXXV. 9. quaepiam : some, from quispiam.

10. earn . . . erat : that part was necessarily exposed. The
part of the orbis from which the cohort had gone forward is perhaps
meant, though most refer the words earn partem to the cohort itself.
The phrase latere aperto seems to have its usual meaning, the right
side (i.e. the side unprotected by shields).

11. Rursus: from re- + versus ; it implies a reversal of action.
13. sin . . . vellent: contrasted with cum reverti coeperant.

The subjunctive is occasionally used to denote repeated action in
a subordinate clause, instead of the more usual imperfect or plu-
perfect indicative.

18. ipsis : depends on indignum. See A. 418. b ; B. 226. 2 ; G.
397. N. 2 ; H. 481 ; HB. 442.

19. T. Balventio: A. 377 ; B. 188. I.N. ; 0.350. i ; [.425.4. N. ;
HB. 368.

20. primum pilum : from pilus. Apparently Balventius was no
longer primipilus, and presumably he was serving as evocattts. See
Introd., p. 34.

21. eiusdem ordinis : strictly this should mean that Lucanius
was an ex.-primipilus, but no doubt it means that he was actually
primipihiS) as Balventius had been the year before.

23. in adversum os : right in the face.

XXXVI. 27. Cn. Pompeium : probably an enfranchised Gaul
who had taken a Roman name.

29. quod . . . pertineat: subject of posse.

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 387

30. ipsi . . . iri : but no harm would be done to him, i.e. to PAGE
Sabinus. What form of the verb is nocitum iri f 162

31. suam fidem interponere: pledged his word. cum Cotta
communicat, ut : conferred with Cotta, (suggesting) that,

35. in eo perseverat : persisted in that (resolution}.

XXXVII. i. in praeseutia : at the moment. 163
5 . consulto : an adv., purposely.

7. victoriam conclamant : shout ' Victory ! '

15. ad T. Labienum: Labienus was among the Remi, near the
Treveri.

The loss at Atuatuca was the severest blow Caesar had thus
far suffered. Suetonius says, Diligebat usque adeo \inilit es~\ ut
audita clade Tituriana barbam capillumque submiserit, nee ante
dempserit quain vindicasset. He chastised the Eburones the follow-
ing year, but could never catch Ambiorix.

XXXVIII. 19. in Atuatucos: cf. Bk. II, Chaps. XXIX-
XXXIII.

21. in Nervios : according to Bk. II, Chap. XXVIII, the Nervii
were 'almost annihilated' in the year 57 B.C.

22. sui liberandi, ulciscendi : dependent upon occasionem.
25. esse : the subject is legionem . . . interfici.

XXXIX. 29. eorum : i.e. Nerviorum.

2. Huic quoque : i.e. to Cicero, as well as to Sabinus and Cotta. 164
Cf. Chap. XXVI.

3 . munitionis : material for building defenses.

8. sustentatur: cf. the impersonal use, p. 93, 1. 2.

9. adepti : conditional, if they should gain. The accusative
case agreeing with se might have been expected instead of the nomi-
native.

XL. ii. adCaesarem: Caesar was probably at Samarobriva.

12. pertulissent : why subjunctive? Cicero may have said to
his. messengers, Magna praemia vobis dabo si litter as pertuleritis .

14. turres : the towers were wooden frames raised from the ram-
part at intervals of perhaps forty feet, with floors, or platforms, on
which the soldiers could stand. Such towers were often built with
more than one story, and corresponding stories of adjacent towers
were sometimes connected by galleries. admodum : fully.

21. opus: predicate, necessary, lit. a necessity. praeustae
sudes : stakes sharpened at the end and hardened in the fire would
make a very good substitute for javelins.

22. muralium pilorum : no doubt these were heavier than the
ordinary javelin ; they were intended to be hurled downwards.

388 NOTES V

PAGE turres contabulantur : this refers to the putting in of the floors

164 mentioned in the note on 1. 14.

23. pinnae loricaeque : each story, or platform, was protected in
front and at the sides by a continuous parapet of wickerwork (lorica) .
At intervals in this rose battlements {pinnae), of the same material,
to the height of six or seven feet. Between these the soldiers dis-
charged their missiles.

26. sibi: dat., depending on parcere.

XLI. 28. causam amicitiae : grounds of friendship *

33. Ambiorigem : Ambiorix would not have been present, un-
less the camp in the country of the Eburones had been destroyed.
eos : Cicero and his soldiers, while Us refers to the soldiers in the
other camps.

34. suis rebus : their own safety.

165 2. incolumibus : in agreement with tilts. A. 455 . a ; B. 327. 2. a ;
G. 535-R. 3; H. 612. 3; 118.585.0.

7. se : subject of sperare.

XLII. 10. pedum xv : when only one (unnamed) dimension
of a trench is given, width is meant.

11. consuetudine : intercourse.

12. nulla copia : since there was no supply.

13. quae essent : such as were.

17. turris : these were movable. f aids : these were to be
used to tear down the rampart of the camp. See the picture on p. 50.

18. testudines: movable sheds, protected by which soldiers
could approach the wall.

XLIII. 21. glandis : how red-hot balls of clay could be thrown
by leather slings is "another story." The leather may have been
lined with metal. Some think of hooks attached to the balls.
fervefacta iacula : either wound with inflammable material, or else
themselves actually kindled at the end.

22. casas : the soldiers 1 quarters.

25. parta atque explorata : gained and decided.

166 2. recessum . . . dab ant : those farthest off did not allow
those in front to fall back.

6. si vellent : in case they wished. Si vultis, introite was the
invitation.

8. deturbati: sc. sunt.

XLIV. 12. de loco : for position, or promotion.

17. inrumpit : sc. in earn partem.

18. Ne . . . continet : then Vorenus did not remain inside the
rampart either.

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 389

19. Mediocri spatio relicto : i.e. between himself and the PAGE
enemy. 166

21. hunc : refers to the same person as quo. We might have
expected quern percussum protegunt, but Jmnc is used to mark the
contrast with ilium following.

23. Pulloni: dat. of reference. balteo: see Introd., pp. 35,

36.

24. conanti : sc. ei.
28. ilium: Pullo.

30. in ... inferiorem : stumbling into a. hollow.

31. anibo : both.

1. utrumque: each. inimicus : emphatically contrasted with ^.67
the two words following.

2. antef erendus videretur : .seemed superior (to be preferred} .
XL V. 8. a prima obsidione : at the beginning of the siege.

10. praestiterat : had made manifest.

11. in iaculo : perhaps concealed in the shaft, or placed under
the detachable head.

12. versatus : mingling.

XL VI. 1 8. cum nuntio : i.e. as soon as he received the order.

20. sciebat : Caesar is the subject.

21. Labieno : cf. p. 156, 1. 24. rei publicae commodo: con-
sistently with the interests of the state.

23. equites cogit: it appears that in the fall the greater part of
his Gallic cavalry was dismissed.

XL VII. 27. Samarobrivae : it is pretty certain that Caesar
was here when he received the message from Cicero. Trebonius
with one legion was at or near Samarobriva. It is believed that
Caesar on setting out took this legion with him, leaving orders for
Crassus with his legion to garrison the town.

31. in itinere : not to be connected with moratus.

2. quos sciret : since he knew that they. Igg

5. tria milia passuum longe : three miles far, i.e. away.

XL VIII. 7. opinione deiectus reciderat : lit. thrown down
from his expectation he had fallen back.

15. G-raecis litteris : apparently Latin words in Greek characters.
Caesar sometimes made use of a cipher.

20. amentum : a thong, attached to the dart. Experiments
have shown that the range of a dart may be increased fourfold and
the aim made much more accurate by the use of the thong in
hurling.

24. biduo : for two days.

3QO NOTES V

PAGE 25. perlectam : what is to be supplied ? Examine the preced-

168 ing sentences.

27. incendiorum : not signal-fires, nor yet camp-fires, but the
fires of burning buildings.
XLIX. 31. G-allum repetit : asks for another Gaul.

169 i. discessisse, convertisse : hostis is the subject of both these
infinitives.

8. aequo . . . celeritate : he might with a clear conscience
relax his speed. The meaning of necessity or obligation which we
have found attaching to the gerundive in the periphrastic conjugation
is neither original nor invariable.

11. milium septem : besides the two legions there were four
hundred cavalry. Previous campaigns had reduced the size of the
legions.

12. angustiis viarum: i.e. by making the streets of the camp
narrow.

13. hostibus : in the eyes of the enemy.
L. 16. ad aquam : i.e. adrivum.

1 8. Caesar: sc. sese suo loco continet. On this depends the
clause of purpose ut . . . contenderet.

24. consulto : cf. p. 153, 1. 16.

26. quam maxime concursari : the soldiers should run to and
fro as much as possible.

LI. 29. iniquo loco : for the Gauls, but suo loco for Caesar.
32. seu . . . Romanus : if any one, Gaul or Roman.

34. Ac : and what is more. in speciem : merely for show.

35. ea: that way, there.

170 5- armis : abl. of separation.
LII. 8. turris : cf. p. 165, 1. 17.

9. non decimum quemque : not one in ten.

17. quod detrimentum : the disaster which. legati:
Sabinus.

19. expiato incommodo : abl. abs.

LIII. 21. per Remos : the method of spreading news in
Gaul is given on p. 200, 11. 18-20. In this case the news must have
traveled nearly seven Roman miles an hour.

26. Indutiomarus : see Chaps. Ill and IV.

171 i . tribus legionibus : the three originally assigned to Crassus,
Trebonius, and Cicero. trinis : why is not tribus used?

4. perlato : having been reported far and wide.

6. reliqui: nom.pl.

9. intercessit : notice the literal meaning ; almost no time free

V UPRISINGS IN NORTHERN GAUL 391

from anxiety came between the anxious times. quin acciperet: PAGE
without his receiving. 171

12. Aremoricae: see note on p. 112,1.22.

LIV. 17. territando : an enemy of Caesar might say by bully-
ing. denuntiaret: denuntio often conveys a covert threat.

19. Senones : mentioned in Bk. II, Chap. II. The verbs be-
longing to this noun are a long distance off, but the student should
follow the Latin order in determining the meaning of the sentence.

26. dicto : dat. with audientes, obedient. They perhaps had
heard of Caesar's treatment of the Germans the year before. See
Bk. IV, Chap. XIII, end. tantum valuit : i.e. it made so great
an impression. The subject of vahiit is the clause esse . . . infer-
endi.

29. Haeduos et Remos : the Haedui joined the great uprising
of Gaul two years later, but the Remi remained faithful even then.

31. nulla non: the two negatives make an emphatic affirmative.
We may reproduce the effect by translating there was almost no
state that was not suspected.

32. nobis: A. 375; B. 189. 2; G. 354; H. 431. 2; HB. 373. 2.
Idque . . . sit : and I do not know whether that is so very much
to be wondered at.

1. compluribus aliis de causis: large amounts of grain and 172
immense sums of money had to be furnished by them to the Ro-
mans ; whole districts were laid waste ; their cities and homes were
pillaged and burned ; but no doubt, as Caesar thought, the loss of
national honor was the greatest blow of all.

2. praeferebantur : used to be considered superior. tantum
. . . deperdidisse ut perferreut : that they had lost so much of
that prestige as to (be obliged to) endure. For se deperdidisse see
A. 572. b; B. 331. V; G. 533 ; H. 614; HB. 594.

LV. 8. multo minorem superesse : no doubt an inaccurate
estimate, though Caesar had suffered fearful losses in this year's
fighting.

10. Ariovisti bello: see Bk. I, Chaps. XXX-LIV.

11. Tencterorum transitu : see Bk. IV, Chaps. I-XV.

12. copias cogere: seep. 147, 11. 7, 8. Probably the hostages
had been given back by Caesar; otherwise Indutiomarus would
hardly have dared to make open war.

14. tota G-allia : the locative ablative usually omits in when totus
is used.

LVI. 1 8. ultro ad se veniri: i.e. that the Gauls were rallying
round him.

392 NOTES VI

PAGE 19. conscientia : not 'conscience.' For the 'crime' of the

172 Senones see Chap. LIV; of the Carnutes, Chap. XXV.

22. Hoc : not abl. quo : an adv., to such a council*

24. novissimus : last.

25. Cingetorigem : see Chaps. Ill and IV.

29. arcessitum : i.e. to aid them.

30. hue : i.e. ad has civitates.

31. priusquam id faciat: before doing that. What forms of
the verb might be used with priusquam in the direct form of this
speech ? castra Labieni : among the Remi.

173 LVII. 3. ne dimitteret : not to let slip', the clause depends on
cogitabat.

4. a : from.

6. certain diem dicit : fixes a day.

8. sub castris : on what kind of ground did the Romans usually
build their camps ?

ii. timoris opinionem augebat: a common manoeuver; see
Chap. L, and also Bk. Ill, Chaps. XVII and XVIII.

LVIII. 15. arcessendos curaverat: had caused to be sum-
moned.

22. dispersi . . . discedunt: notice the occurence of dis- three
times in four successive words.

23. praecipit atque interdicit : cf. inter dicit atque imperat,
p-. 155, 1. 35. Notice that the words here are followed by a command
and a prohibition.

24. quod . . . videbat : which he saw would be (happen}, just
as it did happen.

26. neu quis . . . viderit : and that no one shotild wound any
one (else) before he saw him (Indutiomarus) killed.

27. mora . . . nactum : i.e. winning time through the delay
caused by the pursuit of the rest.

30. fluminis vado : it is implied that if he had crossed the river
he would have been safe.
32. equites : nom.

BOOK VI

174 I. I. Multis de causis : the reader of Bk. V can enumerate

some of the causes.

2. M. Silanum, C. Antistium Reginum, T. Sextium : these
legati are mentioned here for the first time.

VI OPERATIONS IN NORTHERN GAUL 393

3. Cn. Fompeio : as proconsul, Pompey had been appointed to PAGE
govern Spain, but he still lingered near Rome. See Introd., p. 15. 174

4. ad urbem : possessing the military imperium and having an
army, he could not legally enter the city. rei publicae causa :
he was superintending the importation of grain to supply the needs of
Rome.

5. sacramento rogasset : Pompey, as consul, in 55 B.C., had
been allowed to levy soldiers wherever he pleased, even in another's
province. The soldiers enlisted in Caesar's province Caesar now
wished to receive.

6. convenire : the subject is eos understood, antecedent of quos.
The soldiers were on furlough. magni interesse existimans:
thinking that it was of great importance.

7. Galliae : subjective gen.

8. si quid detriment! : if any loss.

9. sarciri: be made good.

10. augeri : may be translated A? overbalanced. Quod: refers
to the request introduced by petit, 1. 4.

1 1 . amicitiae : there was still friendship, nominally at least, be-
tween Caesar and Pompey.

12. ante exactam hiemem : before the end of 'winter.

14. quas . . . amiserat: the loss was fifteen cohorts. See
Bk. V, Chaps. XXIV and XXVI-XXXVII. How many legions
had Caesar now? See Introd., pp. 36, 37.

II. 16. Indutiomaro: see Bk. V, Chap. LVJII.

20. inter se confirmant : give assurances to one another. ob-
sidibus . . . cavent : i.e. they give hostages binding themselves
not to default in payment of the money promised.

21. Ambiorigem: the hero, from the Gallic point of view, of
Bk. V. societate et foedere : the terms of the alliance (societas)
were defined by the treaty (foedus}.

I. ad imperatum : at his command. 175

3. consilia communicare : were making common cause.

4. sibi cogitandum : sc. esse, that he must make his plans.

III. 5. proximis quatttior legionibus : probably the three
which were wintering about Samarobriva and the one among the
Morini which Fabius commanded. See Bk. V, Chaps. XXIV and
LIII.

8. ea : fern, sing., to agree with praeda ; but it refers to the cattle
and people captured, and we may translate these . . . as booty.

14. ut . . . videretur : that he might be seen to make everything
(else) 'subordinate. Lutetiam Farisiorum : to the Littetia (which

394 NOTES VI

PAGE is a town) of the Parisii. There may have been other Lutetias.

175 Caesar's Lutetia is Paris, named from the Parisii. This is the first
mention of Paris we have in history.

15. civitatem coniunxerant : i.e. with the state of the Senones,
a close alliance, or federation.

1 6. ab hoc consilio afuisse : to have had no part in this design,
i.e. of revolt.

17. pro suggestu: see Introd., p. 42.

IV. 20. princeps : leader.

21. oppida : walled towns, in which the people assembled in time
of danger. Conantibus : dat., agreeing with a pron. depending on
nuntialur ; lit. to them making the attempt.

24. per Haeduos : the Haedui served as mediators, to introduce
the envoys to Caesar. quorum in fide : under whose protection.

26. instantis belli esse : belonged to the impending war. The
war is the one against the Treveri and Ambiorix. See 11. 32, 33
below.

27. quaestionis : this was postponed until later ; see Chap. XLI V.

28. custodiendos : A. 500. 4 ; B. 337. 8. b. 2 (337. 7. b. 2) ;
G. 430 ; H. 622 ; HB. 605. 2.

29. Remis : the Remi, as well as the Haedui, were friendly to the
Romans.

V. 33. Cavarinum : see Bk. V, Chap. LIV.

176 2. quod meruerat odio : hatred which he had earned, by his
harshness and cruelty, no doubt.

7. hospitium : see note on p. 73, 1. 23.

8. per Treveros : not to be connected with cognoverat. ve-
nisse : sc. as subject Ambiorigem.

9. illi : from him, lit. for him (to his disadvantage).

15. loci praesidio : protection of their natural situation.

VI. 17. partitis : passive in meaning.

1 8. tripartite: in three columns, commanded respectively by
Caesar, Fabius, and Crassus.

23. Commium: seep. 135, 1. 18..

24. custodis loco : as a guard.

VII. 29. cum cognoscunt: A. 546. a; B. 288. 2; G. 581;
H. 600. I. i ; HB. 566. a.

30. a milibus passuum xv : fifteen miles away.
33. impedimentis : cf. I. 12.

177 5. Augebatur spes : in the minds of the Treveri.
6. Loquitur : sc. Labienus.

8. et: but.

VI THE SECOND PASSAGE OF THE RHINE 395

10. Gallorum equitum : the cavalry of Labienus, made up PAGE
mostly of Gauls. ' 177

11. primis ordinibus : centurions of the first rank.

1 6. in ... castrorum : as the camps were so near each other.

VIII. 20. perterritis Romanis : now that the Romans were
thoroughly frightened.

21. exspectare : subject of esse.

24. Quae fore suspicatus : suspecting that this would happen.

28. petistis : for petiistis, petivistis.

29. ducibus : pi. because nobis is pi., but both refer to Labie-
nus himself. The plural pronoun of the first person is not seldom
used of a single person. Note the distinction between dux and
imperator.

35. quos fugere . . . ire : that those whom they believed to be
fleeing were coming, etc.

4. civitatem recepit : recovered the state, which had revolted. 178

7. comitati eos : accompanying them.

8. Cingetorigi: see p. 146, 1. 19, and p. 172, 1. 25.

IX. 10. in Treveros : cf. p. 176, 1. 25.

12. ad eos receptum: a retreat to them, i.e. a place of refuge
among them.

13. supra eum locum: see note on p. 132, 1. 18.

15. Nota: the plan was known from the experience of two years
before. Cf. Bk. IV, Chap. XVII.

18. obsides dederant: see Bk. IV, Chap. XVI.

19. purgandi sui causa: to clear themselves.

23. amplius obsidum : more hostages. velit: subj. of im-
plied ind. disc.

24. Cognita causa : having investigated the case.

X. 33. ad ... condicionem : i.e. to fight under unfavorable
conditions.

8. pro . . . obiectam : intervening as a natural wall. See 179
the map of Gaul.

XI. 12. locum: i.e. in the story. alienum: inapposite.

17. principes sunt . . . redeat: those who in the judgment
of the people (eorum*) are considered to have the greatest influence
are the leaders, to whose will and judgment the control, etc. The
subj. is characteristic.

21. auxili: A. 356; B. 212. I ; G. 383. i ; H. 458. 2; HB. 347.
23. Haec . . . Galliae : there is this same system in the general
arrangement of Gaul as a whole.

Caesar devotes eighteen chapters to a description and comparison

39 6

NOTES VI

PAGE of Gaul and Germany. His description of Britain in Bk. V occupies
179 only three chapters. Both Gaul and Germany were nearer at hand
than Britain, and information regarding them was more easily acces-
sible. Yet Caesar's informants seem to have deceived him occa-
sionally.

XII. 25. principes: with this chapter compare the speech of
Diviciacus, Bk. I, Chap. XXXI.

28. clientelae : dependencies, i.e. subject tribes.
IQQ I . antecesserant : sc. Sequani.

4. occupatam possiderent: seized and held.

7. infecta re: unsuccessful. Adventu Caesaris : Caesar
drove out Ariovistus and the Germans, who supported the claims
of the Sequani against the Haedui, though they also ill-treated the
Sequani.

10. eorum: i.e. Haeduorwn.

13. quos . . . intellegebatur : and because it was understood
that they (the Remi) were equally (with the Haedui) in favor with
Caesar.
, 19. obtinerent : held.

XIII. 20. aliquo numero :. of some account.

21. plebes : what other nominative form has this word ?

22. nulli adhibetur consilio : is admitted to (a share in) no
deliberation.

25. quibus sunt : who have.

27. druidum: see Introd., pp. 27,28. equitum: knights, an
order of nobility, which seemed to Caesar to correspond to the
equestrian order at Rome.

28. procurant: attend to, perform. religiones: z'.. questions
concerning the will of the gods as shown by signs and omens, and
the duties of mankind towards the gods.

30. hi : the druids. apud eos : i.e. apud Gallos.

181 2. sacrificiis: abl. of separation. Haec poena: excommuni

cation would be a modern equivalent.
3. Quibus : dat.

5. incommodi: limits quid.

6. neque ius redditur : i.e. they are outside the pale of law.
9. plures : more (than one), several.

lo. armis : in modern times, too, appeals have sometimes been
made from the ballot to arms.

15. in Britannia reperta: this may or may not be true. Some
think that when the Celts entered Gaul (see Introd., p. 24) they
found druidism already existing there.

VI GAUL AND GERMANY DESCRIBED 397

XIV. 24. ea : the precepts of their religion. litteris man- PAGE
dare : to commit to writing. cum : though. 181

25. rationibus : accounts, transactions.

26. in vulgus eff erri : to become public.

27. velint : why subjunctive ?

28. minus memoriae studere : to cultivate the memory less.

30. remittant: relax. hoc persuadere : to inculcate this doc-
trine.

31. animas: souls, or the soul. transire : the doctrine of
the transmigration of souls is especially prominent in the Hinduism
of India.

33. Multa . . . disputant: it seems, then, that the druids
studied astronomy, geography, and natural science, as well as
theology.

XV. I. Alterum: cf. p. 180, 11. 26, 27. 182

3. iniurias inferrent : this refers to offensive war, and inlatas
(sc. iniurias} propulsarent to defensive war.

4. ut : in proportion as.

6. ambactos : slaves, a Gallic word. clientis: dependents,
having more freedom than slaves, yet owing certain services to their
patromis. Cf. the noun clientela, p. 179, 1. 28. Hanc . . .
no verunt : this is the only form of personal influence and power
with which they are acqiiainted.

XVI. 8. religionibus : to religious observances.

1 1 . homines immolant : there seems little reason to doubt this
statement. Cf. Bk. V, Chap. LVI. The Romans offered human
sacrifices as late as the battle of Cannae, if Livy is to be believed.

14. placari : to be propitiated. publice : besides those just
mentioned, which seem to have been sacrifices offered by powerful
individuals.

XVII. 22. Mercurium: Caesar gives to the Gallic divinities
names belonging to gods worshiped by the Romans.

24. viarum atque itinerum : roads and journeys.
30. ceperint: subj. of informal ind. disc.

3. ut . . . auderet : subject of accidit. 183

4. capta . . . occultare : to conceal at his own hoiise things
which had been captured. posita: things which had been placed
in the consecrated spots.

XVIII. 6. ab Dite prognatos : this perhaps means that they
considered themselves to have sprung from the earth. Cf. p. 151,

1. 12.

8. noctium : cf. the English ^fortnight,' i.e. fourteen nights.

398 NOTES VI

PAGE 9. rioctem dies subs e qua tur : i.e. the complete day consists

183 of a night and the following period of daylight. They held night
in such honor because they considered themselves descended from
the god of the lower world, or world of darkness.

13. puerili aetate : abl. of quality, or description.

14. adsistere : to take his place, i.e. to show himself.

XIX. 15. d otis nomine : as dowry.

17. communicant : place in a common fund.

18. fructus : the income, or profits. vita super avit : survives.
It would be interesting to know by whom this joint estate was man-
aged, and whether the provisions here mentioned were always
strictly carried out.

20. in uxores : over their wives.

21. decessit: dies.

22. si ... venit : i.e. if there is suspicion of foul play.

23. de uxoribus: notice the plural. in servilem modum:
the Roman way of examining slaves was by torture.

24. compertum est : the subject of this impersonal' is easily
supplied. excruciatas interficiunt: they torture them and put
them to death.

26. cordi fuisse : were (for) a delight. A. 382. i ; B. 191. 2. a ;
0.356; H. 433; HB. 360.

27. hanc memoriam : i.e. hominum qui nunc sunt memoriam.

28. iustis funebribus : the regular funeral rites.

29. una cremabantur : it was thought that these slaughtered
dependents would be useful to the master in the life after death.

XX. 30. Quae civitates : trans, as if eae civitates quae, and
notice once more this Latin idiom.

31. habent sanctum: have (if) ordained', sanctum agrees with
the object of habent, which is the substantive clause uti . . . com-
municet. As the condition si . . . acceperit is subordinate to
deferat and communicet, translate as if uti preceded si quis.
32. rumore ac fama : the former is the vaguer of the two words.

33. neve . . . communicet : and not impart it to any one
else. Since neve contains the particle ne, quo (from quis) is the
proper indefinite.
184' 2. cognitum est: it is known (has been learned}.

3. visa sunt : sc. occultanda. ex usu : of advantage.

4. nisi per concilium : i.e. no private discussion of affairs of
state is allowed.

XXI. 7. praesint : manage, or direct.
8. student : pay attention to.

VI GAUL AND GERMANY DESCRIBED 399

9. Vulcanum : fire, or the fire-god. PAGE

10. ne . . . acceperunt: they have never even heard of. A 184
later writer, Tacitus, makes the religion of the Germans more elabo-
rate than Caesar represents it. Caesar's information may have been
defective, or the religious system may have developed during the
century and a half that separated the two writers.

1 1 . venationibus, studiis : pluralizing these abstracts turns
them into concretes. a parvis : from babies, \.z.from babyhood.

13. hoc : abl. of means.

XXII. 20. agri: of land.

23. quique una coierunt: sc. Us ; and to those who have
banded together. quantum visum est agri : as much land as
seems best.

24. alio : an adv.

25. ne . . . commutent : this and the four clauses which follow
are explanatory of causas. adsidua consuetudine capti : under
the influence of (taken by) long-continued familiarity , i.e. with some
definite tract of land. studium . . . commutent: give up an
interest in warfare for agriculture. For the ablative see A. 417. b ;
B. 222. A (218. 5) ; G. 404. N. i ; H. 478. 4; HB. 431.

28. aedificent : build houses. Notice the derivation of the word.

30. animi aequitate contineant : keep contented (lit. hold in
check by means of contentment of spirit).

31. cum suas quisque videat : everybody seeing his own. In
Italy at this time the small landholders had been nearly all driven
out of their possessions by the potentissimi. This concentration of
wealth in the hands of the few seems an almost inevitable accom-
paniment of advancing civilization. cum potentissimis : i.e. ciim
potentissi7norum opibus.

XXIII. 33. proprium: a characteristic (indication);

i. expulsos . . . consistere: this explains hoc, p. 184,1.33. 185

4. def endit : notice the literal meaning of defendere, to strike
down (or away).

5. praesint : why subjunctive ? deliguntur : perhaps by lot.

7. ius dicunt : declare the law, i.e. administer justice.

8. Latrocinia : marauding expeditions. They see no distinc-
tion between these and legitimate warfare.

10. ubi quis : whenever any one.

11. profiteantur: represents an imperative.

14. omnium ... derogatur: confidence is withdrawn from
them thereafter in all matters ; his is dat.

18. communicatur : is shared. The laws of hospitality are

400 NOTES VI

PAGE often more strictly observed by primitive peoples than by the more

185 civilized.

The ancestors of the English were Germans. Scholars have been
interested in tracing the traits of the ancient Germans to their devel-
opment in England, as well as on the continent of Europe.

XXIV. 20. ultro bella inferrent: waged offensive wars
against them.

23. Hercyniam silvam : this extended from the Black Forest
eastward to the Carpathians. Hercynius is said to mean 'high,'
or 'mountainous.' Eratostheni: a scholar of Alexandria, of the
third century B.C. He wrote a work on geography, one of the earli-
est scientific works on that subject.

24. Volcae Tectosages : a Gallic tribe of this name dwelt near
the Pyrenees. Doubts have been cast on Caesar's statement that the
Volcae Tectosages in Germany came from Gaul. They may have
been descended from a remnant of the tribe left behind in Germany
in the general Celtic migration westward. See Introd., p. 24.

28. patientia : endurance of hardship. qua ante : as before.

29. Gallis : dat., depending on largitur.

30. provinciarum : Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul and Hither
Spain.

3 1 . adsuef acti : sc. hi, or Galli.

32. cum. illis : i.e. cum Germanis.

186 XXV. 2. expedite : for one unencumbered, i.e. a rapid walker,
traveling, perhaps, twenty-five miles a day.

3. mensuras itinerum : e.g. miles, or paces.

4. recta . . . regione : by the straight direction of the Danube,
i.e. following the line of the Danube.

6. sinistrorsus : to the left. River and forest part company,
the river turning towards the south.

8. Iiuius Germaniae : of this part of Germany, the part nearest
Gaul.

9. initium : we should call the most remote point the end rather
than the beginning.

10. multa genera ferarum: the misinformation which follows
may be due to intentional deception on the part of Caesar's informants.

12. memoriae pro denda : worthy of mention.

XXVI. 14. bos : so also the elephant was called bos by the Ro-
mans. Probably the reindeer furnished the basis of this description.

15. his ., . . cornibus: i.e. the horns of the animals which we
know.

.16. sicut palmae ramique : branching antlers shaped like the

VI GAUL AND GERMANY DESCRIBED 401

human hand (lit. as if hands and branches). These two words PAGE
illustrate the rhetorical figure called hendiadys. 186

17. maris : gen. of mas. The horns of the female reindeer
are, as a matter of fact, shorter than those of the male.

XXVII. 19. Sunt item : then again there are.

20. capris : i.e. caprarum figurae. varietas : mottled color-
ing. magnitudine paulo antecedunt : they go ahead of them
a little in size.

21. mutilae cornibus : the antlers of the European elk, which
resembles our moose, are broad and blunt. nodis articulisque :
knuckles and joints, the nodi being the outer manifestations of the
articuli.

24. sunt pro : serve for. se applicant : i.e. they lean against
the trees.

25. paulum modo : just a little.

27. quo . . . consuerint : an ind. quest.

28. tantum . . . relinquatur : only far enough so that the
perfect appearance of standing trees is still preserved.

XXVIII. 32. uri : probably the aurochs, a species of bison, now
nearly extinct.

33. specie . . . tauri: three ablatives of quality, or description,
limited by a genitive

I . quam conspexerunt : which they have once caught sight of. 187

4. relatis in publicum cornibus : exhibiting the horns.

5. adsuescere ad homines : to get accustomed to men.

6. ne . . . excepti : not even if caught when very little.

8. Haec : i.e. cornua. ab labris : at the lips, i.e. the brim, or
larger end, of the horn.

2D

WORD-GROUPS

1. V AC, SHARP

acriter, sharply.
acerbus, bitter.
acerbe, bitterly.
acerbitas, bitterness.
acies, sharp edge, battle-line.
aciitus, sharpened.

2. V AG, DRIVE

ago, drive.

agito, set in violent motion, discuss.

actuarius, driven, swift.

agmen, marching army.

ad-igo, drive to, drive.

cogo (co- + ago), drive together,

compel.

cogito (co- + agito), consider thor-
oughly.

. coagmento, fasten together.
ex-agito, drive about.
ex-cogito, think out.
ex-igo, drive out, pass.
nav-igo (V NAV), sail.
per-ago, carry through, finish.
red-ig5, drive back, rediice.
sub-igo, drive up, subdue.
ager, land, territory.
alarms, belonging to the wing.

3. V AL, ALT, OTHER

alter, the other of two.
alternus, one after the other.
alius, another.
alias, at another time.

alio, to another place.

aliter, otherwise.

alienus, another's.

alieno, make another 1 s t alienate,

drive insane.
ali-quis, some one.
ali-quam-divi, for some time.
ali-quando, at some time or other.
ali-quantus, some.
ali-quanto, somewhat.

4. V AR, FIT

artus, close.

arte, closely.

articulus, small joint.

ars, skill.

arti-ficium (V FAC )> handicraft,

craft.

in-ers, vvithout skill.
sollertia, skill.
arma, arms, weapons.
armo, arm, equip.
armatus, armed, equipped'.
armamenta, equipment.
armatura, armor, equipment.
in-ermis, imarmed.

5. V AVG, GROW

augeo, increase.
auctor, author.
auctoritas, authority.
auxilium, help, support.
auxilior, give help.
auxiliaris, atixiliary.

403

404

WORD-GROUPS

6. V CAD, FALL

cado, fall.

cadaver, corpse.

casus, falling, event.

ac-cido (ad + cado),y#// to, hap-

pen.
con-cido (com- + cado), fall, be

slain.

de-cido, fall down.
in-cido, fall upon, occiir.
oc-cido (ob + cado), fall, die, set.
oc-casio, opportunity.
oc-casus, setting, west.
re-cido, fall back.

7. V CAED, CUT

caedo, cTit, fell.

caedes, killing, massacre.

abs-cido, cut away, lop off".

ex-cido, cut out, destroy.

in-cido, cut into, notch.

oc-cld5 (ob + caedo), cut down,

slay.
suc-cldo (sub + caedo), ctit ojf 'be-

low, cut down.

8. V CAL, CLA, CALL

Kalendae (Calendae), day of proc-

lamation, Calends.
con-cilio (com-), call together, make

friendly.

con-cilium, assembly.
clamor, shout.

clamito, call repeatedly, cry out.
clarus, clear, loud.
de-claro, declare.
classis, thing summoned, fleet.

9. V CAP, TAKE, HOLD

capio, take.
captus, capacity.
captivus, captive.

ac-cipio (ad + capio), receive.
ac-ceptus, acceptable.
de-cipio, deceive.
ex-cipio, take oiit, capttire.
ex-cepto, take tip.
in-cipio, take hold of, begin.
prae-cipio, take in advance, direct.
prae-ceptum, direction.
prae-cipuus, special.
prae-cipue, especially.
re-cipio, take back.
re-ceptus, retreat.
re-ceptaculum, place of refuge.
sus-cipio (subs- = sub + capio),

tindertake.
caput, head.
an-ceps (for ambi-ceps), with two

heads, doubtful.
prae-ceps, headlong.
prae-cipito, throw headlong.
oc-cupo (ob), take up, seize.
oc-cupatus, taken up, busy.
oc-cupatio, business.
dein-ceps, taken next, in turn.
prin-ceps (primus), foremost, chief.
prin-cipatus, chief place.

10. V CED, GO

cedo, go, yield.

ac-cedo (ad), go towards, be added.

ante-cedo, go 'before.

con-cedo (com-),^ aiuay, yield.

de-cedd, go away.

de-cessus, going away, ebbing.

dis-cedo, go in different directions.

dis-cessus, departure.

ex-cedo, go out.

inter-ced5, come between.

prae-cedo, surpass.

pro-cedo, go forward.

re-cedo, go back.

re-cessus, retreat.

suc-cedo (sub), go up, succeed.

suc-cessus, approach.

WORD-GROUPS

405

II. V CEL, RISE

ex-cello, be eminent.
ex-celsus, elevated.
collis, hill.
culmen, summit.

12. V CLI, LEAN
clivus, hill.

ac-clivis (ad), sloping upward.
ac-clivitas, ascent.
de-clivis, sloping downward.
de-clivitas, slope.
pro-clino, bend forward.
re-clino, bend back.

13. V COL, TILL

colo, ////, honor.
in-colo, inhabit.
colonia, colony.
Cultura, tillage.
cultus, care, way of living.

14. V CVR, RUN

currus, wagon, chariot.
cursus, speed.

ac-curro (ad), run toward.
ante-cursor, forerunner.
con-curr5 (com-), run together.
con-cursus, running together.
con-curso, run about.
de-curro, run down.
ex-cursio, sally.
in-cursio, inroad, raid.
in-cursus, attack.
oc-curro (ob), run against, meet.
per-curro, run throiigh.
prae-curro, run before.
prS-curro, rtm forward.
suc-curro (sub), run to help.

15. V DA, GIVE
do, give.

de-do, give tip, surrender.
de-ditio, surrender.
de-ditlcius, prisoner of war.

man-do (manus), give into one's

hands, enjoin.
man-datum, charge.
com-mendo, intrust.
pro-do, give forth, betray.
pro-ditor, traitor.
pro-diti5, treason.
red-do, give back.
tra-do (for trans-do), give over,

relate.
dos, dowry.
donum, gift.
dono, give, present.
con-dono (com-),^'^!?, remit.
sacer-dos (\/ SA.C) , friest.

1 6. V DA, PUT (only in compounds)

ab-do, put away, hide.

ab-ditus, hidden.

ad-do, put to, add.

circum-do, put around, surround.

credo, piit confidence in, believe.

in-credibilis, incredible.

e-do, put forth.

e-ditus, elevated.

per-ditus, lost, corrupt.

17. V DIG, SHOW, POINT

dico, say.

dico, proclaim, dedicate.

dictum, saying.

in-dictus, not said.

dictio, pleading.

dicio, bidding, sway.

con-dicio (com-), condition.

in-dlco, proclaim.

in-dicium, information.

inter-dico, forbid.

ifi-dico (V TV}, judge.

iu-dicium, judgment.

ad-iudico, adjudge, award.

prae-dico, announce.

praeco (for praedico), herald.

406

WORD-GROUPS

18. V DTV, DI, SHINE

divinus, divine.

deus, god.

ditissimus, richest.

dies, day.

men-dies (for medi-dies, medius +

dies), midday, south.
meri-dianus, of noon.
postri-die (posterus), on the next

day.

pri-die (VrRl), on the day before.
diurnus, pertaining to the day.
inter-diu, in the daytime.
bi-duum (bis), two days.
tri-duum (tres), three days.

19. V DVA, DVI, APART, TWO

duo, two.

du-plex (plango, strike), twofold.

du-plico, double.

dubius, dotibtful.

dubito, doubt.

dubitatio, doubt.

dis-, inseparable prefix, apart.

bis (for duis), twice.

bi-, inseparable prefix, two, twice.

bini, tivo at a time.

bl-duum (V Div), two days.

20. V -DVC, LEAD

duco, lead.

ductus, leadership.

dux (for dues), leader.

ab-duco, lead away.

ad-duco, lead to.

con-duco (com-), lead together,

hire.

de-duco, lead* down.
di-duco, lead apart.
e-duco, lead out.
in-duco, lead in.
ob-duco, lead to meet, extend.

per-duco, lead through.
prae-diico, lead forward.
re-duco, lead back.
sub-duco, lead off, draw up.
tra-duco (for trans-duco), leaa
across.

21. V EM, TAKE

emo, buy.

ad-imo, take to oneself.

co-emo, pttrchase.

demo (de + emo), take down.

ex-emplum, example.

ex-imius, taken out, exceptional.

praemium (for prae-emium), ad-
vantage, prize.

promptus (pro + emptus), fcrottgh
forth, manifest, ready.

red-imo, buy back.

sumo (sub + emo), take itp, as-
sume, spend.

sumptus, expense.

sumptuosus, costly.

con-sumo (com-), use up.

22. V ES, BE, LIVE

sum, be, live.

ab-sum, be away.

ab-sens, absent.

ad-sum, be near.

de-sum, be wanting.

pos-sum (for potis, able + sum), bt

powerful, be able.
potens, powerful.
potentia, power, authority.
potentatus, power.
prae-sum, be at the head of.
prae-sens, present.
prae-sentia, presence, present.
pro-sum,, be of advantage.
sub-sum, be tinder, be at hand.
super-sum, be over, be left.

WORD-GROUPS

407

23. 'V FA, SPEAK

f atum, utterance, fate.
in-fans, unable to speak, infant.
fama, story, report.
in-famia, evil repute.
fas, divine law.
ne-fas, impioits act.
ne-farius, execrable.
con-titeor (com-), confess.
pro-fiteor, declare publicly.

24. V FAC, MAKE

facio, make, do.

factum, deed.

factio, faction.

facilis, easy.

facile, easily.

facultas, ability.

dif-ficilis' (dis- + facilis), difficult.

dif-ficulter, with difficulty.

dif-ficultas, difficiilty.

per-facilis, very easy.

in-fectus, not done.

pate-facio (pateo), lay open.

satis-facio, do enough, give satisfac-
tion.

satis-factio, apology.

facinus, deed, crime.

ad-ficio, do to, affect.

con-ficio (com- + faci5), make com-
pletely.

de-ficio, break loose from, revolt.

de-fectio, revolt.

ef-ficio (ex + facio), cause, make.

In-ficio, stain, paint.

inter-ficio, put to death.

per-fici5, make thoro^tghly, bring
about.

prae-ficio, set over.

prae-fectus, overseer, commander.

pro-ficio, make headway, effect.

pro-ticiscor, set out.

pro-fectio, departure.

re-ficio, remake, recrztit.
suf-ticio (sub + facio), be sufficient.
arti-ficium ( V AR), handicraft, craft.
bene-ficium, good deed, favor.
male-ficium, evil deed, injury.
of-ficium (ops), service, drity.
sacri-ficium (V SAC), sacrifice.
magni-ficus (A/ MAG), splendid.
aedi-fico (aedes, building), build.
aedi-ficium, building.
signi-fico (slgnum), make signs,

indicate.
signi-ticati5, sign, expression.

25. V FEN, STRIKE

de-fendo, ward off, defend.

de-fensio, defense.

de-fensor, defender.

of-fendo (ob), strike against, offend.

of-fensio, striking against, offense.

26. V FER, BEAR

fero, bear.
ferax, fertile.
fertilis, fertile.
f ertilitas, fertility.
ad-fero, bear to.
ante-fero, bear before.
con-fero (com-), bear together.
de-fero, bear off.
ef-fero (ex), bear out.
In-fero, bear in.

of-fero (ob), bear before, present.
per-fero, bear through, endure, an-
nounce.

prae-fero, bear before, prefer.
pro-fero, bear forth, reveal.
re-fero, bear back.
trans-fero, bear over.
aquili-fer (aquila), eagle-bearer.
fors, chance.
fortulto, by chance.

408

WORD-GROUPS

fortuna, fortune.
fortiinatus, fortunate.
furtum, theft.

27. V FID, BIND, TRUST

fides, trust, faith.

fidelis, trustworthy.

In-fidelis, untrustworthy.

fiducia, trust, reliance.

con-fido (com- + fido, trusf), have

trust in.

per-fidia, faithle ssness.
foedus, agreement, alliance.

28. V FRVG, USE, ENJOY

fruor, enjoy, reap the benefit of.
fructus, enjoyment, friiit.
fructuosus, fruitful.
frux (for ttVLgz), fruit, produce.
frumentum, grain.
frumentor, get grain, forage.
frumentatio, foraging.
frumentarius, of grain, fertile.

29. V GEN, GNA, BEGET

gens, race.

in-gens, not natural, enormotts.

genus, family, nation, kind, class.

generatim, by kinds, by nations.

nascor (for gnascor), be born.

natus, birth, age.

pro-gnatus, descended.

natalis, of birth.

natio, race, people.

co-gnatio, kindred:

natlvus, natiiral.

natura, nature.

e-nascor, grow out.

30. V GNO, KNOW

nosco (for gnosco), learn.
co-gnosco, learn.

i-gnosco (in- + (g)nosco), over-
look.

notus, known, familiar.

notitia, knowledge.

i-gnotus (in- + (g)notus), w\

known.

nobilis, well-known, noble.
nobilitas, nobility.
i-gnobilis (in- + (g) nobilis), UK

known, obscure.
nomen, name, renown.
nomino, name.
nominatim, by name.
i-gnominia (in-), disgrace.
i-gnoro (in-), not know.

31. V GRAB, WALK

ad-gredior, move toward, attack.
con-gredior (com-), come together

join battle.

con-gressus, meeting, encounter.
e-gredior, go out, disembark.
e-gressus, going out, disembarkation
in-gredior, go in, enter.
pro-gredior, go forward, advance.
trans-gredior, step across, pass ovei

32. V HAB, HAVE

habeo, have, hold.

ad-hibeo, hold to, make ^ese of.

debeo (for de-hibeo), withhold

owe.
praebeo (for prae-hibeo), hold be

fore, offer.
pro-hibeo, hold back, impede, pre

vent.

33. V I, GO
eo,-^.

iter, way, march.
ab-eo, go away.
ad-eo, go to, get at.
ad-itus, approach, access.
circum-eo, go around, surround.
co-eo, go together.
com-es, companion.

WORD-GROUPS

409

com-itia, assembly, election.

com-itor, accompany.

ex-eo, go out.

ex-itus, departure, conclusion, out-
come.

in-eo, go into.

in-itium, entrance, beginning.

inter-eo, perish.

inter-itus, destruction, death.

intro-eo, go within, enter.

intro-itus, entrance.

ob-eo, go to meet.

ob-itus, death.

per-eo, pass aivay, be killed.

praetor (for prae-itor), leader, prae-
tor.

praetorius, praetorian.

prod-eo (pr5), go forward, proceed.

red-eo, go back.

red-itus, retiirn.

red-itio, return.

sed-iti5, dissension, insurrection.

sed-itiosus, factious, turbident.

sub-eo, go tinder, enter, approach,
undergo.

sub-itus, sudden.

sub-ito, suddenly.

trans-eo, go across.

trans-itus, crossing.

34. V IAC, THROW

iacio, throw.

iactura, throwing away, loss.

iacto, keep throwing.

iaculum, missile.

ab-icio, throw away.

ad-ici5, throw to, add to.

con-icio (com- -f- iacio), throw

together, put together.
con-iectura, giiess.
de-icio, throw down.
de-iectus, declivity.
dis-icio, throw apart, rout.
e-icio, throw out.

ob-icio, throw before, interpose.
pro-icio, throw forward, hurl down.
re-icio, throw back.
sub-icio, throw under, siibject.
tra-icio (trans + iacio), throw

across, pierce.
tra-iectus, passage.
iaceo, lie prostrate.
ad-iaceo, lie near.

35- V IV, IVG, BIND, YOKE

ius, that which is binding, right, law t

iustus, lawful, just.

iustitia, justice, uprightness.

iuro, take oath.

ius iurandum, oath.

con-iuro (com-), take oath together t
conspire.

con-iuratio, conspiracy.

iu-dico (V T>lC),jtidge.

iu-dicium, judgment.

ad-iudico, adjudge, award.

iugum, yoke, ridge, hill.

iungo, join.

iunctura, joining, joint.

iumentum, yoke-animal, pack-ani-
mal.

ab-iungo, separate, ciit off.

ad-iungo, join to.

con-iung5 (com-),_/oz.

con-iunx, husband, wife.

iuxta, close by.

36. V LEG, GATHER

legio, levy, legion.
legionarius, belonging to a legion.
con-ligo(com- + lego), collect, rally.
de-ligo, choose, select.
dl-ligo, single out, love.
di-lectus, choosing, levy.
di-ligenter, carefully.
di-ligentia, carefulness.
in-dlligens, careless.

4io

WORD-GROUPS

in-diligenter, carelessly.
in-diligentia, carelessness.
intel-lego (for inter-lego), perceive,

understand.
neg-lego (nee- = ne-), pass over,

be indifferent to.
per-lego, read through.

37. V LIC, LET

licet, it is permitted.

liceor, bid.

licentia, license.

pol-liceor (por- = pro), offer,

promise.
pol-licitatio, promise, pledge.

38. V LIQV, LEAVE

re-linquo, leave behind.
re-liquus, remaining.
de-Uctum, fault, -wrong.

39-

V LVC, SHINE

lux (for lues), light.
liina (for lucsna), moon.
in-lustris, brilliant, noble.

40. V MAG, BIG

magnus, large, great.
magnitude, greatness, might.
magni-ficus (y' FAC), splendid.
magn-opere (opus), with great

labor, greatly.
per-magnus, very large.
magis, more.

magistratus, ptiblic office, magistrate.
malo (for magis volo), wish rather,

prefer.

maior, greater.
maiestas, greatness, dignity.
maxime, in the highest degree.

41. V MAN, MEASURE

manus, hand.

man-do (\/ DA., give}, give into one'i

hands, enjoin.
man-datum, charge.
mani-pulus (V PLE), kattdful,

maniple.

mani-pularis, soldier of a maniple.
man-suetudo (suesco, become accus-

tomed'), tameness, mercy.
mansue-facio (V FAC), make tame.
corn-minus, hand to hand.
e-minus, at a distance.

42. V MAN, MEN, STAY, MIND

maneo, stay.

per-maneo, remain, continue.

re-maneo, stay behind.

mens, mind, purpose.

mentio, calling to mind, mention.

de-mentia, folly.

meminT, remember.

re-miniscor, recall to mind.

moneo, remind, warn.

de-monstro, point out, show.

43. V MIT, SEND

mitt 6, send.

missus, sending.

a-mitto, send away, lose.

ad-mitto, send to, admit, incur.

com-mitto, send together, intrust.

com-missura, joining.

de-mitto, send down, drive.

de-missus, loiv-lying.

dl-mitt5, send in different directions,

dismiss.

e-mitt5, send out, hurl, let go.
im-mitto (in), send in, insert,

throw at.
inter-mitto, let go between, leave off,

neglect.

WORD-GROUPS

411

intro-mitto, send within, admit.
o-mitto (ob), let go, lay aside, neg-
lect.

per-mitto, let pass, yield, allow.
prae-mitto, send before.
praeter-mitto, allozv to go by, neglect.
pro-mitto, send forth, let grow.
re-mitto, send back, relax.
re-missus, gentle.

sub-mitto, send under, send to help.
trans-mitto, send across.
trans-missus, passage.

44. V MOE, MV, WALL

moenia, city walls.

munio, wall, fortify.

munitus, fortified.

munitio, fortification.

munlmentum, fortification, defense.

com-munio, fortify co>npletely,sec^lre.

murus, wall.

muralis, of a wall, mural.

45. V MOV, MOVE

moveo, move.
motus, motion, disturbance.
momentum, movement, importance.
mobilis, movable, changeable.
mobiliter, rapidly, easily.
mSbilitas, mobility, changeableness.
com-move5, disturb, impel.
per-moveo, move deeply, frighten,

anger.

pro-moveo, move forward.
re-moveo, move back.
re-motus, distant.
sub-moveo, drive off.

46. V MV, SHARE

munus, service, gift.
com-munis, common.

com-munico, impart, share.
im-munis (in-), without obligation.
im-munitas, exemption.
re-muneror, repay, reward.

47. V NA, NAV, SWIM

tra-no (for trans-no), swim over.

navis, ship.

na.va.lis, of ships.

navicula, boat.

nav-igo ( VAG), sail.

nav-igatio, sailing.

nav-igium, vessel.

nauta (for navita), sailor.

nauticus, of sailors, of ships.

48. V NE, NEC, NOT

ne, not, that not, lest.

ne-ve or neu, and not, nor, and lest.

ne-cubi (for ne ub.i), lest somewhere,
that nowhere.

ne-quaquam (quisquam), in no way.

ne-quiquam, to no purpose.

ne-que or nee, and not, nor.

nec-ne, or not.

ne-fas (V FA), impious act.

ne-farius, execrable.

ne-uter, neither.

neg-lego (for nee-lego), pass over,
be indifferent to.

nemo (for ne-homo), no one.

no!5 (for ne-volo), not wish, be un-
willing.

niillus (for ne-ullus), not any.

numquam (for ne-umquam), never.

nego, say not, deny.

de-nego, refuse, deny.

neg-otium, no leisure, business.

neg-otior, carry on bztsiness.

nihilum, nothing.

nihil, nothing.

nimis, beyond measicre, too.

nimius, excessive.

412

WORD-GROUPS

ni-si (si), if not, unless.
non, not.
non-dum, not yet.

49. V NEC, NOC, KILL, HARM

nex (for necs), death.
neco, kill.

inter-necio, slaughter, extermina-
tion.

per-nicies, destruction.
noceo, harm.
nocens, harmful, guilty.
in-nocens, harmless, innocent.
in-nocentia, harmlessness, innocence.
noxia, harm, offense.

50. V NV, NOV, NOW, NEW

num, interrogative particle implying
a negative answer.

nunc, now, Tinder these circum-
stances.

nuper, newly, lately.

novus, new, fresh.

re-no vo, renew, begin again.

nuntius (for novi-ventius, V YEN),
bearer of tidings, news.

ntlntio, announce, relate.

de-nuntio, announce, order, threaten.

e-nuntio, tell in public.

pro-nuntio, proclaim.

re-nuntio, report, declare elected.

51. \/ PA, FEED

pabulum, fodder.
pa bulor, forage.
pabulator, forager.
pabulatio, foraging.

52. V PAC, PAG, FIX

pax (for pacs), agreement, treaty,
peace.

paco, make peaceful, conquer.
pacatus, peaceful, conquered.
pactum, agreement.
pagus, district, canton.

53. V PAR, PREPARE

paro, prepare, obtain.
ap-paro (&&), prepare for, prepare.
im-pero (in + paro), command, de-
mand.

im-peratum, command.
im-perator, commander, general.
im-perium, command, authority.
,se-paro, prepare apart, separate.
se-paratus, separate.
se-paratim, separately.
pario, prodtice, effect.

54-

V PAV, LITTLE

paucl, few.

paucitas, fewness.

paulum, a little.

paulo, by a little, somewhat.

paululum, a very little.

paulatim, little by little.

paulisper,^;- a little while.

55. V PED, TREAD

pes (for peels), foot.

pedalis, a,foot in measure.

pedes, foot-soldier.

pedester, of foot-soldiers, on foot,

overland.

peditatus, infantry.
ex-pedio, unfetter, make ready.
ex-pedltus, unencumbered, lightly

eqtiipped.

ex-peditio, expedition.
im-pedio (in), fetter, hinder.
im-peditus, burdened, pathless.
im-pedimentum, obstruction.

WORD-GROUPS

413

op-pidum (ob), walled town, strong-
hold.
op-pidanus, of a town.,

56. V PEL, PVL, DRIVE

pello, drive.

ap-pello (ad), drive to.

com-pello, drive together, collect.

de-pello, drive down, remove.

ex-pello, drive out.

im-pell5 (in), drive on, infiitence.

im-pulsus, pressure, influence.

pro-pello, drive forth, drive away.

pro-pulso, drive forth, repel.

re-pello, drive back, repel.

pulvis, dust.

57. V PER, THROUGH, BRING

per, through.

peren-dinus (dies), after to-morrow.

per-fidia (fides), faithlessness.

per-paucl, very few.

perltus, experienced, skilled.

im-perltus (in-), unskilled, un-
acquainted with.

periculum, trial, danger.

periculosus, full of danger.

perlclitor, try, risk.

com-perio, find o^lt.

ex-perior, try, endure.

re-peri6,y?;2flT again, find:

pro-pero, hasten.

porta, gateway, gate.

porto, carry, convey.

com-porto, carry together, collect.

im-porto (in), carry in, import.

portus, harbor.

portorium, customs, tariff.

op-portfinus (ob + portus), fit,
fortunate, opportiine.

op-portune, opportzmely.

, opportitnity.

58. V PLE, PLV, FILL

plenus, full.

pleri-que, very many, most.

plerum-que, mostly, generally.

plebes or plebs, the masses, the com-
mon people.

com-pleo,_/?// tip, crowd.

ex-pie o, fi II out, make good.

re-pleo,y?// again, replenish.

sup-plementum (sub), that which
fills up, reinforcements.

plus, more.

com-plures, many, several.

plurimus, most, very mzich.

populus, people, nation.

mani-pulus (manus), handful,
maniple.

mani-pularis, soldier of a ?naniple.

59. V POT, MASTER

potius, rather, more.
potior, become master of.
potestas, power, dominion.
possum (for potis, able + sum), be

powerful, be able.
potens, powerful.
potentia, power, a^^thority.
potentatus, pozoer.
hos-pes (hostis), host,giiest, stranger.
hos-pitium, hospitality, friendship.

60. V PRO, PRI, PRAE,

BEFORE

pro, before.

pro-tinus (V TEN), straight for-
ward, without pause.
procul, far away.
prone, with a forward slope.
proprius, own, special, characteristic.
prior, former, in advance.
prius, before.
primus, first.
primS, at first.

4H

WORD-GROUPS

primum, first of all.

pri-die (dies), on the day before.

prin-ceps (primus + capi5), fore-
most, chief.

prin-cipatus, chief place.

pnstinus, previous, old.

privatus, private, isolated.

privatim, privately, individually.

prae, before, in comparison with, on
account of.

praeter, beyond, except.

praeter-ea (is), besides.

prae-cipio (capio), take in advance,
direct.

prae-ceptum, direction.

prae-ceps (V CAP), headlong.

prae-cipuus (V CAP), special.

prae-cipue, especially.

praeco (prae + dico), herald.

praemium (for prae-emium), ad-
vantage, prize.

praesertim, especially.

praesto, at hand, present.

praetor (V i), leader, praetor.

praetorius, praetorian.

6l. V PVG, FIGHT

pugno, fight.
pugna, fight.

de-pugnd, fight a decisive battle.
ex-pugno, take by storm.
ex-pugnatio, taking, storming. .
im-pugno (in), assail.
op-pugno (ob), assault.
op-pugnatio, assault.
pro -pugno, repel attack.
pro-pugnator, defender.
re-pugno, make resistance.

62. V RAP, SNATCH

rapina, robbery.
rapiditas, rush, swiftness.
ad-ripio (rapio, snatcJi), snatch.

di-ripio, tear to pieces, plunder.
e-ripio, snatch out, rescue.

63. V REG, STRETCH, GUIDE

rego, direct, control.

rectus, straight.

recte, rightly, safely.

regio, direction, neighborhood, re-
gion.

de-rigo, straighten out.

de-rectus, straight.

de-recte, straight.

e-rigo, raise up.

pergo (per + rego), press on, pro-
ceed.

por-rigo (por- = pro + rego),
stretch forth, extend.

rex (for regs), king, chief.

regius, of a king..

regnum, kingly power, kingdom.

regno, be king.

64. V RVP, BREAK

cor-rumpo (com- + rumpo, break),

destroy, ruin.
e-rumpo, cause to break out, rtish

out.

e-ruptio, sally, sortie.
in-rumpd, break in.
in-ruptio, breaking in, incursion.
per-rumpo, break through.
prae-rumpo, break off.
prae-ruptus, abrript, rugged.
rupes, cliff, rock.

65. V SAC, SACRED

sacer-dos (V DA, give} , priest.
sacramentum, oath.
sacri-ficium (V FAC), sacrifice.
sancio, make sacred, enact.
sanctus, consecrated, inviolable.
ob-secro, beseech, conjure.

WORD-GROUPS

415.

66. V SCI, SCID, SPLIT

scio, distinguish, know.
scienter, skilfully.
scientia, knowledge.
con-scientia, consciousness.
con-scius, conscious, aware.
in-sciens, not knowing:
Tn-scientia, lack of knowledge, inex-

perience.

In-scius, not knowing.
a-scisc5 (ad -f scisco, approve},

receive to oneself, accept.
con-scisco (com- -f- scisco, ap-

prove}, approve of, decide upon.
re-scisco, find out, learn.
scindo, split, tear up, break down.
re-scindo, cut down, tear apart.

67. V SCV, CV, COVER

scutum, shield.
custos, guard.
custodia, guard.
custodio, guard.

68. V SEC, FOLLOW

sequor, follow.

secundus, following, second, favor-

able.

secundum, following, along, besides.
sector, follow eagerly, hunt.
con-sequor (com-), follow, come up

with, obtain.

ex-sequor, folloiu out, carry out.
In-sequor, follotv upon, pursue, press

^lpon.
per-sequor, follow through, pursue,

avenge.

pro-sequor, follow fonuard, see off.
socius, associate, ally.
societas, association, league.

69. V SEC, CUT

sec5,
sectio, booty.

sectura, digging, quarry, mine.
de-seco, cut off.
securis, ax.

saxum (for secsum), large stone,
rock.

70. V SED, SID, SIT

sedes, abode.

ad-siduus, sitting beside, incessant.

con-sido (com-), take a position,

make a home.

de-sidia, idleness, indolence.
In-sidiae, ambush, artifice.
in-sidior, lie in ambush.
ob-sideo, besiege, obstruct.
ob-sidio, siege.
ob-sessio, siege.
ob-ses (for ob-sids), hostage.
pos-sideo (por- = pro), occupy, man.
pos-sessio, ownership, property.
pos-sido, take possession of, seize.
prae-sidium, defense, garrison.
re-sideo, be left, abide.
re-sido, settle down, grow calm.
sub-sidium, reserve, aid, relief.
sub-sido, settle down, stay.
super-sedeo, sit above, refrain from.

71. V SEM, SIM, TOGETHER, LIKE

semel, once.
semper, always, ever.
similis, like.

con-similis (com-), very similar.
simul, at once, at the same time.
similitud5, likeness.
simulo, counterfeit, pretend.
dis-simulo, disguise, keep secret.
siniulatio, pretense.
simulacrum, likeness, effigy.
simultas, rivalry.
singull, one at a time.
singularis, solitary, remarkable.
singillatim, one by one.

416

WORD-GROUPS

72. V SPEC, SEE, SPY

species, appearance, display.

specto, /0>, consider.

speculor, observe, spy.

speculator, j#y.

speculatorius, y^r spying.

con-spicio (com-) , get sight of, notice.

con-spectus, sight.

con-spicor, get sight of, notice.

de-spicio, look down on, despise.

de-spectus, prospect, view.

di-spicio (dis-), descry.

ex-specto, look out for, await.

in-specto, look at, watch.

per-spicio, look through, see clearly.

pro-spicio, look forward, watch, pro-
vide.

pro-spectus, outlook, sight.

re-spicio, look back, contemplate,
consider.

su-splcio (sub), mistrust, distrust.

su-spicor, suspect, conjecture.

73. V STA, STAND

sto, stand.

con-sto, stand together, be established.

con-stanter, consistently, firmly.

con-stantia, firmness.

ex-sto, stand forth.

in-sto, press on, be at hand.

per -sto, stand firm, persist.

prae-sto, stand before, excel, main-
tain.

stabilio, make firm.

stabilitas, _^7'jwy.r.

In-stabilis, unsteady.

Static, station, guard.

statim, on the spot, instantly.

status, attitude.

statiira, height, stature.

statuo, set up, decide, order.

con-stituo (com- + statuo), station,
decide.

de-stituo, set down, abandon.

in-stituo, put in place, begin, teach.

in-stitutum, custom, habit.

re-stituo, replace, restore, renew.

ab-sisto, hold aloof.

ad-sisto, stand near.

con-sisto (com-), take one's stand,
remain.

de-sisto, stand off, give up.

ex-sisto, come forth, spring up.

In-sisto, take a stand on.

ob-sisto, stand in the way, with-
stand.

re-sisto, stay behind, make a stand,
withstand.

re-sistens, enduring, resolute.

sub-sisto, stand firm, resist.

de-stin5, make fast, detail.

ob-stinate, firmly.

74. V TEN, STRETCH

tenuis, stretched, thin, feeble.

tenuiter, thinly.

tenuitas, thinness, scarcity, poverty.

tener, tender, flexible.

teneo, hold.

abs-tineo, hold away, refrain.

con-tine5 (com- + teneo), hold to-
gether, surround, keep.

con-tinens, contiguous, uninter-
rupted.

con-tinens, mainland.

con-tinenter, uninterruptedly.

con-tinentia, self-control.

con-tentus, satisfied.

con-tinuus, successive.

con-tinuo, without delay.

con-tiuuatio, duration.

ob-tineo, hold, maintain.

per-tineo, extend, tend, pertain.

per-tinacia, persistence, obstinacy.

pro-tinus, straight forward, -without
pause.

re-tineo, hold back.

WORD-GROUPS

417

sus-tineo (subs- = sub + teneo),
hold up, check, -withstand.

sus-tento, sustain, hold out.

tendo, stretch out.

con-tendo (com-), strive, hurry,
fight.

con-tentio, struggle.

os-tend 5 (obs-=ob), stretch toward,
show, declare.

os-tento, show, display.

os-tentatio, display, pride.

75. V TRAH, DRAG, DRAW

traho, drag.

con-trahd (com-), draw together,

collect, contract.
de-traho, drag down, remove.
dis-traho, draw apart, pull to pieces,

tear away.

ex-traho, draw out, waste in delay.
re-traho, drag back, bring back.
sub-traho, draw from below, take

aivay.

76. V VEH, MOVE, CARRY

vehementer, violently, greatly.

vectorius, for transport.

vectlgalis, paying tribttte, tributary.

vectlgal, tribute, tax.

vexo, harass.

velum (for vexlum), sail.

vexillum, banner.

con-veho (com-), carry together,

store.

de-veho, carry down, convey.
pro-veho, carry forward.
sub-veho, bring ^tp, transport.
sub-vectio, transportation.

77. V VEN, COME

venio, come.
ventitp, come often.
ad-ventus, arrival.
circum-venio, come around.

2E

con- venio (com-), come together.

con-ventus, meeting.

contio (for co-ventio), assembly,

speech.

de- venio, come down, arrive.
e-venio, come out.
e-ventus, otttcome, result.
in-veni5, come upon, learn.
in-ventor, discoverer.
inter-venio, come between.
inter-ventus, coming between.
ob-venio, come against, meet.
per-venio, come through, arrive.
pro-venio, come forth, grow.
pro-ventus, result.
sub-venio, come to help.
nuntius (for novi-ventius, \/ NOV),

bearer of tidings, neivs.

78. V VERT, TURN

verto, turn.

versus, toward.

versus, line, verse.

vers5, keep turning.

a-verto, turn away.

a- versus, turned away.

ad-verto, titrn toward.

ad-versus, turned toward, opposite,

unfavorable.

ad-versus, in opposition to, against.
ad-versarius, opponent.
anim-advert5 (animus), turn the

mind to, notice.

con-verto (com-), turn about, alter.
dl-versus, turned different ways,

straggling.
introrsus (for intro-versus), within,

inside.

prae-verto, attend to first.
quoque-versus (quisque), in every

direction, everywhere.
re-vertor, turn back, return.
riirsus (for re-versus), back, again,

on the other hand. ,

WORD-GROUPS

trans-versus, turned across, trans-
verse.
uni-versus (unus), all together.

79. V VID, SEE

video, see.

in-video, look askance at, envy.

in-vidia, envy, ill will.

pro-video, foresee, prepare, look- out
for.

prudentia (for pro-videntia), fore-
sight, discretion.

im-prudens (for in-providens, not
foreseeing}, unaware.

im-provlsus (in-), not foreseen.
im-proviso, unexpectedly, s^^ddenly.

80. V VOL, WILL, WISH

volo, will, wish.

voluntas, will, wish, inclination.

voluntarius, willing, volunteer.

voluptas, satisfaction, enjoyment.

vel, or (if you wilt), even.

vel-ut, even as,jttstas.

malo (for magis volo), wish rather,

prefer. .
n51o (for ne-volo), not wish, be ^tn-

willing.,
qui-vis, any you please.

VOCABULARY

A., the abbreviation for the praeno-
men Aulus, Aulus.

*a, ab, abs (a only before conso-
nants ; ab before vowels and most
consonants ; abs rare, except in
compounds and the phrase abs
te), prep, with abl., from, away
from ; in the direction of, near,
at, on, in ; after ; by, at the hands
of; sometimes with force of an
adv., away ; a fronte, in front;
ab utroque latere, on both sides ;
a pueris, from boyhood ; a mill-
bus passuum octo, eight miles
away. In comp., from, away ; in
adjectives and nouns often has a
negative force.

*abditus, -a, -um [part, of abdo],
hidden, concealed.

*abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ab + -do,
put], put away, hide; se abdere,
take reftige, commonly used with
in and the ace.

abduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [ab
+ duco], lead away, take away.

abeo, -ire, -ivi(-ii), -iturus [ab +
eo], go away, go off, depart.

abicio, -icere, -iecl, -iectus [ab +
iacio], throw away, throw down,
hurl (from oneself).

abies, -ietis, i.,fir (tree or wood).

abiungo, -iungere, -iunxl, -iunctus
[ab -f iungo], separate, detach.

abs, see a, ab, abs.

abscido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [abs
+ caedo], cut away, cut off, cut.

*absens, -entis [part, of absum],
adj., absent.

absimilis, -e [ab + similis], tinlike. '

absisto, -sistere, -stiti [ab + sistd,
cause to stand~\, take position
away, hold aloof.

abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus
[abs + teneo], hold away, keep
away ; refrain, abstain ; a mu-
lieribus abstinere, spare the
women.

abstrah5, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus
[abs + traho], drag aivay, carry
off.

*absum, abesse, afui, afuturus [ab
-f sum], be away, be absent, be
distant; remain away ; be lack-
ing; ab hoc consilio abesse, not
be concerned in this scheme; a
bello abesse, be exempt from the
duty of fighting.

abundo, -are, -avi [ab + undo,
surge ; cf. unda, wave], overfloiv ;
abound, be supplied.

ac, see atque.

*accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
[ad + cedo], go towards, come
towards, approach ; arrive, come ;
be added (equivalent to pass, of
addo) ; accedit quod, there is the
additional reason that, besides;
accedit ut, there is the additional
fact that, besides.

accelero, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +

419

42O

VOCABULARY

celero, quicken; cf. celer], hasten,
make haste.

*acceptus, -a, -um [part, of accipio],
acceptable, beloved; plebl accep-
tus, popular.

*accido, -cidere, -cidi [ad + cado],
fall to ; fall ; befall; happen, come
to pass, turn out ; casu accidit ut,
it chanced that.

accido, -cidere, -cidi, -clsus [ad -f
caedo], cut at, cut into, cut partly
through.

*accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [ad
+ capio], take, receive, accept,
get; suffer, undergo; hear of,
learn.

acclivis, -e [ad + clivus], sloping
upward, ascending.

acclivitas, -atis [acclivis], f., ascent,
slope.

Acco, -6nis, m., Acco, a chief among
the Senones.

*accommodatus, -a, -um [part, of
accommodo], fitted, adapted, suit-
able.

*accommodo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
commodo, accommodate; cf. corn-
modus],^/ on, adjust.

accurate [accuratus, careful'], adv.,
carefully, accurately.

accurro, -currere, -curri or -cucurri,
-cursus [ad + curro, rwi\, rim
to; run (towards); ride ttp.

*accuso, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
causa], accuse, blame, chide.

acerbe [acerbus], adv., bitterly,
harshly, painfully; acerbius
ferre, suffer too severely from.

acerbitas, -atis [acerbus], f., bitter-
ness, severity, pain; pi., suffer-
ings.

acerbus, -a, -um [acer, sharp},
bitter, harsh.

acerrime, sup. of acriter.

acervus, -I, TO.., pile, heap.

*acies, -el [cf. acer, sharp"}, f., sharp
edge, keenness ; battle-line, array ;
army ; battle ; prima acies, front
rank; acies OCUlorum, glare of
the eyes; triplex acies, triple line,
see Introd., p. 44.

*acriter [acer, sharp], adv., sharply,
keenly, fiercely; vigorously, cour-
ageously.

actuarius, -a, -um [ago], driven,
swift; navis actuaria, swift
vessel, propelled by both sails and
oars.

actus, -a, -um, part, of ago.

acutus, -a, -um [part, of acuo,
sharpen~\, sharpened^ sharp.

*ad, prep, with ace., to, towards, to the
vicinity of; near, with, among, at;
of time, up to, until, by, at; often
with a gerund or gerundive, for
the purpose of, in order to, for ;
according to, as to, in regard to ;
with numerals, to, as many as,
aboztt; usque ad, see usque; ad
hunc modum, in this manner, to
this effect; quern ad modum, how ?
as; ad extremum, at last; ad
tempus, on time; ad Idus Aprflis,
on the Ides of April. In comp.,
to, towards, near, at, besides, etc.

adactus, -a, -um, part, of adigo.

*adaequo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
aequo], make equal; become equal,
be equal ; equal; keep tip with.

adamo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad+ amo,
love~},fall in love with, take a lik-
ing to.

addo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ad + -do,
put}, put to, place on, make addi-
tions, add; say besides.

*adduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [ad
+ duco], lead to, lead towards,
lead, draw towards, bring, bring
along; draw tight, stretch ; chiefly
in pass., induce, influence.

VOCABULARY

421

ademptus, -a, -um, part, of adimo.

adeo [ad -f- adv. eo], adv., to that
point, to such a degree, so, so imich,
so far ; even.

*adeo, -ire, -ivi (-if), -itus [ad + eo],
go to, get near, approach; visit,
get at ; accost; atta.ck.

adeptus, -a, -um, part, of adipiscor.

adequito, -are, -avi [ad + equito,
ride~\, ride (towards).

adf ectus, -&, -um, part, of adficiS.

*adfer5, adf erre, attuli, adlatus [ad
+ fero], bring to, carry to, bring,
carry ; bring forward, cite, an-
noiince; cause, produce.

adficio, -ficere, -feel, -fectus [ad +
facio], do to ; affect, delight, afflict,
distress; treat; supplicio adfi-
cere, prmish ; beneficio adf ectus,
treated kindly.

adf igo, -figere, -f Ixi, -fixus [ad +
figo, fix], fasten to, attach.

adfingo, -fingere, -finxl, -fictus
[ad + fingo], make tip in addi-
tion, add falsely.

adfinitas, -atis [adfinis, related by
marriage\, f., relationship by mar-
riage, alliance.

adf irmatid, -onis [adfTrmo, strength-
en^, f., assurance, statement.

adfixus, -a, -um, part, of adflgo.

adflicto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
adfligo], dash against; strand,
wreck.

adfligo, -fligere, -flixi, -flictus
[ad + fligo, strike~\, strike against,
dash against; damage; over-
throw.

adf ore, fut. inf. of adsum.

*adgredior, -gredi, -gressus [ad +
gradior, step~\, move towards, ap-
proach; attack; try.

adgrego, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
grego, collect into a herd; cf.
grex, herd~\, collect ; join to, at-

tach ; signis se adgregare, gather
around the standards.

adhaerescS, -haerescere, -haesi
[inchoative of adhaereo, cling to~\,
stick.

*adhibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitus
[ad + habeo], hold to ; have with
(oneself); retain, detain; sum-
mon, admit ; apply to, make use
of.

adhortor, -an, -atus [ad + hortor],
encourage, exhort, urge, arouse;
address.

adhuc [ad + hue], adv., to this
point; thus far ; up to this time,
hitherto.

adiaceo, -iacere, -iacui [ad + iaceo],
lie near, be adjacent.

Adiatunnus, -I, m., Adiatunnus, a
chief among the Sotiates.

adici5, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ad +
iacio], throw to, throw beside,
throw; buildup, throw Tip, add;
adiecta planitie, with a plain
adjoining.

*adigo, -igere, -egi, -actus [ad +
ago], drive to, bring to, bring
near; hurl to; drive in, drive
down ; ad ius iurandum adigere,
force to take oath.

*adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [ad
+ em5], take to oneself; remove,
take away ; destroy.

adipiscor, -ipisci, -eptus [ad +
apiscor, reach after\, arrive at;
gain.

*aditus,-US [adeo], n\.,approach, ar-
rival, meeting; way of approach, '
entrance, access; admittance, privi-
lege of association.

adiudicS, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
iudico], adjudge, award.

adiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunctus
[ad+ inngo~\, join to, join with;
win over, take as ally ; annex.

422

VOCABULARY

adiutor, -oris [adiuvo], m., helper,
mediator.

*adiuv5, -iuvare, -iuvi, -iutus [ad +
iuvo], help, be of assistance ; fur-
ther, support.

adlatus, -a, -um, part, of adf er5.

adlicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectus [ad +
lacio, entice"] t allure, entice.

administer, -tri [ad + minister, serv-
ant; cf. minus], m., assistant,
helper.

*administr6, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
ministro, serve~\, manage, direct ;
perform, carry otit ; manage
affairs; imperia administrate,
perform the duties of commander;
rem publicam administrare, con-
duct public affairs.

*admirandus, -a, -um [part, of ad-
nnror], wonderful, surprising.

*admiror, -an, -atus [ad + mlror],
wonder, feel surprise ; wonder at,
admire.

admitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[ad-j-mitto], send to, let in, admit ;
permit, incur ; commit ; equo ad-
misso, with horse at full speed.

admodum [ad + modus], adv., to
the limit, to a high degree, very
much, very, especially, particu-
larly ; at least, about.

admoneo, -monere, -monui, -moni-
tus [ad + moneo], warn, advise.

*adolesco, -olescere, -olevi, -ultus
[ad + olesco, grow], grow up, de-
come full-grown.

*adorior, -oriri, -ortus [ad -f orior],

' rise, rise against, attack.

adquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisltus
[ad + quaero], seek in addition,
gain; aliquid adquirere, gain
some advantage.

adripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [ad
+ rapio, sna.tcJi\, snatch, catch
hurriedly, seize.

adroganter [adrogans, assuming],
adv., presTimptiwusly, imperti-
nently.

adrogantia, -ae [adrogans, assum-
' ing~\, f., prestimption, arrogance,
insolence.

adsiduus, -a, -um [adsideo, sit be-
side^ , sitting beside ; constant, con-
tinual, incessant.

adsisto, -sistere, -stiti [ad + sisto,
cause to stand~\, take a- stand, stand
near.

adsuefacio, -facere, -feel, -factus
[adsuetus, part, of adsuesco +
facio], make accustomed, train,
inure ; pass., grow accustomed.

adsuesco, -suescere, -suevi, -suetus
[ad + suesco, become accustomed~\,
accustom ; grow accristomed.

adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus [ad +
sum], be near, be present, be (in a
place) ; often equivalent to have
arrived ; stand by, help, sustain.

*adulescens, -entis [part, of ado-
lesco], &&}.,young; as subst., m. and
L, young man, yotmg woman; often
with proper names, the younger, to
distinguish from older persons of
the same name.

adulescentia, -ae [adulescens], f.,
youthfttlness, youth.

adulescentulus, -i [dim. of adules-
eens], m., very young man, youth,
stripling.

*adventus, -us [advenio, arrive],
m., arrival, coming, approach.

adversarius, -a, -um [adversus], op-
posing; as subst., m., opponent,
adversary.

*adversus, -a, -um [part, of adverto],
turned against, opposing, opposite ;
unfavorable, adverse ; adverse flu-
mine, up-stream ; adversis hosti-
bus, the enemy, face to face ; ad-
versa nocte, in the face of the

VOCABULARY

423

night; in adversum 6s, full in
the face.

*adversus [adversus], prep, with
ace., against, in opposition to.

*adverto, -vertere, -verti, -versus [ad
+ verto], turn towards ; animum
advertere, turn the mind to, i.e.
observe, notice (cf. animadverts) .

advoco, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
voco], call to ; call, summon.

advolo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad + volo,
fly\,fly to; hasten, rush.

*aedificium, -I [aedifico], n., build-
ing, house.

*aedific5, -are, -avi, -atus [aedes,
building + facio], build a house,
build.

*aeger, -gra, -grum, sick, ill, -weak,
siiffering.

*aegre [aeger], adv., painfully, with
difficTilty, barely ; sup. aegerrime }
ivith the utmost difficulty.

Aemilius, -I, m., Aemilius, a Roman
nomen; Lucius Aemilius, prob-
ably an enfranchised Gaul, decu-
rion of cavalry in Caesar' j army.

aequaliter [aequalis, equal~\, adv.,
evenly, uniformly.

aequinoctium, -I [aequus + nox],
n., the time when day and night
are equal, equinox.

aequitas, -atis [aequus], f., uni-
formity, eqiiality ; justice ; animi
aequitas, calmness of mind, equa-
nimity.

aequ5, -are, -avi, -atus [aequus],
make level, make eqtial, equalize.

*aequus, -a, -um, level, plain; equal ;
favorable, fair, just; aequo
animo, with calmness of mind,
with eqiianimity ; aequo Marte,
in an ei'enly balanced conjlict.

aeraria, -ae [aerarius, of copper~\, f.,
copper -mine, mine.

aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze (an

alloy of copper and tin) ; money ;
aes alienum, debt (another's
money).

*aestas, -atis [cf. aestus], f., heat,
summer.

aestimatiS, -onis [aestimo], f., -valu-
ation, estimate.

aestimo, -are, -avi, -atus, determine
the value of, estimate, judge ; con-
sider, think.

aestivus, -a, -um [aestas], of sum-
mer, summer.

aestuarium, -i [aestus], n., inlet
(where the tide flows in), salt
marsh, estuary.

*aestus, -us [cf. aestas], m., heat-;
seething, swell (of the sea), tide.

aetas, -atis [old form aevitas, from
aevum, age~\ } f., time of life, age ;
old age.

aeternus, -a, -um [for aeviternus,
from aevum, age], everlasting, end-
less.

Africus, -a, -um [Africa, Africa],
African; as subst. (sc. ventus),
m., southwest wind (blowing from
Africa towards Italy).

afuisse, perf. inf. of absum.

afuturus, -a, -um, see absum.

Agedincum, -I, n., Agedincum, the
principal town of the Senones, now
Sens, on the Yonne.

*ager, -gri, m., land, soil ; coiintry,
territory, district, region; pi.,
land, lands, cotmtry ; agrlsolum,
the bare ground; agri cultura,
farming, agriculture.

*agger, -eris [ad + gero], m., heap,
mound; dike, mole, rampart; espe-
cially, terrace or elevated roadway,
built of wood, earth, and stones, on
which were placed besieging en-
gines (see Introd., p. 47) ; material
for a rampart or terrace, earth,
timber.

424

VOCABULARY

agito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of ago],
set in violent motion ; bring up for
discussion, discuss.

*agmen, -minis [ag5], n., marching
army, column ; line of march,
march; primum agmen, van ; ex-
tremum or novissimum agmen,
rear.

*ago, agere, egi, actus, set in motion;
drive, pursue ; conduct, lead; push
forward, bring forward ; drive
down, drive in; drive away;
treat, discuss, negotiate; do, act,
manage; construct, build; con-
ventus agere, hold court; gratias
agere, express thanks.

*alacer, ,-cris, -ere, lively, eager,
ready.

alacritas, -atis [alacer], f., eagerness,
spirit, energy.

alarius, -a, -um [ala, wing], belong-
ing to the wing; as subst., m. pi.,
aiixiliary troops, auxiliaries, so
called because their proper station
in battle was on the wings of the
army.

albus, -a, -um, white; plumbum
album (white lead"), tin.

alces, -is, f., elk.

Alesia, -ae, f., Alesia, a town of the
Mandubii, now A Use Sainte JReine,
northwest of Dijon.

ali-, an indefinite prefix.

*alias [alius], adv., at another time,
otherwise; alias . . . alias, at one
time . . . at another time, some-
times . . . sometimes, now . . .
now.

alieno, -are, -avi, -atus [alienus],
make another' 1 s ; make unfriendly,
estrange, alienate; deprive of rea-
son, drive insane.

*alienus, -a, -um [alius], another's,
belonging to other people ; untimely,
unfavorable ; alien, hostile ; alie-

nissimi, -5rum, m. pi., utter
strangers; aes alienum, see
aes.

*alio [alius], adv., to another place,
else^vhere.

aliquamdiu [aliquis + diu], adv., for
some time, for a time, a while.

aliquandd [ali- + quando], adv., at
some time or other, once ; at length.

aliquanto [aliquantus], adv., by some-
thing, by a little, .somewhat.

aliquantus, -a, -um [ali- + quantus],
some, considerable; as subst., n.,
something, a little; aliquantum
itineris, some distance.

*aliquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod)
[ali- + quis (qui)], indef. pron.,
some one, any one ; something, any-
thing; some, any ; aliquid novi
consili, some new plan; aliquid,
as adv., somewhat.

*aliquot [ali- + quot], indecl. adj.,
some, several, a few.

*aliter [alius], adv., in another way,
otherwise; aliter ac, otherwise
than, differently from ; aliter se
habere, be different.

*alius, -a, -ud, another, other, differ-
ent, else, any other ; alius . . .
alius, one . . . another ; alii . . .
alii, some . . . others ; alius alia
causa inlata, one giving one rea-
son, another another ; cum alius
alii subsidium ferret, since they
helped one another ; alius atque
(ac), other than, different from.

Allobroges, -um, m. pi., the Allob-
roges, a Gallic tribe in the
northeastern part of the Roman
province.

alo, alere, alui, altus or alitus,
feed, sustain, support; increase;
cherish ; raise ; continue.

Alpes, -ium, f. pi., the Alps, moun-
tains separating Cisalpine Gaul

VOCABULARY

425

from Transalpine Gaul and Ger-
many.

*alter, -era, -erum, the other, one (of
two) ; second; another; alter . . .
alter, the one . . . the other ; alterl
. . . alteri, the one party . . . the
other party.

alternus, -a, -um [alter], one after
. the other, alternate.

*altitudo, -dinis [altus], f., height, al-
titude ; depth ; thickness ; in alti-
tudinem, in height (depth).

*altus, -a, -um [part, of alo, lit. nour-
ished, grown great], high, lofty ;
deep ; as subst, n.-, the deep, the
sea.

alula, -ae [cf. alumen, alum"], f., soft
leather, prepared with alum.

ambactus, -I, m., dependent, follower,
vassal, slave.

Ambarri, -Drum [Celtic, dwellers on
both sides of the Arar~\, m. pi., the
Ambarri, a Gallic tribe near the
Haedui on the Arar (Saone).

ambi- [cf. ambo], an inseparable
prefix, around, round aboztt.

Ambiani, -orum, m. pi., the Ambi-
ani, a Belgic tribe.

Ambibarii, -orum, m. pi., the Ambi-
barii, a Gallic tribe on or near
the English Channel.

Ambiliati, -orum, m. pi., the Am-
biliati, a Gallic tribe, perhaps on
the left bank of the Liger (Loire).

Ambiorix, -igis [Celtic, king of the
ramparts'], m., Ambiorix, king of
a part of the Eburones.

Ambivareti, -orum, m. pi., the Am-
bivareti, a Gallic tribe, probably
near the Haedui on the Liger
(Loire) .

Ambivariti, -orum, m. pi., the Ambi-
variti, a Belgic tribe, probably
on the left bank of the Mosa
(Meuse).

ambo, -ae, -6 [cf. ambi-], adj., both
(of two closely associated; cf.
uterque).

amentia, -ae [amens, mad, from a
-f- mens], f., madness, frenzy,
folly.

amentum, -I, n., strap, thong, used
to give a whirling motion to a
javelin.

*amicitia, -ae [amlcus], f., friend-
ship ; alliance, league.

*amicus, -a, -um [amo, love~\,
friendly, devoted; as subst., m.,
friend, ally.

*amitt5, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[a + mitto], let go away, send
away, dismiss ; let go by, lose;
-abandon.

amor, -oris [amo, love~\, m., love,
affection.

*ample [amplus], adv., largely;
liberally, munificently; comp.
amplius, more, longer ; besides.

amplifico, -are, -avi, -atus [am-
plus + facio], increase, extend.

amplitude, -dinis [amplus], f., size,
breadth; greatness, dignity, might.

amplius, see amplus and ample.

* amplus, -a, -um, of great extent,
ample, abundant; numerous ; dis-
tinguished, illustrious ; magnifi-
cent; comp. amplius, as subst., n.,
more.

*an, conj., or, introducing the
second part of a double ques-
tion ; utrum (-ne) . . . an,
whether . . . or; sometimes the
first part of the question is sup-
pressed, and the force of an can
be given by some turn to the
translation, e.g. an speculandl
causa, (for some other reason) or
for the purpose of spying, i.e. was
it really to spy ?

Anartes, -ium, m. pi., the Anartes,

426

VOCABULARY

a tribe in .Dacia, in what is now

Hungary.
Ancalites, -um, m. pi., the Ancali-

tes, a tribe in Britain, south of the

Thames.
*anceps, -cipitis [ambi- + caput],

adj., -with two heads ; double, two-
fold ; doubtful, uncertain.
*ancora, -ae, f., anchor ; in ancoris,

at anchor.
Andebrogius, -I, m., .Andebrogius,

a prominent man among the

Remi.
Andes, -ium, or Andl, -orum, m. pi.,

the Andes, or Andi, a Gallic tribe

north of the Liger (Loire). The

name survives in the modern

Anjou.
anfractus, -iis, m., turn, circuitous

route.

angulus, -l, m., angle, corner, bend.
*anguste [angustus], adv., narrowly,

within a .narrow space, in close

quarters ; stintingly.
*angustiae, -arum [angustus], f. pi.,

narrowness, narrow place, narrow
pass, dejile ; difficulty, perplexity.

* angustus, -a, -um [ango, press

tight], narrow, small, scanty;
difficult ; in angusto, at a crisis.
anima, -ae [cf. animus], f., breatli;
life, soul.

* animadverts, -vertere, -verti,

-versus [animus + adverto], turn
the thoughts toward, give attention
. to, notice, perceive ; animadver-
tere in, take notice of, take
measures against, punish ; cf.
animum advertere.
animal, -alis [cf. anima], n., living
being, animal.

* animus, -i [cf. anima], m., inspi-

ration, spirit ; feelings, thoughts,
inclination, character ; heart,
will, purpose; spirit, courage,

pluck ; consciousness, mind; bono
animo videri, seem well-disposed ;
animi causa, for amusement; ani-
mum advertere, see adverto.

ann5tinus, -a, -um [annus], belong-
ing to last year, a year old.

* annus, -I, m., year.

annuus, -a, -um [annus], belonging
to a year, for a year, yearly,
annual.

anser, -eris, m., goose.

*ante: (l) adv., before, earlier, pre-
viously ; paulo ante, a short time
before, a little while ago ; (2) prep,
with ace., before (of place or time),
in front of; ante exactam hie-
mem, before the winter was gone.
In comp., before, rather than, in
preference to.

antea [ante + is], adv., before,
formerly, previously, earlier,

once.

antecedo, -cedere, -cessl, -cessus
[ante + ced6],0 before, precede,
march in advance ; proceed ; sur-
pass.

antecursor, -oris [antecurro, run
before~\, m., forerunner ; pi., ad-
vance-guard.

antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [ante
+ fero], bear before, place before ;
prefer.

antemna, -ae, f., sail-yard.

antepono, -ponere, -posui, -positus
[ante + pono],//^i? before ; con-
sider more important, prefer.

anteverto, -vertere, -verti, versus
[ante + verto],//<z before; pass.,
take precedence of.

antiquitus [antiquus], adv., from
ancient times, in old times, long
ago, of old.

antiquus, -a, -um [ante], belonging
to old times, ancient; former,
old.

VOCABULARY

427

Antistius, -I, m., Antistim, a Ro-
man nomen ; Gaius Antistiiis
Reginus, one of Caesar's legates.

Antonius, -l, m., Antonius, Antony,
a Roman nomen ; Marcus Anto-
nius, Mark Antony, served as leg-
ate under Caesar. He was after-
wards a member of the so-called
Second Triumvirate.

* aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus,
open, uncover.

*aperte [apertus],
manifestly.

adv., openly,

* apertus, -a, -um [part, of aperio],
open, ^^ncovered, unprotected, ex-
posed, bare; unimpeded; apertum
latus, exposed flank, usually the
right, which was unprotected by
the shields.

Apollo, -linis, m., Apollo, a god of
the Greek and Roman mytholo-
gies. He was the god of music,
poetry, and medicine. Caesar
identifies a- Gallic deity with
Apollo.

App., the abbreviation for the prae-
nomen Appius, 'Appius.

appar5, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
paro], prepare, get ready, provide.

*appello, -are, -avi, -atus, speak to,
call by name, call.

*appello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus
[ad + pello], drive to, bring up ;
bring to land.

appeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitus
[ad + peto], seek for, seek to get,
aim at, desire; draw near, ap-
proach.

applico, -plicare, -plica vi or -plicui,
-plicatus or -plicitus [ad + plico,
fold}, bend towards; se applicare
ad, lean against.

apporto, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
porto], bring to, bring, fetch.

approbo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +

probo], think good, commend,
assent to.

* appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad
+ propinquo, come near], draw
near, approach.

appulsus, -a, -um, part, of appello.
Aprilis, -e [aperio], of April.
*aptus, -a, -um, fastened ; fitted,

suitable, fit ; ready.
*apud, prep, with ace., in the pres-
ence of, before ; in the sight of;
among, with, near.
*aqua, -ae, f., water.
aquatiS, -onis [aquor, get water},

f., getting water, watering.
* aquila, -aey f., eagle ; standard of
a legion, a silver eagle mounted
on a staff.

Aquileia, -ae, f., Aquileia, a town
of Cisalpine Gaul, at the head of
the Adriatic,
aquilifer, -eri [aquila + fero], m.,

eagle-bearer, standard-bearer.
Aquitania, -ae, f., Aquitania, the
part of Gaul inhabited by the
Aquitani. It was* bounded by
the ocean (Bay of Biscay), the
Garumna (Garonne), the Pyr-
enees, and the Roman prov-
ince. s

Aqultanus, -a, -um, belonging to
Aquitania, Aqtiitanian ; as subst.,
m., an AqTiitanian ; pi., the
Aquitani, the Aquitanians.
Arar, -aris, ace. -im, abl. -I, m., the
Arar river, now the Saone, a
branch of the Rhone,
arbiter, -tri, m., witness ; mediator,

arbitrator, umpire.
arbitrium, -i [arbiter], n., decision,

judgment ; free will, pleasure.
arbitror, -an, -atus [arbiter], de-
cide, believe, think, consider, sup-
pose.
* arbor, -oris, f., tree.

428

VOCABULARY

*arcesso, -cessere, -cessrvi, -cessi-
tus, cause to come, send for, invite,
summon; procure,

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus, be on
fire, burn ; be full of fury.

Arduenna, -ae, f., the Ardennes, a
great forest stretching westward
from the Rhine through the land
of the Belgae.

arduus, -a, -um, steep, high; difficult.

ArecomicI, -orum, m. pi., the Areco-
mici, a division of the Volcae, a
people inhabiting the western
part of the Roman province.

Aremoricus, -a, -um [Celtic, equiv-
alent to Lat. maritimus], Are-
morican. The word is used of
the Gallic coast states between
the Liger (Loire) and Sequana
(Seine), and also of the Caleti,
just north of the Sequana.

argentum, -I, n., silver; plate,
silverware.

argilla, -ae, f., white clay ; clay.

*aridus, -a, -um [areo, be dry],
parched, dry ; as subst., n., dry
place, dry land.

aries, -ietis, m., ram ; battering-
ram ; prop.

Ariovistus, -l, m., Ariovistus, a
German chief, or king.

Aristius, -i, m., Aristius, a Roman
nomen ; Marcus Aristius, a
tribune in Caesar's army.

*arma, -orum, n. pi., arms, weapons,
armor ; outfit ; ship 's tackle, rig-
ging; in armis, under arms, in
the field.

armamenta, -5rum [armo], n. pi.,
implements ; equipment, rigging.

armatura, -ae [armo], f., armor,
equipment; levis armaturae,
light-armed.

*armatus, -a, -um [part, of armo],
armed, equipped, under arms;

as subst., m. pi., armed men,
troops.

*armd, -are, -avi, -atus [arma],
arm, equip.

Arpineius, -i, m., Arpineius, a Ro-
man nomen ; Gaius Arpineius, a
Roman knight in Caesar's army.

ars, artis, f., skill, art.

arte [artus], adv., closely, firmly.

articulus, -i [dim. of artus, joint~\,
m., small joint, joint, articulation.

artificium, -i [artifex, master of an
art], n., employment, handicraft,
craft; skill, knowledge ; artifice.

artus, -a, -um, close, dense.

Arvernus, -a, -um, Arvernian; as
subst., m., an Arvernian; pi.,
the Arverni, the *Arvernians, a
powerful Gallic tribe north of the
Roman province. The name re-
mains in the modern Auvergne.

arx, arcis [cf. arceo, inclose'], f.,
citadel, stronghold.

* ascendo, -scendere, .-scendi, -scen-
SUS [ad -f scando, climb'], mount,
climb, ascend, scale.

ascensus, -us [ascendo], m., ascent,
way up.

ascisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitus [ad
+ sclsco, approve'], attach (to one-
self), receive.

aspectus, -us [aspicio, look at], m.,
seeing, sight; look, aspect.

asper, -era, -erum, rough; hard,
perilous.

*at, conj., but, but on the other hand,
but meamuhile, but yet ; yet at
least, at least, at any rate.

*atque, ac (atque before vowels, h,
and some consonants; ac only
before consonants) [ad + -que],
conj., and, and also, and besides,
and even; alius atque, other than,
different from ; aliter ac, other-
wise than ; contra atque, see con-

VOCABULARY

429

tra ; idem or par atque, the same
as; similis atque, like as;- simul
atque, as soon as.

Atrebas, -atis, m., an Atrebatian;
pi., the Atr elates, the Atrebatians,
a Belgic tribe.

Atrius, -I, m., Atrius, a Roman no-
men; Quintus Atrius, an officer
in Caesar's army.

attex5, -texere,- -texui, -textus [ad
+ texo, weave'], weave to, join
on.

*attingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactus
[ad + tang5], touch, arrive at,
reach; border on.

attribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, -tributus
[ad + tribuo], assign, give, give in
charge.

attuli, see adfero.

Atuatuca, -ae, f., Atuatuca, a
stronghold of the Eburones, which
has usually been identified with
Tongres; but strong arguments
have been advanced for placing it
east of the Mosa (Meuse), in the
vicinity of Aix-la-Chapelle.

Atuatuci, -orum, m. pi., the Atuatuci,
a Belgic tribe west of the Mosa
(Meuse). According to Caesar
they were of Germanic origin.

auctor, -oris [augeo], m., promoter,
leader, author, voucher, responsible
person, aiithority, adviser.

*auct5ritas, -atis [auctor], f.,
weight, personal influence, prestige,
power, authority; dignity, im-
portance, force.

*auctus, -a, -um [part, of augeo],
increased, abundant ; rich.

audacia, -ae [audax, daring], f., dar-
ing, boldness, recklessness; temer-
ity, insolence.

*audacter [audax, daring"], adv.,
daringly, boldly, courageously,
confidently, recklessly.

*audeo, audere, ausus, ventiire,
dare, risk; be bold.

* audio, -ire, -IVI, -itus, hear, hear

of, learn; listen to, obey ; dicto
audiens, obedient to the word,
obedient.

auditio, -onis [audio], f., hearing,
hearsay, rumor, news.

* augeo, augere, auxi, auctus, in-

crease, enlarge, add to; pass.,
grow.

Aulercus, -I, m., an Aulercan; pi.,
the Aulercans, the Aztlerci, a tribe
having several divisions : Aulerci
Brannovices, probably south of
the Haedui ; Aulerci Cenomani,
Aulerci Diablintes, and Aulerci
Eburovices, in northwestern Gaul.

aureus, -a, -um [aurum, gold~], of
gold, golden, gold.

auriga, -ae, m., charioteer, driver.

auris, -is, f., ear.

Aurunculeius, -I, m., Aurmiculeius,
a Roman nomen ; Lucius Aurnn-
culeiiis Cotta, one of Caesar's
legates.

Ausci, -orum, m. pi., the Ausci, an
Aquitanian tribe.

ausus, -a, -um, part, of audeo.

*aut, conj., or, or even, or at least, or
on the 'Other hand; aut . . . aut,
either . . . or.

*autem (always postpositive), conj.,
but, however, yet, on the other hand,
while ; furthermore, too ; now.

autumnus, -I, m., autumn.

auxi, see augeo.

auxiliaris, -e [auxilium], aiding^
auxiliary ; as subst., m. pi., aux-
iliary troops, auxiliaries.

auxilior, -ari, -atus [auxilium], give
' aid, help.

* auxilium, -l [augeo], n., help, aid,

support; resource, resort; pi., aux-
iliaries, reinforcements.

430

VOCABULARY

Avaricensis, -e [Avaricum], of

Avaricum, belonging or pertain-
ing to Avaricum,
Avaricum, -I [Celtic, town on the

Avara (Yevre)], n., Avaricum, a

town of the Bituriges, now

Bourges.
avaritia, -ae [avarus, grasping], L,

greed, avarice.
aveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus [a +

veho, carry\, carry away.
*aversus, -a, -um [part, of averto],

turned away ; in the rear, from

the rear, retreating.
* averto, -vertere, -verti, -versus [a

+ verto], 'turn away, turn aside,

avert; alienate.
*avis, -is, f., bird.
avus, -I, m., grandfather.
Axona, -ae, m., the Axona river,

now the Aisne, a branch of the

Isara (Oise).

B

Bacenis, -is, f., Bacenis, the name
of a forest in Germany, between
the Suebi and Cherusci.

Baculus, -I, m., Baculus, a Roman
cognomen ; see Sextius.

Balearis, -e, Balearic, belonging to
the Balearic Islands, a group of
islands east of Spain. Excellent
slingers came from these islands.

balteus, -l, m., belt, sword-belt, shoul-
der-belt.

Balventius, -I, m., Balventius, a
Roman nomen ; Titus Balven-
tius, a brave centurion of Caesar's
army.

*barbarus, -a, -um, of strange
speech ; not Greek or Roman, bar-
barous, uncivilized ; savage, cruel ;
as subst., m., native, barbarian.

Basilus, -I, m., Basilus, a Roman
cognomen ; see Minucius.

Batavi, -orum, m. pi., the Bata-vi,
the Batavians, a people, probably
German, dwelling near the mouth
of the Rhine.

Belgae, -arum, m. pi., the Belgae,
the Belgians, the people inhabit-
ing the northern of the three di-
visions of Gaul.

Belgium, -i, n., Belgium, the region
inhabited by the Belgae.

bellicSsus, -a, -um [bellicus], war-
like, fond of war.

bellicus, -a, -um [bellum], pertain-
ing to war, military, warlike.

*bello, -are, -avi, -atus [bellum],
carry on war, fight.

Bellovaci, -orum, m. pi., the Bello-
vaci, the most powerful and influ-
ential tribe of the Belgae.

* bellum, -i, n., war; bellum defen-
dere, repel war, carry on defen-
sive war ; ducere bellum, prolong
the war; bellum inferre, make
war.

*bene [bonus], adv., well, success-
fully, advantageotisly.

*beneficium, -i [bene + facio], n.,
favor, kindness, service, benefit;
beneficid obstrictus, under obli-
gations for kindness received.

benevolentia, -ae [benevolens, well-
wishing^, L, goodwill, friendship,
kindness.

bi- [cf. bis], an inseparable prefix,
twice, double, two.

Bibracte, -tis, n., Bibracte, the
chief town of the Haedui, situ-
ated on Mont Beuvray.

Bibrax, -actis, f., Bibrax, a town
of the Remi, situated perhaps
on a hill now called Vieux
Laon.

BibrocI, -5rum, m. pi., the Bibroci,
a tribe on the southern coast of
Britain.

VOCABULARY

43

*blduum, -l [bis + dies], n., period
of two days, two days.

biennium, -I [bi- + annus], n;,
period of two years, two years.

Bigerriones, -um, m. pi., the Biger-
riones, a tribe of Aquitania, near
the Pyrenees. The name is pre-
served in the modern Bigorre.

*bini, -ae, -a [bis], pi. adj., two by
two, two at a time, two apiece ; with
nouns plural in form which usually
have a singular meaning, two.

bipartite [bipartitus, divided into

two parts~\, adv., in two divisions. '

> bipedalis, -e [bi |- pedalis], tivo

feet in measure, of two feet, two

feet thick.

*bis [cf. bi-], adv., twice.

Bituriges, -um, m. pi., the Bituriges,
an important tribe of central Gaul.

Boduognatus, -l, m., Boduognatus,
a chief of the Nervii.

B5ii, B6i5rum, m. pi., the Boii, a
Gallic tribe, which was finally
settled in the territory of the
Haedui, perhaps in the angle be-
tween the Elaver (Allier) and the
Liger (Loire).

bonitas, -atis [bonus], f., goodness,
richness, fertility.

* bonus, -a, -van., good ; faithful, reli-

able ; favorable ; friendly, kindly ;
bonus animus, good will ; ' as
subst., n., good, advantage ; n. pi.,
goods, property, possessions.

bos, bovis, m. and f., ox, cow; pi.,
cattle.

*bracchium, -l, n., forearm, arm.

Brannovices, -um, m. pi., Branno-
vices ; see Aulercus.

Bratuspantium, -i, n., Bratuspan-
tium, a town of the Bellovaci,
perhaps near the modern Breteuil.

* brevis, -e, short, brief; brevi, in a

short time, within a short space.

brevitas, -atis [brevis], i., shortness,
brevity ; low stature.

* breviter [brevis], adv., briefly, in
few words, tersely.

Britanni, -orum, m. pi., the Britons,
the people of Britannia.

Britannia, -ae [Britanni], f., Britain,
the island now including Eng-
land, Scotland, and Wales. See
Introd., p. 29.

Britannicus, -a, -um [Britanni], of
the Britons, of Britain, Britan-
nic, British.

bruma, -ae [for brevuma, old sup.
of brevis], f., shortest day of the
year, winter solstice ; winter.

Brutus, -i, m., Brzttus, a Roman
cognomen ; Decimus Junius Bru-
tus, an able legate under Caesar,
afterwards one of his murderers.

C., the abbreviation for the praeno-
men Gaius, Gains.

Caburus, -i, m., Cabtirus; see Vale-
rius.

cacumen, -minis, n., extremity;
top.

cadaver, -eris {cado], n., corpse.

* cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus,/?///

fall dead, be slain.
Cadurcus, -I, m., a Cadurcan ; pi.,

the Cadurci, the Cadurcans, a

small Gallic tribe near the Roman

province,
caedes, -is [caedo],f., cutting down,

killing, slaughter, massacre.

* caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesus, cut,

cut down.

caelestis, -e. [caelum, heaven~\, of
' heaven, heavenly ; as subst., m.
pi., gods.

Caemani, -5rum, m. pi., the Cae-
mani, a tribe of the Belgae, some-
times classed as Germans.

432

VOCABULARY

caerimonia, -ae, f., sacred rite, cere-
monial.

Caeroesi, -orum, m. pi., the Caeroesi,
a tribe of the Belgae, sometimes
classed as Germans.

caeruleus, -a, -um [for caeluleus,
from caelum, heaven~\, sky-blue,
blue.

Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar, a Roman
cognomen: (i) Gains Julius
Caesar, the conqueror of Gaul
(see Introd., p. 8) ; (2) Lucius
Julius Caesar, a distant relative
of (i), and his legate in 52 B.C.
He is thought to be the same
Lucius Caesar who was consul in
64 B.C.

caespes, -pitis, m., cut sod, turf, clod.

caesus, -a, -um, part, of caedo.

*calamitas, -atis, f., loss, injury,
disaster ; overthrow, defeat.

Galetes, -um, or Caletl, -orum, m.
pi., the Caletes, or Caleti, an Are-
morican tribe on the English
Channel, near the mouth of the
Sequana (Seine).

*callidus, -a, -um [calleo, be ex-
perienced^, shrewd, cunning.

calo, -onis, m., soldier's servant,
camp-follower, driver.

campester, -tris, -tre [campus], of
a level field, level ; in the plain.

campus, -i, m., level place^ open
country, field, plain.

Camulogenus, -I [Celtic, son of
Camulos (the war-god)], m.,
Camulogenus, an Aulercan leader.

Caninius, -I, m., Caninius, a Roman
nomen; Gaius Caninius Rebilus,
a legate under Caesar.

cano, canere, cecim, cantus, sound,
sing.

Cantaber, -bri, m., a Cantabrian;
pi., the Cantabri, the Cantabrians,
a tribe of northern Spain.

Cantium, -I, n., Cantium, a district
in the southeastern part of Britain,
now Kent.

capillus, -I, m., hair.

*capi5, capere, cepi, captus, take,
receive; seize, capture, catch; de-
ceive, take in; reach, arrive at;
move, affect, win over; coniec-
turam capere, draw an infer-
ence, guess; consilium capere,
form a plan ; initium capere a,
begin at; quietem capere, rest;
dolSrem capere, feel pain.

capra, -ae [caper, goaf], f., she-goat.

*captivus, -a, -um [capio], taken,
captured ; as subst., m., captive,
prisoner.

captus, -a, -um, part, of capio.

captus, -US [capio], m., capacity,
standard.

*caput, -pitis, n., head; mouth (of
a river) ; life ; pi., souls, individu-
als, used with numerals; capitis
poena, capital ptmishment.

Carcaso, -onis, f., Carcaso, a town of
the Volcae Tectosages, in the Ro-
man province, now Carcassonne.

careo, carere, carui, cariturus, "be
without, go without.--

carina, -ae, f., keel; bottom.

Carnutes, -um, m. pi., the Carnutes,
a Gallic tribe north of the Liger
(Loire).

*caro, carnis, i., flesh, meat.

carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptus,
pick; blame, carp at; divide.

*earrus, -I, m., cart, wagon.

carus, -a, -um, dear, precious,
beloved.

Carvilius, -i, m., Carvilius, one
of four kings in Cantium
(Kent).

casa, -ae, f. , hut, cabin.

caseus, -I, m., cheese.

Cassi, -orum, m. pi., the Cassi, a

VOCABULARY

433

tribe in Britain, probably north of

the Thames.
Cassianus, -a, -um [Cassius], of

Cassius, pertaining or belonging

to Cassius.
cassis, -idis, f., helmet (of metal),

used chiefly by the cavalry. See

the illustration, p. 37.
Cassius, -I, m., Cassius, a Roman

nomen; Lucius Cassius Longinus,

consul in 107 B.C.

Cassivellaunus, -I [Celtic, of supe-
rior goodness] , m., Cassivellaunus,

leader of the Britons in 54 B.C.

In the ancient history of Britain

this name appears as Caswallon.
*castellum, -I [dim. of castrum,

fortified place], n., little fort, post,
fortress, redoubt, stronghold; small

camp.
Casticus, -f, m., Casticus, a chief of

the Sequani, son of Catamanta-

loedis.

* castra, -orum [pi. of castrum, for-

tified place], n. pi., military camp,
camp; castra navalia, naval
camp (to protect a fleet drawn up
on shore) ; castra movere, break
camp, decamp; castra ponere,
pitch camp; quintis castris, in
Jive days (at the fifth camp);
trina (not tria) castra, three
camps. See Introd., p. 41.

*casus, -us [cado], m., falling, fall;
occurrence, chance, event ; state of
affairs; calamity, fate; casu,
accidentally.

Catamantaloedis, -is, m., Cafaman-
taloedis, a Sequanian, for many
years king of his people.

* Catena, -ae, f., chain, fetter.

Caturiges, -um [Celtie, kings of bat-
tle], m. pi., the Caturiges, a Gallic
tribe living in the Alps.

Catuvolcus, -I [Celtic, swift in bat-

2F

tie], m., Catuvolcus, king of a part
of the Eburones.

* causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; pre-
text, occasion; condition; case;
claim; causa, for the sake of, be-
cause of.

*caute [cautus, part, of cave5], adv.,
carefully, cautioiisly, gicardedly.

*cautes, -is, f., sharp rock, reef.

Cavarillus, -I, m., Cavarillus, a
chieftain of the Haedui.

Cavarinus, -l, m., Cavarinus, a
prominent man among the Se-
nones.

*caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, take
care, be on guard; de pecunia
cavere, give security in regard to
money; inter se cavere, exchange
pledges.

Cavillonum, -i, n., Cavittonum, a
town of the Haedui, now Chalon-
sur-Saone.

Cebenna, -ae, f., the Cevennes, a
mountain range in the southern
part of Gaul.

*cedo, cedere, cessT, cessus, go,
move; withdraw, retire, retreat;
yield, obey.

*celer, -eris, -ere, quick, swift,
speedy, s^ldden.

*celeritas, -atis [celer], f., quick-
ness, swiftness, speed.

*celeriter [celer], adv., quickly,
swiftly, speedily; immediately,
soon.

* celo, -are, -avi, -atus, hide, conceal.

Celtae, -arum, m. pi., the Celtae, the
Celts, the inhabitants of the cen-
tral of the three divisions of Gaul.
There were Celts in other parts of
Gaul also, and in Britain. See
Introd., pp. 23, 24.

Celtillus, -I, m., Celtillus, an Arver-
nian, father of Vercingetorix.

Cenabensis, -e [Cenabum], of Cena-

434

VOCABULARY

bum, at Cenabum; as subst., m.

pi., people of Cenabum.
Cenabum, -i, n., Cenabum, a city

of the Carnutes, on the Liger

(Loire). It was later called Urbs

Aurelianensis, whence the modern

name Orleans.
Cenimagnl, -orum, m. pi., the Ceni-

magni, a tribe of Britain.
Cenomani, -6rum,m. pi., Cenomani;

see Aulercus.
censeo, censere, censui, census, tax,

estimate; think, determine; suggest,

advise, vote, decree ; give judgment,

give an opinion.
census, -us [censeo], m., registering,

enumeration, census.

* centum (C), indecl. adj., one hitn-

dred.

* centurio, -onis [centuria, division

of a hundred men, centriry], m.,
commander of a century, captain,
centurion. See Introd., p. 33.
cepi, see capio.

* cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus (cer-

tus), separate; distinguish, make
out, discern, see.

*certamen, -minis [certo, decide,
struggle"], n., battle, contest; ri-
valry.

* certe [certus], adv., surely, cer-

tainly ; at least.

* certus, -a, -um [part, of cerno],

decided, determined; fixed, defi-
nite, accurate; appointed, special;
trustworthy, -well-established, cer-
tain; certiorem facere, inform,
tell, direct; certior fieri, be in-
formed, learn; certi quid esset,
what was really being done ; pro
certo, for a fact.

Cervus, -l, m., stag; 'stag's horns,'
a defense made of forked branches
resembling the horns of a stag.

(ceterus), -a, -um, other, the other,

the rest ; as subst., m. pi., the others,
the rest, everybody else.

Ceutrones, -um, m. pi., the Ceu-
trones: (i) a Gallic tribe among
the Alps; (2) a tribe of the
Belgae.

Cherusci, -orum, m. pi., the Cherusci,
a German tribe.

cibarius, -a, -um [cibus], relating to
food; as subst., n. pi., food, sup-
plies ; molita cibaria, meal.

* cibus, -l, m., food, provisions.
Cicero, -5nis, m., Cicero, a Roman

cognomen ; Quintus Tulliiis Cic-
ero, brother of Cicero the orator,
was one of Caesar's legates in
Gaul.

Cimberius, -i, m., Cimberius, a
leader of the Suebi.

Cimbri, -orum, m. pi., the Cimbri,
a German people who invaded
Gaul in the second century B.C.

Cingetorix, -igis [Celtic, king of
warriors'}, m., Cingetorix: (l) a
leader among the Treveri ; (2) one
of the kings of Cantium (Kent).

*cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus, go
around, be around, surround; in-
close, invest.

Cippus, -i, m., stake, pillar, grave-
stone.

gircinus, -i, m.,pair of compasses.

* circiter [circus, circle"] : (i) adv.,
about, nearly ; (2) prep, with ace.,
about, around, near.

*circuitus, -us [circumeo], m., go-
ing around, way around, circtiit,
roundabout way ; distance around.

* circum [circus, circle], prep, with

ace., around, abo^^t; near, in the
neighborhood of. '

circumcido, -cidere, -cldl, -cisus
[circum + caedo], cut around.

circumcisus, -a, -um [part, of cir-
cumcido], inaccessible, steep.

VOCABULARY

435

circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi,
-clusus [circum + claudo], shut
in, surround.

*circumd5, -dare, -dedi, -datus
[circum + -do, put], put around ;
surround, encompass.

circumduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus
[circum + duco], lead around ;
draw around, trace.

circumeo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus
[circum + eo], go around, ride
around, surround ; visit.

circumfundo, -fundere, -fudi,
-fusus [circum + fundo], pour
around, surround; pass., throng
around.

circumiciS, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [cir-
cum + iacio], throw around, place
around.

circummitto, -mittere, -misi,
-missus [circum -f- mitto], send
around.

circummunio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [cir-
cum + rrmnio], wall around, hem
in.

circumplector, -plecti, -plexus [cir-
cum + plecto, interweave], sur-
round, encompass.

* circumsisto, -sistere, -steti [cir-

cum + sisto, cause to stand~\, take
stand around, rally around, stand
around, surround.

circumspiciS, -spicere, -spexi,
-spectus [circum + specie, look~\,
look about for, look around at ;
consider.

circumvallo, -are, -avi, -atus [cir-
cum + vallo, fortify with a ram-
part\, surround with a rampart,
blockade, invest.

circumvehor, -vehi, -vectus [circum
-f veho, carry], be carried around,
ride around.

* circumvenio, -venire, -veni,

-ventus [circum + venio], come

around, siirround, beset; circum-
vent, deceive.

cis, prep, with ace., this side, on
this side of.

Cisalpinus, -a, -um [cis + Alplnus,
Alpine (from Alpes)], on this (the
Italian) side of the Alps, Cis-
alpine ; Cisalpma Gallia, Cis-
alpine Gaul, now northern Italy.
See Introd., p. 21.

Cisrhenanus, -a, -um [cis + Rhe-
nanus, pertaining to the Rhine
(from Rhenus)], on this (the
Gallic) side of the Rhine, Cisrhe-
nane.

Cita, -ae, m., 'Cita, a Roman cog-
nomen ; see Fufius.

citatus, -a, -urn [part, of cito, put
in swift motion~\, quick, rap'id;
sometimes has the force of an
adv., swiftly.

*citerior, -ius [citer, on this side~],
comp. adj., on this side, nearer,
hither; Gallia Citerior is equiva-
lent to Gallia Cisalpma ; Citerior
Hispania, Hither Spain, the east-
ern part of Spain (nearer Rome).

cito [citus, quick], adv., quickly;
sup. citissime, most siuiftly.

citra [citer, on this side], prep, with
ace., on this side of.

citro [citer, on this side], adv., to
this side; ultro citroque, to and
fro, back and forth.

civis, -is, m. and f., citizen ; fellow-
citizen.

*civitas, -atis [civis], f., condition
of a citizen, citizenship ; commu-
nity of citizens, state ; nation, tribe.

*clam [cf. celo], adv., secretly.

clamito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
clamo, call], call repeatedly, cry
out.

* clamor, -oris [clamo, call~\, m.,
loud call, shout, uproar, clamor.

436

VOCABULARY

clandestinus, -a, -um [clam], secret,
clandestine.

clarus, -a, -um, clear ; bright; loud.

*classis, -is, f., fleet.

Claudius, -l, m., Claudiiis, a Roman
nomen ; Appius Claudius Pulcher,
consul in 54 B.C.

claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus
[cf. clavis, key], shut, close; agmen
claudere, bring up the rear.

clavus, -I [cf. claudo], m., nail,
spike.

dementia, -ae [clemens, kind], f.,
kindness, forbearance, mercy.

*cliens, -entis, m., dependent, fol-
lower, client; pi., dependent tribe,
tributaries, vassals.

clientela, -ae [cliens], f., relation
between patron and client, client-
ship, protection; dependency ; de-
pendent state, vassals,

clivus, -i, m., slope, hill, ascent.

Clodius, -I [another form of Clau-
dius^, m., Clodius, a Roman
nomen; Publius Clodius Pulcher,
younger brother of Appius Clau-
dius (see Claudius) . Clodius was
a bitter enemy of Cicero the orator,
and was killed by Milo in a brawl,
in January, 52 B.C.

Cn.j the abbreviation for the praeno-
men Gnaeus, Gnaeus.

CO-, see com-.

coacervo, -are, -avi, -atus [co- +
acervo, heap up~\, heap together,
pile up.

(coactus, -us), found only in the
abl. sing, [cogo], m., compul-
sion.

coactus, -a, -um, part, of cogo.

coagmentS, -are, -avi, -atus [coag-
mentum, joining together], fasten
together.

coarto, -are, -avi. -atus [co- + arto,
contract], press together.

Cocosates, -um, m. pi., the Cocosates,
a tribe of Aquitania.

coegi, see cogo.

coemo, -emere, -emi, -emptus [co-
+ emo], ptir chase, buy ^^p.

coeo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus [co- + eo],
go together, come together.

*coepi, coepisse, coeptus, began,
undertook, generally used with a
dependent inf.; when the inf. is
pass., the pass, of coepi is used,
e.g. res agi coeptae sunt. The
forms of the pres. system are sup-
plied by incipio.

coerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -ercitus [co-
+ arceo, inclose], shut in; re-
strain, hold in check.

cogito, ,-are, -avi, -atus [co- -f-agito],
consider thoroughly, think, ponder ;
intend, plan ; expect.

cognatio, -5nis [cognatus, of the
same blood'], f., blood-relationship;
family, group of kinsmen.

* cognosce, -gnoscere, -gnovi,

-gnitus [co- + (g)nosco], get a
knowledge of, learn, jind out about;
investigate ; in perf., knoiv.

* cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus [co- +

ago], drive together, bring together,
get together, collect; compel, oblige,
force.

* cohors, -ortis, f., cohort, company

(see Introd., p. 31); cohors prae-
toria, commander's body-guard.
cohortatio, -onis [cohortor], f., in-
citing, encouragement.

* cohortor, -ari, -atus [co- + hor-

tor], incite, encourage; address.
*collis, -is, m., rising ground,

hill.
co!5, colere, colui, cultus, till; honor,

worship.
coldnia, -ae [colonus, husbandman],

f., colony. . . . .

color, -or is, m., color. :

VOCABULARY

437

com-, CO- [cf. cum], a prefix, with,
together ; entirely, thoroughly.

comburo, -urere, -ussij -ustus [com-
+ uro, burn'], burn up, con-
sume.

comes, -mitis [com- + eo], m., com-
panion, comrade.

comitia, -5rum [sing, comitium,
place of assembly'}, n. pi., assembly
of the people tor voting; election.

comitor, -ari, -atus [comes], accom-

. pany, follow.

* commeatus, -us [commeo], ra.,go-
. ing to and fro, trip; supplies, pro-
visions.

commemoro, -are, -avi, -atus [com-
+ memoro, bring to remembrance'},
bring to mind ; recount, mention.

commendo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +
mando], put ttnder one's protec-
tion, intrust, commit, commend..

commed, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +
meo, go], go back and forth, go
about; go.

commilito, -onis [com- + miles],
m., fellow-soldier.

comminus [com- -f manus], adv.,
hand to hand, at close quarters.

commissura, -ae [committo], f.,
joining, joint.

* committo, -mittere, -misi, -mis-

sus [com- + mitto] 5 put together,
join, unite ; do, act, take measures;
risk, intrust; commit ; allow, ad-
mit; proelium committere, begin
battle.

Commius, -l, m., Commitis, an Atre-
batian.

* commode [commodus], adv., well,

suitably, cotiveniently ; effectively,
profitably ; easily.

*commodum, -I [commodus], n.,
convenience, profit, advantage,
blessing.

* commodus, -a, -urn [com-.+

modus], complete; suitable, con-
venient, favorable, easy ; service-
able, useful.

commonef acio, -f acere, -f eci, -f actus
[commone5, remind -\- facio], re-
mind.

commoror, -ari, -atus [com- +
moror], delay, stay.

*commoveo, -movere, -movi, -mo-
tus [com- + moveo], disturb, ex-
cite, agitate, impel.

communico, -are, -avi, -atus
[communis], communicate, im-
part, share; unite; consult.

communio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itus [com- +
milnio], fortify on all sides, make
seczire ; biiild.

* communis, -e [com- + munus],

common, universal, general, be-
longing to all ; in common.

*commutatio, -5nis [commute], f.,
changing, change ; reversal.

commute, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +
miito, change"], change wholly, al-
ter ; exchange, replace.

* compare, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +

paro] , get ready, make ready, pre-
pare, prepare for ; provide, pro-
cure, acquire, obtain, establish.

* compare, -are, -avi, -atus [compar,

like], match, compare, coimt equal.

*compel!5, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus
[com- + pello], drive together, col-
lect; drive.

compendium, -l [com- + pendo], n.,
advantage, gain.

*comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertus
[com- + V PER, cf. experior],
learn, find otit about, ascertain,
detect.

*compertus, -a, -um [part, of com-
peri5], established, certain.

* comp lector, -plecti, -plexus [com-

+ plecto, interweqv.e], embrace,
include, encircle.

438

VOCABULARY

*compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletu

[com-+ -pleo, filf], fill up, fill,

crowd; occupy, cover.
complexus, -a, -um, part, of complec-

tor.
*complures, -a or -ia [com- +

plus], pi. adj., many, several.

* comports, -are, -avi, -atus [com-

-f porto], carry together, collect^
bring in.

comprehends, -prehendere, -pre-
hendi, -prehensus [com- -f pre-
bends, grasp], grasp, lay hold
of; seize, capture; ignem com-
prenendere, catch fire.

comprobo, -are, -avi, -atus [com-
-f- probo], approve.

compulsus, -a, -um, part, of com-
pello.

*conatum, -i [part, of c5nor], n.,
undertaking, attempt.

conatus, -US [conor], m., attempt.

* concede, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus

[com- + cedo], go away ; yield,
give over, grant ; submit; permit.

(concessus, -us), found only in the
abl. sing, [concede], m., permis-
sion.

concido, -cidere, -cidi [com- +
cado] , fall down, fall; be slain.

* concido, -cidere, -cidi, -clsus

[com- + caedo], cut to pieces ; cut
up, intersect ; kill.
*concilio, -are, -avi, -atus [conci-
lium], call together; make friendly,
reconcile, -win . over ; establish,
bring about ; gain.

* concilium, -I, n., assembly, meet-

ing, council.

concisus, -a, -um, part, of concido.
concito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of

concio, call together~\, rouse, incite.
*conclamo, -are, -avi, -atus [com-

+ clamo, call~\, cry out, call out,

exclaim, shout; call.

conclusus, -a, -um [part, of con-
cludo, shut iit\, inclosed.

Conconnetodumnus, -I, m., Concon-
netodumnus, a desperado, of the
tribe of the Carnutes.

concrepo, -crepare, -crepui, -crepi-
tus [com- + crepo, rattle], clash.

*concurro, -currere, -curri or -cu-
cum, -cursus [com- + curro,
run], run together, run up;
rush, hurry ; fiock.

concurso, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of.
concurro], run to and fro, run
about.

*concursus, -us [concurro], m.,
running together, thronging ; en~
counter, collision,' onset, attack;
tunnilt.

concursus, -a, -um, part, of concurro.

condemno, -are, -avi, -atus [com-
+ damno], condemn, convict.

*condicio, -onis [com- and cf. dico],
f. , terms of agreement, condition,
terms ; proposition; situation, cir-
cztmstances, state.

condono, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +
dono], remit, forgive, overlook,
condone.

Condrusi, -orum, m. pi., the Con-
dmsi) a tribe of the Belgae, some-
times classed as Germans. The
name survives in Condroz, the
name of a tract on the east bank
of the Meuse.

* conduce, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus

[com- + duco], lead together, col-
lect, assemble ; employ, hire.
confectus, -a, -um, part, of con-
ficio.

* confero, conferre, contuli, conla-

tus [com- + fero], bring together,
collect, convey ; compare; defer, put
off; contribute; ascribe, attribute;
culpam conferre, lay the -blame;
se conferre, betake oneself, go.

VOCABULARY

439

*confertus, -a, -um [part, of con-
fer cio, press close together],
crowded, dense, in dense array.

*c5nfestim [com- and cf. festlno,
hasten], adv., at once, immedi-
ately.

*conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus
[com- + facio], make, complete,
accomplish, perform, Jinish; make
up, muster ; wear out, exhazist ;
dress (of leather) ; pass., go by (of
time), be over.

* conf Idd, -f idere, -f isus [com- +

fido, trust], have confidence in,
rely upon, trust, believe ; hope.

conf igo, -flgere, -f ixi, -f ixus [com-
+ figo, fix], fasten together.

conf mis, -e [com- + finis], border-
ing, neighboring, next.

confinium, -I [conflnis], n., border,
frontier.

confirmatiS, -onis [c5nfirmo], f.,
assertion, assurance.

* confirms, -are, -avi, -atus [com-

+ firmo], strengthen, make Jinn;
encourage, embolden ; assert,
state, give assurance; confirm,
establish, make certain; appoint,
set; exhort.

confisus, -a, -um, part, of c5nf idd.

confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus [com- +
fateor, admit], confess, admit.

conf ixus, -a, -um, part, of cdnfigo.

cSnflagrS, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +
flagro, blaze], be on fire, burn up,
burn.

conflictor, -ari, -atus [freq. of con-
fligo]> struggle; be harassed.

confligo, -fligere, -flixi, -flictus
[com- + flTgo, strike],, dash to-
gether ; fight together, contend.

confluens, -entis [part, of confluo],
m., flowing together, confitience.

confluo, -fluere, -fluxi [com- + fluo],
flow together ; flock together, throng.

confugio, -fugere, -fugi [com- +
fag\o], flee, flee for refuge.

confundd, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus
[com- + fundo], mingle, confuse.

* congredior, -gredi, -gressus [com-

+ gradior, step], meet ; meet in
arms, join battle ; meet in friend-
ship, make an alliance.

congressus, -us [congredior], m.,
meeting, encounter, engagement.

congressus, -a, -um, part, of con-
gredior.

* conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [com-

-f- iacio], throw together ; throiv,
hurl; station, pzit; attribiite ; in
f Ugam CQV.\CQTQ, put to flight, rout;
se conicere, dash-, rush.

coniectura, -ae [coniciS], f., guess,
conjecture.

coniectus, -a, -um, part, of conicio.

coniunctim [coniungo], adv., in
common, together.

*coniunctus, -a, -um [part, of con-
iungo], closely joined, allied, asso-
ciated, connected, having relation-
ship.

* coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc-

tus [com- + iungo] , join together,
unite; connect, fasten together;
se coniungere, unite.

coniunx, -iugis [coniungo], m. and
f., spouse; esp. frequent as f., wife.

coniuratio, -onis [coniuro], f., oath-
bound alliance ; conspiracy, plot;
revolt.

* coniuro, -are, -avi, -atus [com- -f-

iiiro], take oath together ; conspire,
plot.

conlatus, -a, -um, part, of confers,
conlaudo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +

, praise, commend.
conligo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +
ligo, tie] , tie together, fasten together.
conligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectus [com-
gather]* gather together,

440

VOCABULARY

get together, collect; get; se con-
ligere, compose oneself, rally, re-
cover, collect one's wits.

* conloco, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +

loco, place~\, place, station, estab-
lish, pttt ; place permanently, set-
tle; give in marriage.
*conloquium, -I [conloquor], n.,
conference, conversation, interview.

* conloquor, -loqui, -locutus [com-

+ loquorj, converse, confer, talk.

* Conor, -ari, -atus, attempt, try, en-

deavor ; venture.
conquiesco, -quiescere, -quievi,

-quietus [com- + quiesco, rest],

go to sleep, take rest.
conquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisi-

tus [com- + quaero], seek for,

hunt up ; bring together, procure.

* consanguineus, -a, -urn [com- +

sanguis], related by blood; as
subst., m., kinsman, blood-relation.

*conscendo, -scendere, -scendl,
-scensus [com- + scando, climb'},
climb, scale; with navis, go on
board, embark in.

conscientia, -ae [com- + scio], f.,
consciousness, knowledge.

consciscd, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitus
[com- + scisco, approve], approve
of, decide upon, decree ; sibi mor-
tem consciscere, commit suicide.

conscius, -a, -um [com- + scio],
conscious, aware.

conscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip-
tus [com- + scribo], write; en-
roll, levy, enlist.

consecratus, -a, -um [part, of con-
secro, dedicate], sacred, hallowed,
consecrated.

*consector, -ari, -atus [freq. of con-
sequor], follow closely, overtake,
hunt down; pursue.

consecutus, -a, -um, part, of conse-
quor.

consensio, -onis [consentio], f.,
agreement, unanimity.

cdnsensus, -us [consentio], m., con-
sent, agreement.

* consentiS, -sentire, -sensi, -sensus

[com- + sentio], agree together,
conspire; make an agreement.

*consequor, -sequi, -secutus [com-
+ sequor], follow up, follo'cv out,
overtake; obtain, secure, attain;
pursue, follow.

conserve, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +
servo], spare, keep safe, protect;
observe, regard.

Considius, -i, m., Considius, a Ro-
man nomen; Publius Considius,
an officer in Caesar's army.

*c6nsldo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus
[com- -f- sido, sit down~\, take a
seat; settle, make a home; pitch
camp; take a position, station one-
self ; hold a meeting.

*consilium, -I, n., consideration;
counsel, plan, scheme ; decision,
purpose, design ; advice, consent,
authority ; shrewdness, judgment,
wisdom ; meeting for considera-
tion, coTincil.

consimilis, -e [com- + similis], very
similar, much like.

* consists, -sistere, -stiti [com- +

sisto, cause to stand], take a

stand, be stationed, stand; halt;

stay, remain ; get a foothold, settle ;

ground, anchor; consist, depend ;

be.
consobrinus, -i [com- + soror], m.,

son of a mother's sister, Jirst

cousin.
consolor, -ari, -atus [com- + solor,

comfort], console, comfort, encour-

age.

* conspectus, -us [conspicio], m.,

sight, appearance ; presence.

* conspicid, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus

VOCABULARY

441

[com- + specie, look"], get a look

at, see, behold; observe.
*cSnspicor, -ari, -atus [cf. conspi-

cio], get sight of, see, notice.
conspirS, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +

spiro, breathe'], agree together;

conspire, plot.

* constanter [constans, part, of con-

sto], adv., consistently, unani-
mously ; firmly, resolutely.

constantia, -ae [constans, part, of
consto], f., firmness, steadfastness,
perseverance.

cSnsterno, -are, -avi, -atus, dismay,
frighten.

cSnsternS, -sternere, -stravi,
-stratus [com- + sterno, spread
out], strew over, spread, cover;
fioor over.

cSnstipS, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +
stipo, crowd~], crowd together, pack
closely.

* cSnstituS, -stituere, -stitui,

-stitutus [com- + statuo], station,
arrange, place, put, settle ; set up ;
halt, anchor ; appoint, make ; fin-
ish, accomplish, form ; decide, de-
termine, decide ^tpon,plan; declare
an intention.

* consto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus

[com (- sto], stand together ; be
unchanged, be evident, be agreed,
appear ; rest upon, depend upon;
be accompanied by, cost.
constratus, -a, -um, part, of con-
sterno.

* consuescS, -suescere, -suevi,

-suetus [com- -f suesco, become
accustomed^, become accustomed,
form a habit ; in perf. system, be
accustomed, have the habit, be wont.

* consuetude, -dinis [consuesco], f.,

custom, habit; manner, way of
life ; practice ; intercourse ; quam
cSnsuetudo f ert, than usual.

consuetus, -a, -um, part, of con-
suesco.

consul, -ulis, m., consul, the highest
magistrate of the Roman state ;
M. Messala et M. Pisone cdnsuli-
bus, in the consulship of Marcus
Messala and Marcus Piso.

consulatus, -us [consul], m., con-
suls term; cons^llship. consulate.

* consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sultus,

consider together, take counsel, hold
a consultation; take tho^^ght for,
constilt for, look out for ; spare;
conszilt.

* consults [consultum], adv., with

intention, purposely, designedly.

consults, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
consulo], take counsel, deliberate,
consult.

*cSnsultum, -i [consulo], n., de-
cree, decision.

* consiimo, -sumere, -sumpsi,

-sumptus [com- + sumo], use

up, eat up, consume, exhaust,

waste; overcome, destroy ; spend,

pass.
consurgo, -surgere, -surrexi, -sur-

rectus [com- + surgo, rise], rise

in a body, rise, stand up.
contabulo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +

tabula], build of boards, erect;

raise in stories, cover.
contagiS, -Snis [com- -f tango], f.,

toTiching, contact ; evil association.
contamino, -are, -avi, -atus [conta-

men, equivalent to contagio],

bring into contact ; corrupt.
contegS, -tegere, -texi, -tectus [com-

+ tego], cover, conceal.
contemno, -temnere, -tempsi,

-temptus [com- + temno, slight],

hold of little value, regard lightly,

despise.
contemptio, -onis [contemno], f.,

disregard, scorn, contempt.

442

VOCABULARY

contemptus, -us [contemno], m.,
despising, contempt.

* contends, -tenders, -tendi, -tentus

[com- + tendo], strain, exert one-
self; strive for, attempt, try; hasten,
press forward ; contend, vie ; join
battle, fight, quarrel; insist; de-
mand.

contentio, -onis [contends], f., ef-
fort; stmggle, contest., rivalry.

*contentus, -a, -tun [.part, of con-
tineo], satisfied, content.

contentus, -a, -um, part, of contendo
and of contineo.

contestor, -ari, -atus [com- +
testor, call as a witness'}, call to
witness, invoke.

contexo, -texere, -texui, -textus
[com- + texo, weave~}, weave to-
gether, join together, weave.

* continens, -entis [part, of con-

tineo], adj., contiguous, continu-
ous, uninterrupted, consecutive ;
temperate; as subst. , f., continent,
mainland.

*continenter [continens], adv., con-
tinuously, uninterruptedly, contin-
ually.

continentia, -ae [continens], f., self-
control, moderation.

*contine5, -tinere, -tinul, -tentus
[com- + teneo], hold together,
keep; restrain, check; surround,
shut in, hem in, bound ; hold con-
tain, comprise ; fill ; se COntinere,
stay, remain.

conting5, -tingere, -tigi, -tactus
[com- + tango], touch, reach, ex-
tend to, border on ; happen.

COntinuatiS, -onis [continue, make
continuous'}, {., continuance, dura-
tion.

* continue [continuus], adv., with-

ottt delay, at once, immediately.

* continuus, -a, -um [com- + teneo],

continuous, successive, without in-
terruption.

contio, -onis [for coventio, cf. con-
venio], f., assembly, council;
speech, harangue.

* contra [comparative of com-] :

(1) adv., opposite, fronting; on
the other hand, in opposition ; con-
tra consistere, form an opposing
line; contra atque, opposite to,
othenvise than, differently from;

(2) prep, with ace., contrary to,
opposite, against ; turned towards,
facing; in spite of; in reply
to.

* contraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus

[com- + traho], bring together,
collect; draw in, contract, make
smaller.

*contrarius, -a, -um [contra], on
the other side, opposite, contrary ;
opposing; ex contrario, on the
contrary.

controversia, -ae [controversus, dis-
puted'], f., dispute, disagreement,
quarrel.

*contumelia, -ae, f., insult, abtise,
disgrace ; buffeting, violence.

convalesce, -valescere, -valui [com-
-f valesco, grow strong, from
valeo], recover health, regain
strength.

convallis, -is [com- + valles], ,
valley, ravine.

conveno, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus
[com- + veho, carry}, carry to-
gether, store.

*convenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus
[com- +venio], come together, as-
semble ; be set, be agreed upon ; be
stiitable, be necessary ; meet, have
an interview with.

*conventus, -us [convenio], m.,
meeting, assembly ; session of a
court, assize, court.

VOCABULARY

443

* converts, -vertere, -verti, -versus

[com- + verto], turn, turn about ;

alter, change ; conversa signa In-

f erre, wheel and charge.
Convictolitavis, -is, m., Convictoli-

tavis, a prominent Haeduan, rival

of Cotus.
convince, -vincere, -vici, -victus

[com- + vinco], overcome ; prove

beyond doubt.

* convoco, -are, -avi, -atus [com- +

voco], call together, summon, as-
semble.

* coorior, -oriri, -ortus [co- + orior],

arise, begin, break out ; spring tip,

come up.
*copia, -ae [co- + ops], f., plenty,

abundance, stipply, number; pi.,

supplies; resources, riches; sol-
diers, troops, forces.
copiosus, -a, -um [copia], abzm-

dantly stipplied, rich.
copula, -ae, f., tie, grapnel, grappling-

hook.
cor, cordis, n., heart; cordi esse, be

pleasing.
*coram [co- -J- 6s], adv., present,

before one's eyes, face to face, in

person.
Coriosolites, -um, m. pi., the Corio-

solites, a maritime tribe in western

Gaul.

corium, -I, n., skin, hide, leather.
*COrnu, -us, n.,Jiorn, antler ; wing

(of an axmy) , flank.

* corona, -ae, f.,' wreath, chaplet ;

circle (of men); sub corona
vendere, sell at attction.

* corpus, -poris, n., body, person;

dead body, corpse.
corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptus

[com- + rumpo, break], break up,

destroy, spoil.

cortex, -ticis, m. and f., bark.
Corus, -1, m., the northwest wind;

the word may be used as an adj.
with ventus.

Cotta, -ae, m., Cotta, a Roman cog-
nomen ; see Aurunculeius.

* cottidianus, -a, -um [cottldie],

belonging to every day, daily; usual.

* cottldie [quot -f- dies], adv., daily,

every day.

Cotuatus, -I, m., Cotztatus, a desper-
ado, of the tribe of the Carnutes.

Cotus, -I, m., Cotus, a prominent
Haeduan, rival of Convictolitavis.

crassitudo, -dinis [crassus, thick],
L, thickness.

Crassus, -i, m., Crassus, a Roman
cognomen: (l) Marcus Licinius
Crassus, the triumvir, consul in
55 B.C. See Introd., p. n.
(2) Marcus Licinius Crassus, son
of (i). He was quaestor with
Caesar. (3) Publius Licinius
Crassus, a younger son of (l).
He was one of Caesar's officers.

Gratis, -is, f., fagot, fascine ; pi.,
wickerwork.

* creber, -bra, -brum, thick, crowded;
frequent; numerous.

*crebro [creber], adv., in rapid suc-
cession.

credo, credere, credidl, creditus,
intrzist ; trtist ; believe, consider
true ; think, suppose.

cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, btirn, con-
siime.

* creo, -are, -avi, -atus, create ; ap-
point, elect.

Cres, Cretis, m. adj., Cretan. The

Cretans were famous archers,
cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus [cf.

cre5], grow, rise, increase in size,

power, or dignity; sivelL
Critognatus, -i, m., Critognatus, an

Arvernian of high rank.
*cruciatus, -us [cruci5, crucify},

m., torment, torture.

444

VOCABULARY

crudelitas, -atis [crfidelis, cruet],
f., harshness, cruelty, barbarity.

crudeliter [crudelis, cruel], adv.,
cruelly, harshly.

crus, cruris, n., the leg below the
knee, shank.

cubile, -lis [cubo, lie down"], n., bed;
resting-place.

culmen, -minis [for columen, cf.
collis], n., summit.

culpa, -ae, f., fault, error ; blame.

CUltura, -ae [colo], f., tillage, culti-
vation.

cultus, -US [colo], m., care; train-
ing; -way of living, civilization.

* cum (used as enclitic with certain

pronouns) [cf. com-], prep, with
abl., with, in company with, to-
gether with, along with ; in addi-
tion to, besides ; at the same time
with; against.

*cum, conj., when, while, after, at the
time when ; whenever, as often as;
at such time as, in the circum-
stances that; since, because; though,
although, while ; cum primum, as
soon as; cum . . . turn, as . . .
so, both . . . and, not only . . .
but also, while . . . also.

cumulus, -I, m., heap.

cunctatio, -5nis [cunctor], f., delay,
hesitation.

* cunctor, -ari, -atus, delay, hesitate.
ciinctus, -a, -um, all collectively, all,

the whole of.

cuneatim [cuneus], adv., in wedge-
shaped form ation .

cuneus, -I, m., wedge ; wedge-shaped
body of troops. See Introd., p.

- 45-

cuniculus, -1, m., rabbit; under-
ground passage, mine.

*cupide [cupidus], adv., eagerly,
ardently.

cupiditas, -atis [cupidus], f., ea-

gerness, readiness ; longing, greed,
desire.

* cupidus, -a, -um [cupio], eager,

ready, desirous, fond.

* cupio, cupere, cupivl, cupitus, de-

sire, wish earnestly ; be impatient ;
wish well to, be interested for.

* cur, interrog. adv., why ? from

what motive ? for what purpose ?
wherefore ?

cura, -ae, f., care, anxiety, fore-
thought.

*curo, -are, -avi, -atus [cura], take
care of, see to, cause, oversee ; often
used with a gerundive, e.g. navis
aedificandas curare, cause ships to
be built, have ships bttilt.

CUITUS, -us [curro, run"], m., car,
wagon, chariot.

*cursus, -us [curro, run], m., run-
ning, speed; rate of speed; course,
voyage ; impetus.

custodia, -ae [custos], f., 'watch,
guard.

custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [custos],
watch, guard, hold in custody.

custos, -odis, m., guard, sentinel,
watchman.

D., the abbreviation for the praeno-

men Decimus, Decimus.
Daci, -5rum, m. pi., the Dacians, a

people living near the Danube

River,
damno, -are, -avi, -atus [damnum],

find guilty, convict, condemn.
damnum, -i, n., loss, damage.
Danuvius, -i, m., the Danube river.
datus, -a, -um, part, of do.
*de, prep, with abl., down from,

from, dowTt ; away from ; out of;

about, concerning, of; just after ;

during, aboitt ; in accordance

with, in regard to, because of, in

VOCABULARY

445

consequence of,for; de improvise,
unexpectedly. In comp., down,
away, off, through, thoroughly;
sometimes has a negative force.

*debeo, debere, debui, debitus [de
-f- habeo], keep back, be under ob-
ligations to supply, owe; with inf.,
ought, should, must; pass., be
diie.

*decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
[de + cedo], go away, depart,
withdraw; avoid, shrtn; die.

*decem (X), indecl. adj., ten.

deceptus, -a, -um, part, of decipio.

decerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretus
[de -f- cerno], judge, pass judg-
ment, give a decision; decide, de-
termine, resolve, appoint.

* decerto, -are, -avi, -atus [de +

certo, decide, struggle"}, fight it out,
fight to a finish, decide by battle.
decessus, -us [decedo], m., going

away, ebbing.

Decetia, -ae, f., Decetia, a town of
the Haedui, on the Liger (Loire),
now Decize.

decide, -cidere, -cidi [de + cado],
fall down, fall off.

* decimus, -a, -um [decem], tenth;

decimus quisque, one out of every
ten ; tertius decimus, thirteenth ;
quartus decimus, fourteenth.
Decimus, -i, m., Decimus, a Roman
praenomen.

* decipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [de

+ capio], deceive.
declare, -are, -avi, -atus [de +

claro, make clear}, state publicly,

declare.
declivis, -e [de + clTvus], sloping

downward, inclining; as subst.,

n. pi., slopes, declivities.
declivitas, -atis [declivis], f., in-
cline, downward slope; ad de-

clivitatem, downward.

decretum, -I [part, of decerno], n.,
decree, decision.

decretus, -a, -um, part, of decerno.

decumanus, -a, -um [decimus], of
the tenth ; porta decumana, decu-
man gate, rear gate of a camp,
so called because originally the
tenth cohorts of the legions were
stationed near this gate.

decurio, -Snis [decuria, division of
ten"], m., decurion, commander of
a troop of ten horsemen. See
Introd., p. 38.

*decurro, -currere, -cucurri or
-curri, -cursus [de + curro, run"},
run down ; hurry, hasten.

*dedecus, -coris [de + decus,
grace~\, n., disgrace, reproach.

dediticius, -a, -um [deditus, part,
of dedo], siirrendered ' ; as subst.,
m. pi., prisoners of war, captives.

*dediti5, -onis [dedo], f., surren-
der, capitulation; in deditionem
accipere, accept the surrender of,
receive in surrender; in dedi-
ti5nem venire, sztrrender.

* deditus, -a, -um [part, of dedo],
given ^^p, devoted. '

* dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [de +

do], give up, surrender, yield,

abandon; devote.
*deduc5, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus

[de -f- duco], lead down, bring

down, drive down; draw away,

withdraw; draw out; launch;

instigate, lead astray, mislead;

conduct (a bride to her husband) ;

reduce, bring; in periculum de-

ducere, endanger.
defatigatio, -onis [defatlgo], f.,

weariness, fatigue.
defatigo, -are, -avi, -atus [de +

fatlgo, weary}, tire out, exhaust,

wear out.
defectiS, -onis [deficio], f., falling

446

VOCABULARY

away from allegiance, desertion,
revolt, rebellion.

* defends, -fendere, -fendi, -fensus

[de + -fen do, strike'], drive off,
ward off, repel, avert; defend, pro-
tect ; make defense, offer resistance.

defensio, -onis [defendo], f., de-
fense.

defensor, -oris [defendo], m., pro-
tector, defender ; pi., guards, gar-
rison, defenses.

defensus, -a, -um, part, of defendo.

*defero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [de -j-
fero], carry off, drive down, force ;
bring, carry ; confer, grant, give,
offer ; report, state; propose, lay
before; pass., drift, fall, be ttirned
aside.

*defessus, -a, -um [part, of defe-
tfscor], wearied, exhattsted, worn
out.

defetiscor, -fetlscl, -fessus [de +
fatisco, become weary~], become
very weary, be exhausted.

* deficio, -ficere, -f eel, -fectus [de +

facio], break loose from ; revolt;
fail, be wanting, cease; deficere
ab, desert; anim.5 deficere, lose
heart.

* def Ig5, -f igere, -fixi, -f ixus [de +

figo, fix~\} set, fix, fasten, drive

down.
defmio, -ire, -m, -itus [de + finio],

set bounds to, limit, define.
defixus, -a, -um, part, of def igo.
defore, fut. inf. of desum.
deformis, -e [de + forma], mis-
shapen, deformed, unsightly.
defugio, -fugere, -fugi [de -f fugio],

run away; flee from, shrink

from, avoid, shun.
*deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [de +

iacio], throw down, overthrow;

throw, hurl ; drive away, drive ;

destroy ; se deicere, leap doivn.

* delectus, -a, -um [part, of deicio],

disappointed.

delectus, -us [deicio], m., throwing
down; declivity, descent; lateris
delectus, fall of the side, lateral
slope.

deinceps [dein = deinde + capio],
adv., taken next, in turn, succes-
sively ; continuously.

* deinde [de + inde], adv., after-

wards, secondly, next, then; be-
sides, also.

delatus, -a, -um, part, of defero.

delecto, -are, -avi, -atus, delight,
please.

delectus, -a, -um, part, of deligo.

deleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, blot out, ob-
literate ; destroy, annihilate, over-
throw.

dellberS, -are, -avi, -atus [de +
libro, weigh~\, weigh carefully;
consider, discuss.

delibro, -are, -atus [de + liber,
inner bark~\, strip of bark, peel.

delictum, -l [delinquo, faif], n.,
fault, crime.

deligo, -are, -avi, -atus [de + ligo,
tie~\, tie down, make fast,, fasten,
moor.

* deligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectus [de +

lego, gather~\, choose, select, de-
tail.

delitesco, -litescere, -litui [de +
latesco, hide oneself~\, hide away.

dementia, -ae [demens, insane~\, f.,
madness, folly.

demeto, -metere, -messui, -messus
[de + meto], harvest, gather.

demigro, -are, -ayi, -atus [de +
migro, remove"}, move away, de-
part, go from home.

deminuo, -minuere, -minul, -minu-
tus [de + minuo], make less, di-
minish, reduce; impair; take
away.

VOCABULARY

447

(demissus, -a, -urn [part, of demitto],

bowed; low.
(demitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus

'[de + mitto], let doivn, send down,

lower ; thrust down, sink ; se de-

mittere, descend, march down, go

down; se animo demittere, lose

courage.
demo, demere, dempsi, demptus

[de + emo], take down.
* dem5nstro, -are, -avi, -atus [de -(-

monstro, point out], point out,

show; indicate, designate; men-
tion, speak of, explain.
demoror, -ari, -atus [de + moror],

delay, hinder.

demptus, -a, -um, part, of demo.
*demum [de + sup. ending], adv.,

at last, at length.
<3enego, -are, -avi, -atus [de+neg5],

refuse, deny.
deni, -ae, -a [decem], pi. adj., ten at

a time, by tens ; ten each, ten to-
gether.
denique, adv., finally, after all, at

last ; at least.
*densus, -a, -um, dense, thick,

crowded.
denuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [de +

nuntio],c;z0zz^, declare; direct,

order ; threaten.
depello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus [de

+ pello], drive down; drive

away, expel; remove, avert,
deperdo, -perdere, -perdidi, -perdi-

tus [de + perdo, destroy}, lose.
depereo, -perire, -peril, -periturus

[de + pereo],^? to destruction, be

lost, be wrecked.
*depon5, -ponere, -posui, -positus

[de + pono], lay down, lay aside ;

piit ; put by, deposit; give in

charge ; give up, resign.
depopulor, -ari, -atus [de + popu-

lor], lay waste, plunder; the

perf. part, often has passive
force.

deport5, -are, -avi, -atus [de +
porto], carry away.

deposco, -poscere, -poposci [de -f
posc5], call for, demand.

depositus, -a, -um, part, of depono.

deprecator, -oris [deprecor], m.,
intercessor, mediator.

deprecor, -ari, -atus [de + precor,
pray}, pray off, beg to escape, beg
off ; implore ; ask pardon.

deprehendo, -prehendere, -pre-
hendi, -prehensus [de + pre-
hendo, grasp}, seize, catch; over-
take, surprise.

depugno, -are, -avi, -atus [de +
pugnS], fight out, fight to a finish.

depulsus, -a, -um, part, of depello.

derecte [derectus], adv., straight,
vertically.

derectus, -a, -um [part, of derigo],
straight ; upright, vertical.

derigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [de +
rego], lay straight, lay out, ar-
range ; aciem derigere, draw up
a battle-line.

derivo, -are, -avi, -atus [de + rivus],
turn aside, divert.

derogo, -are, -avi, -atus [de+rog5],
take away, withhold.

descends, -scendere, -scendi, -scen-
sus [de + scando, climb'], climb
down, descend ; lower oneself, stoop,
fall, resort.

deseco, -secare, -secui, -sectus [de +
seco], cut off.

*desero, -serere, -serui, -sertus
[de + sero, bind together], leave,
abandon, desert, fail.

desertor, -oris [desero], m., runa-
way, deserter.

* desertus, -a, -um [part, of desero],
deserted, lonely. .

desidero, -are, -avi, -atus, desire,

448

VOCABULARY

wish, ask for, demand ; lack, miss;
pass., be lost,

desidia, -ae [deses, inactive], f.,
idleness, indolence.

designo, -are, -avi, -atus [de+sTgno,
mark~], mark out, describe, desig-
nate.

* desilio, -silire, -silui, -sultus [de +

salio, leap], leap down, jump
down ; jump overboard ; dismount.

* desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus

[de + sisto, cause to stand~\, stand
away, aesist, give up, leave off,
cease.

despectus -a, -urn, part, of despiciS.

despectus, -us [despicio], m., down-
ward look, view.

desperatiS, -Snis [despero], f., hope-
lessness, desperation, despair.

desperatus, -a, -um [part, of de-
spero], hopeless, desperate.

despero, -are, -avi, -atus [de +
spero], be hopeless, despair, give up
hope ; despair of.

* despiciS, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus

[de + specio, look~\, look down on;
feel contempt for, despise.
despoliS, -are, -avi, -atus [de -f

spolio], rob, despoil.
destinS, -are, -avi, -atus [de

and cf. sto], make fast, bind;

detail.

destiti, see desisto.
destituS, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus

[de + statuo], abandon, desert.
destringS, -stringere, -strmxi,

-strictus [de + stringo, draw

tight], unsheathe.
*desum, deesse, defui, defuturus

[de -f- sum], fail, be lacking, be

needed.
desuper [de + super, above], adv.,

from above.
*deterior, -ius [comp. from de],

poorer, less.

* deterreS, -terrere, -terrui, -territus

[de -f terreo], frighten off ; deter,

hinder, prevent.
detestor, -ari, -atus [de + testor,

call as a witness], curse.
detineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus [de

+ teneo], detain, delay.
detracts, -are, -avi, -atus [de +

tracto, drag], decline, shirk.

* detrahS, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus

[de + trah5], take off, pull off ;
take away, remove, seize.
detrimentosus, -a, -um [detrimen-
tum], hurtful, detrimental.

* detrimentum, -I [detero, rub qff~\,

n., loss, injury ; defeat.
deturbS, -are, -avi, -atus [de +

turbo, thro~v into confusion"], drive

down; overthrow, dislodge.
deurS, -urere, -ussi, -ustus [de +

uro, burn], burn down.
deus, -i, m., god, divinity.
deustus, -a, -um, part, of deuro.
devehS, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus [de

+ veho, carry], carry down, carry

away, convey, bring.
*devenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus

[de -f venio], come, arrive.
devexus, -a, -um, sloping, steep.
devincS, -vincere, -vici, -victus [de

-f vinco], overpower completely,

vanquish.
devocS, -are, -avi, -atus [de +

voco], call down; in dubium

devocare, endanger, risk.
devotus, -a, -um [part, of devoveo],

devoted, attached; as subst., m.,

faithful follower.
devoveS, -vovere, -vovi, -vStus [de

-f- voveo], devote, sacrifice.

* dexter, -tera or -tra, -terum or

-trum, on the right, right; as
subst., dextra, -ae (sc. manus),
; * f., right hand.
di-, see dis-.

VOCABULARY

449

Diablintes, -um, m. pi., Diablintes ;

see Aulercus.
(dicid), -5nis [cf. dico], f., bidding,

sway, rule.
dico, -are, -avi, -atus, proclaim;

dedicate, devote, give up.
*dic5, dicere, dixi, dictus, speak,

say; state, plead; talk, mention;

appoint, arrange, set ; ius dicere,

pronotmce judgment.
dictio, -onis [dico], f., speaking,

pleading.

* dictum, -1 [part, of dico], n.,word,

assertion; command; dicto au-
diens, obedient to the word, obedi-
ent.

diduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus
[di- -f- duco], lead apart; divide,
distribute ; lead in different direc-
tions.

* dies, -el, m., sometimes f. in sing.,

day, daytime ; time, space of time ;
opportunity; mult5 die, late in
the day ; diem ex die, from day
to day, day after day ; ad diem,
on the day, on time; in dies,
daily, from day to day ; postridie
eius diei, next day ; post diem
tertium, the next day but one;
in longiorem diem, until a
later day.

* differo, differre, distuli, dilatus

[dis- + fero], spread, scatter; put
off, defer ; differ ; inter se dif-
ferre, differ from one another.
difficilis, -e [dis- -f facilis], difficult,
hard ; hard to pass through ; labo-
rious, perilous.

* difflcultas, -atis [difficilis], f., diffi-

culty, perplexity, hardship; crisis,
strait ; want, embarrassment.

difficulter [difficilis], adv., with-
diffictilty ; comp. difficilius, with-
greater (or too great) difficulty.

diffido, -fidere, -fisus [dis- + fido,

2G

trust], distrust, be distrustful;
despair.

diffluo, -fluere, -fluxi [dis- + fluo],
flow apart, branch.

diffund5, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus
[dis- + fundo], spread out, ex-
tend.

digitus, -I, m., finger; finger's
breadth; digitus pollex, thumb.

dignitas, -atis [dTgnus], f., worth,
character ; reputation, eminence,
dignity, honor; authority ; self-
respect.

dignus, -a, -um, worthy, deserving.

dliudico, -are, -avi, -atus [di- +
iudico], distinguish, determine.

dilectus, -us [dlligo], m., choosing;
levy, enrollment, conscription.

dilectus, -a, -um, part, of diligo.

* diligenter [dlligens, industrious^,

adv., attentively, with painstak-
ing, carefully, diligently.
diligentia, -ae [dlligens, indzis-
trious], f., industry, watchfulness,
care, earnestness, diligence.

* diligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectus [di- -f-

lego, gather~\, single ottt ; value,

love.
dimetior, -metiri, -mensus [d!- +

metior], measure, lay out; the

perf. part, often has passive

force,
dimicatio, -5nis [dimico], f., fight,

struggle-.

* dimico, -are, -avi, -atus [di- +

mico, shake~\,fight, strive, contend.
dimidius, -a, -um [di- + medius],
half; as subst., n., half.

* dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus

[di- + mitto], send in different

directions, send about, send out ;

dismiss, send away ; let slip, lose ;

give tip, abandon.
direptus, -a, -um, part, of diripio.
dirimo, ,rimere, -emi, -emptus [dis-

450

VOCABULARY

-f- emo], break up, interrupt,
end.

diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [dl-
+ rapio, snatch}, tear to pieces;
plunder, pillage.

dis- (di-) [akin to duo], an insep-
arable prefix, apart, away, in
different directions; between,
among; sometimes has a negative
force.

Dis, Ditis, m., Dis, or Plulo, the
god of the underworld. Caesar
identifies one of the Gallic divini-
ties with this god.

*disced5, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
[dis- + cedo], go in different
directions, disperse, scatter; go
away, depart, decamp; with ab,
abandon, forsake.

disceptator, -Sris [discepto, decide},

. m., arbitrator, umpire.

discerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretus
[dis- + cerno], distinguish, deter-
mine.

*discessus, -us [discedo], m., de-
parture, withdrawal; marching
away, decamping.

disciplma, -ae [discipulus, learn-
er^, f., instruction, training, edu-
cation, discipline ; doctrine.

discludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusus
[dis- + claudo], hold apart, sJmt
off, separate.

disco, discere, didicl, learn, be taught.

discrimen, -minis [discerno]. n.,
that which parts; decisive mo-
ment, crisis.

discutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus
[dis- + quatio, shake~\, break up,
clear away.

disicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [dis- +
iacio], drive apart; disperse,
scatter.

dispar, -aris [dis- + par], adj., un-
like, unequal, ill-matched.

disparo, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- +
Tpzio}, part, separate.

* dispergo, -spergere, -spersi, -sper-

SUS [dis- + spargo, strew}, scatter,
disperse.

dispicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus
[dis- -f- speci5, look}, descry, per-
ceive.

* dispon5, -ponere, -posui, -positus

[dis- + pono], pttt in different
places, station here and there;
arrange, assign, post.

disputatio, -onis [dispute], f., argu-
ment, discussion.

disput5, -are,- -avi, -atus [dis- +
puto], investigate, discuss, argue.

dissensio, -onis [dissentio], f., dif-
ference of opinion; dissension,
strife.

dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sensus
[dis- + sentio], think differently,
dissent, disagree.

dissero, -serere, -sevi, -situs [dis-+
sero], set here and there.

dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- +
simulo], disguise, keep secret,conceal.

dissipo, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- +
supo, throw}, scatter, disperse, put
to flight.

dissuaded, -suadere, -suasi, -suasus
[dis- + suadeo, urge}, advise
against, dissuade.

distineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus
[dis- + teneo], keep apart ; hold
back, hinder, prevent.

*distS, -stare, -stiti [dis- + sto],
stand apart, be distant.

distrahS, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus
[dis- + traho], pull to pieces, tear
away.

distribuo, -tribuere, -tribui^ -tri-
butus [dis- + tribuo], divide, dis-
tribute ; assign, apportion.

distuli, see differs.

ditissimus, -a, -um, sup. of dives.

VOCABULARY

45 1

* diu, adv., a long time, long ; quam

diu, as long as.
diurnus, -a, -urn [dies], pertaining

to the day, by day.
diutinus, -a, -urn [diu], long con-

timted, permanent.
diutius, diutissime, comp. and sup.

of diu.
diuturnitas, -atis [diuturnus], f.,

long continuance, long duration.
diuturnus, -a, -um [diu], long, en-

dtiring.
diversus, -a, -um [part, of diverts,

turn away}, turned different ways,

facing in the opposite direction ;

straggling, scattered ; different,

separate, separated, distant.
dives, -vitis (also dis, ditis), adj.,

rich, wealthy, opulent.
Diviciacus, -i, m., Diviciacus : (i) a

druid, one of the Haedui. He

was brother of Dumnorix, but,

unlike the latter, was friendly to

the Romans ; (2) a king of the

Suessiones.
Divico, -onis, m., Divico, a leader

among the Helvetii.

* divide, -videre, -visi, -visus, di-

vide, separate, scatter; send in

different directions.
divinus, -a, -um [divus, divine^,

belonging to the gods, coming from

the gods, divine, sacred.
*divisus, -a, -um [part, of divide],

divided.

* do, dare, dedi, datus, give, grant,
furnish, present ; assign, impose,
allot; afford, cause; offer ; give
up, allow; inter se dare, exchange;
in matrimonium dare, give in
marriage; in mandatis dare,
order, commission; dare neg5-
tium, give as a task, direct;
dare operam, exert oneself, do
one's utmost; recessum dare,

make way; dare suspicionem,
arouse suspicion ; in f ugam dare,
put to flight; manus dare, yield,
submit.

* doceo, docere, docul, doctus, teach,

s/iow; inform, tell, mention, relate.

documentum, -l [doceo], n., lesson,
example, warning.

*doleo, dolere, dolui, doliturus,
suffer, grieve, lament, mourn.

dolor, -oris [doleo], m., suffering,
pain, grief; annoyance, resent-
ment, anger, indignation, chagrin.

dolus, -i, m., device ; deceit, trickery.

domesticus, -a, -um [clomus], be-
longing to a home; domestic, civil ;
native.

domicilium, -i [domus], n., home,
dwelling-place.

dominor, -arl, -atus [dominus], be
master, bear sway.

dominus, -i [donius], m., master,
owner, lord.

Domitius, -i, m., Domitius, a Roman
nomen; Lucius Domitius Aheno-
barbiis, consul in 54 B.C., with
Appius Claudius.

Domnotaurus, -i, m., Domnotaurus ;
see Valerius.

* domus, -us, f., house; family;
home; country.

dono, -are, -avi, -atus [donum],
give, present.

donum, -i [d5], n., gift, present;
bribe.

dorsum, -i, n., back ; ridge, summit.

dos, dotis [d5], f., marriage por-
tion, dowry.

druides, -um [Celtic, true or wise],
m. pi., driiids, the priests of the
religion of Gaul and Britain. See
Introd., p. 27.

Dubis, -is, m., the Diibis, a river
of Gaul flowing into the Arar
(Saone), now the Doubs.

452

VOCABULARY

dubitatio, -onis [dubito], f., doubt,
uncertainty ; hesitancy.

*dubito, -are, -avi, -atus [dubius],
doubt, be uncertain; hesitate,
delay.

dubius, -a, -um, doubtful, uncertain,
undetermined; non est dubium
quin, there is no doubt that ; in
dubium devocare, endanger,
risk.

*ducenti, -ae, -a (CC) [duo + cen-
tum], pi. adj., two hundred.

*ducd, ducere, duxi, ductus, lead,
conduct, guide ; lead oiit, mar-
shal ; bring, take; construct, ex-
tend; prolong, piit off ; consider,
reckon, hold, think ; in matrimo-
nium ducere (sometimes ducere
alone), lead home as a bride,
marry.

ductus, -us [duco], m., leading,
leadership, command.

*dum, conj., while; as long as;
until.

Dumnorix, -igis [Celtic, grand
king\, m., Dumnorix, a Haed-
uan, brother of Diviciacus.

*duo, -ae, -o (n), adj., two.

*duodecim (XII) [duo + decem],
indecl. adj., twelve.

duodecimus, -a, -um [duodecim],
twelfth.

duodeni, -ae, -a [duodecim], pi.
adj., twelve each, twelve apiece, by
twelves, twelve together.

duodeseptuaginta (LXVIII) [duo
+ de + septuaginta], indecl. adj.,
sixty-eight.

duodetriginta (XXVIII) [duo +
de + triginta], indecl. adj., twenty-
eight.

duodeviginti (xviil) [duo -f de
+ viginti], indecl. adj., eighteen.

*duplex, -plicis [duo + plango,
strike~\, adj., twofold, double.

duplico, -are, -avi, -atus [duplex],

double.
duritia, -ae [durus], f., hardness,

hardship.
duro, -are, -avi, -atus [durus],

harden, make hardy.
Durocortorum, -I, n., Durocortorum,

an important town of the Remi,

from whose name comes the mod-

ern name of the town, Rheims.
*durus, -a, -um, hard; severe, in-

clement; diffictdt ; adverse.
Durus, -I, m., Diirus, a Roman cog-

nomen ; see Laberius.
*dux, ducis [duco] , ra..,leader, guide;

commander, gener al ; chief, ruler.

e, see ex.

*ea [abl. f. of is; sc. via], adv., that

way, on that side, there.
Eburones, -um, m. pi., the Eburones,

a tribe of the Belgae, sometimes

classed as Germans.
Eburovices, -um, m. pi., Ebtirovices;

see Aulercus.
edisco, -discere, -didici [e + disco],

learn thoroughly, learn by heart.
*edltus, -a, -um [part, of edo], ele-

vated, rising, high.
*edo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [e + -do,

puf\, put forth, display ; inflict.
edoceo, -docere, -docui, -doctus

[e -f doceo], teach thoroughly ;

inform, instruct, show.
educ5, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [e +

duco], lead out, lead forth; gla-

dium educere, draw a sword.
effarcio, -farcire, -farsi, -fertus [ex

+ farcio, stuff"\\, fill out, fill ^lp.
effemino, -are, -avi, -atus [ex +

femina], make effeminate, weaken.
efferS, efferre, extuli, elatus [ex

+ fero], carry out, take away ;

make public, announce, report,

VOCABULARY

453

tell; lift up, raise ; encourage,
elate.

*efficio, -ficere, -fed, -f ectus [ex +
facio], accomplish, do ; finish, com-
plete; effect, cause, bring about,
produce, render ; make, construct;
muster, furnish ; commeatus ut
portari possent efficiebat, made
it possible for supplies to be brought,

effodio, -f odere, -fodi, -f ossus [ex +
fodid], dig out, tear o^tt.

effugi5, -f ugere, -fugi [ex + fugio] ,
flee from, escape, shun.

effundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus [ex
+ fundo], pour out; se effun-
dere, rush.

egens, -entis [part, of egeo], adj.,
needy, poor, destitute.

egeo, egere, egui, be in want; lack,
need.

egestas, -atis [egens], f., indigence,
poverty.

*ego, mei, pers. pron., // sometimes
used reflexively in the oblique
cases, me, myself, nos, ourselves ;
nosmet, see -met.

*egredior, -gredi, -gressus [e-fgra-
dior, step}, go out, march out;
go beyond, leave; disembark,
land.

*egregie [egregius], adv., excel-
lently, remarkably well.

*egregius, -a, -um [e + grex, herd},
excellent, admirable.

egressus, -a, -um, part, of egredior.

egressus, -US [egredior]^ m., going
out, disembarkation.

eicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [e +
iacio], drive out, expel, eject,
banish; throw, cast; strand; se
eicere, rush otit, break out.

elabor, -labi, -lapsus [e + labor],
slip away, escape.

elatus, -a, -um, part, of effero.

Elaver, -eris, n., the Elaver river, a

branch of the Liger (Loire), now

the Allier.
electus, -a, -um [part, of eligo,

pick out], picked, select, excellent,
choice.

elephantus, -I, m., elephant.
Eleuteti, -orum, m. pi., the Eleuteti,

a small Gallic tribe living, perhaps,

near the Cadurci.
elicio, -licere, -licui, -licitus [e +

Iacio, entice~\, lure out, entice.
Elusates, -ium, m. pi., the Ehisates,

a tribe in Aquitania.
emigre, -are, -avi, -atus^[e + migro,

remove~\, move away, go forth.
emineo, -minere, -minui, stand out,

project.
eminus [e + manus], adv., from a

distance, at a distance.
emitt5, -mittere, -misi, -missus

[e + mitto], send out, send forth;

throw ; let go, throw away.
*emo, emere, emi, emptus, buy.
enascor, -nasci, -natus [e + nas-

cor], grow out, sprout out.
*enim (always postpositive), conj.,

in fact, to be stire ; for.
*emmtid, -are, -avi, -atus [e +

nfintio], tell in ptiblic, announce,

disclose.
*60 [is], adv., thither, to that place ;

to that point ; to suck a point, so

far, to such an extent; thereon;

to this or that end.
*eo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, go, walk,

march, travel ; used impersonally

in pass., e.g. itur, a march is

made ; with a supine iri forms a

fut. pass. inf.
*eodem [idem], adv., to the same

place; to the same end or pur-
port.
ephippiatus, -a, -um [ephippium],

provided with saddle-cloths, using

saddle-cloths.

454

VOCABULARY

ephippium, -I, n., saddle-cloth,

housing.
epistula, -ae, f., letter, -written

message.
Eporedorix, -igis, m., Eporedorix:

(1) a Haeduan of high rank;

(2) a Haeduan general.

epulae, -arum, f. ^\., feast.

*eques, -quitis [equus], m., horse-
man, rider ; trooper ; member of
the equestrian order, knight ; pi.,
cavalry.

*equester, -tris, -tre [eques], eques-
trian, of cavalry, cavalry.

*equitatus, -us [eques],m., cavalry,
body of horsemen.

*equus, -I, m., horse ; ex equis, on
horseback; in equum inferre,
place on a horse.

Eratosthenes, -is, m., Eratosthenes,
a learned Greek of the third cen-
tury B.C. He won distinction as
an astronomer, geographer, philos-
opher, and grammarian.

erectus, -a, -um [part, of erig5], set
up, upright, lofty'.

ereptus, -a, -um, part, of eripio.

erga, prep, with ace., towards, in
relation to.

ergo, adv., consequently ; quid ergo?
what, then ?

erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [e -j-
rego], raise /, lift; erigere sese,
rise.

eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [e +
rapio, snatcJ{\, tear away, take
away ; snatch, seize ; rescue ; pass.,
be lost or destroyed; se eripere,
break away, escape.

erro, -are, -avi, -atus, wander; be
mistaken.

erumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptus
[e -f- rumpo, break~\, cause to break
out; rush forth.

*eruptio, -onis [erumpo], f., break-

ing forth; sally, sortie, wish,
raid.

essedarius, -I [essedum], m., fighter
in an essedum, charioteer.

essedum, -i, n., essedum, war-
chariot, used by the Britons.

Esuvil, -orum, m. pi., the Esuvii, a
maritime tribe of northwestern
Gaul.

*et, conj., and; often, especially
after a negative, but ; also, even ;
et . . . et, both . . . and, not
only . . . but also.

*etiam [et + iam], adv., nozv too,
even now, still ; also, besides ; even ;
non solum (non modo) . . . sed
etiam, not only . . . but also ;
quin etiam, nay more, besides,
furthermore.

*etsi [et + si], conj., even if, al-
though.

*evadd, -vadere, -vasi, -vasus [e +
vado, go~], go out, escape.

evello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsus [e +
vello, pluck\, pull out.

*evenio, -venire, -vem, -ventus [e +
veni5], come out, turn out, happen.

*eventus, -us [evenio], m., outcome,
event, result, isszte ; accident, fate,
lot.

*evocatus, -a, -um [part, of evoco],
called out; as subst., m., r e'en-
listed veteran. See Introd., p. 34.

*evoco, -are, -avi, -atus [e + voc5],
call away, summon ; call out, chal-
lenge ; invite.

evolo, -are, -avi, -atus [e + volo,
fly~\,fly out, rush forth.

*ex, e (e only before consonants, ex
before vowels and consonants),
prep, with abl., out of, from;
from among, of; immediately after,
after, since; in accordance with,
in consequence of, by ; of (made
of); in, on; ex omni parte, on

VOCABULARY

455

every side, on all sides ; ex vincu-
lis, in chains; ex equis, on horse-
back; ex contrario, on the other
hand; diem ex die, from day to
day, day after day ; unus e filiis,
one of the sons; e regione, opposite ;
ex parte, to some extent, in some
degree ; magna ex parte, in. great
meastire ; qua ex parte, in which
respect ; ex usu, to the advantage,
advantageous. In comp., out,from,
thoroughly ; sometimes has a nega-
tive force.

exactus, -a, -um, part, of exigo.

exagito, -are, -avi, -atus [ex +
agito], drive about; harass.

examine, -are, -avi, -atus [examen,
tongue of a balance}, weigh, test.

*exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus [exani-
mus, breathless}, put out of breath,
fatigue, exhaust ; kill.

exardesco, -ardescere, -arsi, -arsus
[ex + ardesco, take fife}, blaze
forth, rage.

exaudio, -Ire, -ivi, -itus [ex + audio],
hear clearly, hear.

*excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [ex
+ cedo], go out, go forth, with-
draw, depart, retire.

excello, -cellere, -cellui, -celsus, be
eminent, be superior.

excelsus, -a, -um [part, of excello],
elevated, high.

excepto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
excipio], take up, catch tip.

exceptus, -a, -um, part, of excipio.

excido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [ex +
caedo], cut out ; cut down,
destroy.

*excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [ex
+ capio], take out ; capture, inter-
cept ; receive; bear, take, endure,
meet; pick tip; relieve, take the
place of; follow, succeed ; clamd-
rem excipere, take up the cry.

excito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
excio, call out], call forth ; rouse,
incite, kindle; erect, build up,
raise.

exclude, -cludere, -clusi, -clusus
[ex + claudo], shut out; hinder,
prevent.

excogito, -are, -avi, -atus [ex +
cogito], think out, consider.

excrucio, -are, -avi, -atus [ex + cru-
cio, crucify}, torture, rack.

CXCUbitor, -6ris [excubo], m., watch-
man, sentinel.

excubo, -cubare, -cubui, -cubitus
[ex + cubo, lie~\, lie out on guard,
keep watch.

exculco, -are, -avi, -atus [ex + calco,
tread~\, tread down, stamp firm.

excursio, -onis [excurro, run ouf\, f,
sortie, sally.

excusatio, -onis [excuse], f., excuse,
explanation, apology.

excuse, -are, -avi, -atus [ex +
causa], excuse ; se excusare, offer
an excuse.

exemplum, -i [eximo, take out], n.,
sample, example; precedent; way,
manner.

*exeo, -ire, -ivi(-ii), -itus [ex+e5],
go out, march out, depart, with-
draw.

exerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -ercitus [ex
+ arce5, inclose~], drive on, keep
at work, occtipy ; train, discipline,
exercise.

*exercitatio, -onis [exercit5, exercise
diligently], f., exercise, practice,
training ; experience, skill.

exercitatus, -a, -um [part, of exer-
cito, exercise diligently}, trained,
experienced, practised.

*exercitus, -us [exerceo], m.,
trained force of men, army; in-
fantry.

exhaurio, -haurire, -hausi, -haustus

456

VOCABULARY

[ex + haurio, draw~\, draw out,
reniove.

exigS, -igere, -egi,-actus [ex -f- ago],
drive out ; spend, pass; exacta
aestas erat, summer was gone.

exigue [exiguus], adv., scarcely,
hardly.

exiguitas, -atis [exiguus], f., scanti-
ness, shortness, smallness ; small
numbers.

exiguus, -a, -um [exigo], small, in-
considerable, scanty, little.

eximius, -a, -um [eximo, take ouf\,
exceptional, extraordinary, excel-
lent.

existimatio, -onis [exlstimo], f.,
judgment, opinion, thought; re-
pute.

*existimd, -are, -avi, -atus [ex +
aestimd],//&z#/, suppose ; estimate,
consider.

exitus, -a, -um, part, of exeo.

exitus, -us [exeo], m., departure;
exit, way otit ; end, conchision;
result, outcome.

*expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [ex + pes],
unfetter, extricate, disentangle;
make ready, put in order.

expediti5, -5nis [expedio], f., getting
ready ; expedition, raid.

*expeditus, -a, -um [part, of ex-
pedio], unencumbered, lightly
equipped, without luggage; free,
unembarrassed, easy.

*expello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus [ex
+ pello], drive out, eject, banish,
expel; dispel, remove.

*experior, -perm, -pertus [ex +
-y/PER, cf. comperio], try, at-
tempt; experience, endure, meet.

expi5, -are, -avi, -atus [ex + pio,
appease~\, atone for, expiate.

expleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletus [ex
+ -pleo, fill~\, fill up; make up,
complete; supply, make good.

*explorator, -oris [explore], m., ex-
plorer; scout.

*exploratus, -a, -um [part, of ex-
ploro], ascertained, assured, cer-
tain; pr5 exp!5rato habere, hold
it as certain, be sure.

*exploro, -are, -avi, -atus [ex +
ploro, cry otit~\, search out, explore,
investigate, examine; reconnoiter.

exp5no, -ponere, -posui, -positus
[ex + pono], put out; set on
shore, disembark; expose, exhibit,
display ; set forth, tell, show, point
out.

exporto, -are, -avi, -atus [ex +
porto], carry out.

exposco, -poscere, -poposc! [ex +
posco], ask earnestly, request, de-
mand.

exprimo, -primere, -press!, -pres-
sus [ex + premo], force oiit, ex-
tort; carry up.

expugnatiS, -onis [expugno], f.,
taking by assault, storming, cap~
ture.

* expugno, -are, -avi, -atus [ex -f
pugno], take by storm, capture,
overcome.

expulsus, -a, -um, part, of expello.

exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisi-
tus [ex + quaero], search out,
explore; inquire into, ask.

exsequor, -sequi, -secutus [ex +
sequor],_/o//i9Z{; up, enforce.

exsero,-serere, -serui,-sertus [ex +
sero, bind together], thrust out,
uncover.

exsistS, -sistere, -stiti [ex + sisto,
cause to stand '], come forth, ap-
pear ; arise, be produced, spring
up; project.

*exspect5, -are. -avi, -atus [ex +
specto], look out for, await, wait
for ; expect, hope for ; wait, delay ;
exspectare si, wait to see whether ;

VOCABULARY

457

exspectare quid, wait to see

what.
exspolio, -are, -avi, -atus [ex

spolio], rob, 'deprive.
exstinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi,

-stinctus [ex + stinguo, put oitf],

quench, destroy.
exsto, -stare [ex + sto], stand

forth.
*exstruo, -struere,-struxi,-structus

[ex + struo,^5z7i? up~[, pile up, heap

up ; build up, erect, constritct.
exsul, -ulis, m., banished person,

exile.
exterior, -ius [comp. of exterus, on

the outside], outer, exterior, on the

outside*
exterreo, -terrere, -terrul, -territus

[ex + terreo], strike with terror,

frighten thoroughly.
extimesco, -timescere, -timui [ex

+ inchoative of timeo], fear

greatly.
extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tortus

[ex + torqueo, twist~\, obtain by

force, extort.
extra [exterus, on the outside], prep.

with ace., outside of, beyond.
extraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus

[ex + traho], draw out; waste in

delay.
*extremus, -a, -um [sup. of exterus,

on the outside~\ , most distant, far-
thest, last, utmost, extreme ; end of;

border, frontier ; extremum ag-

men, rear; extremae fossae,

.ends of the trenches; extremae

res, extrema fortuna, iitniost

peril; ad extremum, finally.
extrudo, -trudere, -trusi, -trusus

[ex + trudo, thrust], thrtist out,

shut out.
exuo, -uere, -ui, -utus [cf. induo],

strip off; strip, rob, despoil.
exuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustus [ex +

uro, burn], destroy by Jire, btirn
up.
exutus, -a, -urn, part, of exuo.

faber, -bri, m., workman, smith, ar-
tisan.

Fabius, -l, m., Fabius, a Roman
nomen. Caesar mentions three
of the name : (l) Gaius Fabitis,
a legate ; (2) Lucitts Fabius, a
centurion of the eighth legion ;
(3) Quintus Fabius Maximus,
conqueror of the Arverni and
Ruteni, 121 B.C. He also con-
quered the Allobroges, and from
this fact received the surname
Allobrogicus.

*facile [facilis], adv., easily, without
difficulty ; safely ; unquestionably.

*facilis, -e [facio], easy to do, prac-
ticable, easy.

f acinus, -noris [facio], n,, deed;
villainy, crime.

*facio, facere, feci, factus (for
pass., see fio), make, construct,
fashion, form ; do, act; establish;
give, furnish; cazfse, incite; con-
stitttte, appoint; obtain; fidem
facere, establish confidence, con-
vince, be believed ; imperata
facere, carry out orders ; potes-
tatem facere, give a chance ; cer-
tiorem facere, see certus ; finem
facere, stop, put an end to ; .ini-
tium facere, begin; iter facere,
march; iudicium facere, pass
judgment, express an opinion;
facere verba, make a speech, act
as spokesman ; vim facere, make
opposition, force a way ; sementis
quam maximas facere, sow as
much as possible; nihil reliqui
facere, leave nothing undone (ad
celeritatem, i.e. make all possible

45 8

VOCABULARY

speed} ; rei publicae commodo

facere, do so -with advantage to
the state ; f acere ut, cause (some-
thing) to (be done).

factio, -onis [facio],f., taking sides;
faction, party.

*factum, -I [part, of facio], n., deed,
act, measure.

*facultas, -atis [facilis], f., ability,
power ; opportunity, chance, occa-
sion, leave; supply, abundance;
pi., resources.

fagUS, -I, f., beech-tree.

f allo, f allere, f ef elli, f alsus, deceive,
cheat, trick ; fail, disappoint.

f alsus, -a, -um [part, of fallo], false,
groundless.

falx, falcis, f., sickle; hook, wall-
hook.

fama, -ae [for, speak~\, f., story,
rumor, report; reputation, repute.

fames, -is, abl. fame, f., hunger,
want, famine.

familia, -ae [famulus, servant], f.,
collection of slaves, household, ret-
inue ; vassals, followers ; family ;
pater familiae, head of the hoiise-
hold, master.

*familiaris, -e [familia], belonging
to a house or family, private ; res
f amiliaris, private possessions ;
as subst., m., intimate friend,
associate.

familiaritas, -atis [familiar is], f.,
intimacy, friendship.

fas, indecl., found only in nom. and
ace. [for, speak~\, n., divine law ;
justice, right; fas esse, be lawful,
be proper.

fastigate [fastlgatus], adv., slant-
ing, leaning.

fastlgatus, -a, -um [cf. fastlgium],
sloping, descending.

fastlgium, -I, n., gable-end; top,
ridge, summit; slope, declivity ;

paulatim angustiore fastigio,

with a gradtially narrowing slope.

fatum, -I [part, of for, speak~\, n.,
destiny, fate ; ill fortune.

*faveo, favere, favi, fauturus, be
well disposed toward, short) favor
to, favor.

fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand.

fefelli, see fallo.

felicitas, -atis [felix, fruitful}, f.,
good for 'tttne, prosperity, success.

fellciter [felix, fruitful'], adv., for-
tunately, successfully.

femina, -ae, f., female; woman.

femur, -moris or -minis, n., thigh.

fera, -ae [ferus], f., wild animal t
beast.

ferax, -acis [fero], adj., fruitful^
fertile.

*fere, adv., nearly, almost, abozit;
generally, usually; chiefly.

*fer5, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry,
bring; endure, suffer, meet;
carry away, remove; receive,
bear off, win ; declare, report ;
offer ; pass., rush, flow; Slgna
ferre, march forward, advance,
start from camp; graviter or
moleste ferre, feel indignation
at, take hard; ventus ferebat,
the wind was blowing ; condici-
onem ferre, propose terms, lay
down conditions ; ut c5nsuetudo
fert, as custom is; ut f ert illorum
opinid, as they think.

ferramenta, -orum [ferrum], n. pi.,
tools made of iron.

ferraria, -ae [ferrum], L, iron-mine.

*ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum], made of
iron, iron.

ferrum, -l, n., iron; weapon, sword.

fertilis, -e [fero], fertile, fruitful.

fertilitas, -atis [fertilis], f., fertility.

*f erus, -a, -um, wild, savage ; fierce,
cruel.

VOCABULARY

459

fervefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus

[ferveo + facio], make hot.

fervef actus, -a, -urn [part, of ferve-
facio], hot, burning, boiling.

fervens, -entis [part, of ferveo],
adj., red-hot, hot.

ferveo, -ere, be hot.

fibula, -ae [Hgo, fix~\, f., fastening,
brace, clasp.

fictus, -a, -um, part, of fingo.

fidelis, -e [fides], trustworthy, faith-
ful

*fides, -61 [fldo, trust], f., trttst, faith,
confidence, belief, reliance ; trust-
worthiness, fidelity, loyalty, good
faith; protection, promise to pro-
tect; word, pledge, assurance.

fiducia, -ae [fldo, trust], L, trust,
confidence, reliance.

figura, -ae [fingo], f., form, shape,
fashion.

*filia, -ae, f., daughter.

*filius, -I, m., son.

*fing5, fingere, finxi, fictus, mold,
model, fashion, make; make up,
imagine, conceive, devise ; vultum
fingere; compose the countenance,
control the expression.

fmio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [finis], limit,
bound, pttt an end to, end; mark
off, define, determine.

*f mis, -is, m., occasionally f. in sing.,
boundary, limit, end; pi., borders,
frontier ; country, territory, land.

*flnitimus, -a, -um [finis], border-
ing, adjacent, neighboring ; as
subst, m. pi., neighbors, adjoin-
ing peoples.

*fio, fieri, factus, used as pass,
of faciS, be made, be done, be
built, be formed, be accomplished;
become ; happen, take place, come
about; result; certior fieri, be in-
formed; si quid opus facto esset,
if there was any need of action.

*firmiter [firmus], adv., steadily,
firmly.

firmitudo, -dinis [firmus], L, firm-
ness, stability, strength.

ffrmo, -are, -avi, -atus [firmus],
make secure, strengthen.

*firmus, -a, -um, strong, powerful;
stable, firm, steady ; trustworthy.

fistuca, -ae, f. , rammer, pile-driver.

Flaccus, -I, m., Flaccus, a Roman
cognomen ; see Valerius.

*flagito, -are, -avi, -atus, demand
urgently, importune.

flamma, -ae [for flagma, from flagro,
blaze'], i.,fiame,fire.

flecto, flectere, flexi, flexus, bend,
turn.

*fleo, flere, flevi, fletus, weep, be-
wail.

fletus, -us [fleo], m., weeping, la-
menting.

flo, flare, flavi, flatus, blow.

*florens, -entis [part, of floreo,
bloom~\, adj., flourishing, prosjter-
ous ; ^nfi^^ential.

flos, fl5ris, m., blossom, flower.

*fluctus, -us [fluo], m., wave.

*flumen, -minis [fluo], n., running
water, river; adverso flumine,
tip-stream ; secund5 flumine,
down-stream; in flumine, over a
river (as a bridge).

*fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxus,y?0?e>, run.

fodio, fodere, fodi, fossus, dig,
make by digging.

foedus, -deris [fldo, trust], n., alli-
ance, compact, treaty.

fore, equivalent to futurus esse,
from sum.

forem, equivalent to essem, from
sum.

foris [foris, door], adv., out of doors,
outside.

forma, -ae, f., form, shape, appear-
ance ; plan, design.

460

VOCABULARY

fors (fortis) [cf. fero], f., chance,
fortune; abl. forte, by chance,
perhaps.

*fortis, -e, brave, manly, bold.

*fortiter [fortis], adv., bravely, val-
iantly, boldly.

fortitude, -dinis [fortis], f., courage,
bravery.

fortuito [fortuitus, accidental'], adv.,
by chance, accidentally.

*fortuna, -ae [fors], f., fortune,
chance, luck ; fate, lot; good for-
tune ; pi., property, possessions;
extrema fortuna, utmost peril.

fortunatus, -a, -um [part, of for-
tuno, make prosperous'], prosper-
ous, fortunate.

forum, -i [cf. foris], n., open space,
public square, market-place.

*fossa, -ae [fodio], f., ditch, trench,
moat.

fovea, -ae, f., small pit, pitfall.

frango, frangere, fregl, fractus,
break, dash to pieces, crush.

*f rater, -tris, m., brother ; pi., breth-
ren, allies.

*fraternus, -a, -um [frater], of a
brother, brotherly, fraternal.

fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, imposition.

*fremitus, -us [frem5, roar], m.,
roaring, uproar.

frequens, -entis, adj., in great num-
bers.

fretus, -&,-\\.m,relyingon, trustingin.

frigidus, -a, -um [cf. frlgus], cold.

frigUS, -goris, n., cold, frost, wintry
weather; pi., cold seasons, cold.

*frons, frontis, f., forehead ; front.

fructuosus, -a, '-urn [ fructus], yrzV-
ful, productive.

fructus, -us [fruor], m., enjoyment ;
fruit, crops ; result, effect ; interest,
profit; reward.

*frumentarius, -a, -um [frumen-
tum], of grain; abounding in

grain, fertile ; res frumentaria,

grain-supply, provisions.
frumentatio, -onis [frumentor], f.,

providing of grain, foraging.
frumentor, -an, -atus [frumentum],

get grain, forage.
*frumentum, -I [fruor], n., grain,

harvested grain, usually wheat,

barley, or spelt ; pi., standing

grain, grain-crop.
fruor, frui, fructus, enjoy, reap the

benefit of.
*frustra [cf. fraus], adv., in vain,

uselessly.

frux, frugis [fruor], f., fruit, prod-
uce; usually pi., crops.
Fufius, -I, m., Fufius, a Roman

nomen ; Gaius Fufius Cita, a

Roman knight.
*fuga, -ae, f., fleeing, flight, rout ,

sese fugae mandare, take to flight,

run away; in fugam dare, p^lt

to flight, rout.
*fugio, fugere, fugi, fugiturus

[fuga], flee, run away ; shun,

avoid.
fugitlVUS, -a, -um [fugio], fugitive;

as subst., m., runaway, deserter.
fug5, -are, -avl, -atus [fuga], put

to flight, rout.
fumd, -are [fumus], smoke.
fumus, -i, m., smoke.
funda, -ae, f., sling; sling-stone.
funditor, -oris [funda], m., slinger.
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus, pour;

Jnirl, spread, scatter ; overthrow,

put to flight.
funebris, -e [funus], of a funeral ;

iusta funebria, due rites of

burial.
fungor, fungi, functus, perform,

execute.

*funis, -is, m., rope.
funus, -neris, n., funeral, funeral

rites.

VOCABULARY

461

furor, -oris [furo, rage}, m., madness,

hot-headedness, frenzy.
furtum, -I [fur, thief}, n., theft.
fusilis, -e [fundo], molten, red-hot.
futurus, -a, -um, fut. part, of sum.

Gabali, -orum, m. pi., the Gabali, a
small Gallic tribe, clients of the
Arverni.

Gabmius, -I, m., Gab^n^^ts, a Roman
nomen ; Aulus Gabiniiis, consul
in 58 B.C.

gaesum, -I, n., javelin. "Thegaesum
was the characteristic weapon of
the Gauls in early times. It was
probably made entirely of iron.

Galba, -ae, m., Galba : (l) a Roman
cognomen; Servius Sulpiciiis
Galba, one of Caesar's legates ;
(2) a king of the Suessiones.

galea, -ae, f., helmet (of leather, often
strengthened with metal).

Gallia, -ae [Callus], f., Gaul; for the
different applications of the word
see Introd., p. 23.

Gallicus, -a, -um [Gall us], Gallic,
of Gaul, pertaining to Gaul.

gallina, -ae [gallus, cock~\, f., hen.

Gallus, -1, m., a Gaul; pi., the Gauls,
generally used as synonymous with
Celtae, meaning the inhabitants of
the central of Caesar's divisions of
Transalpine Gaul (see Bk. I, Chap.
I., and Introd., p. 23) ; as adj.,
Gallus, -a,-um, Gallic.

Gallus, -I, m., Galhis, a Roman cog-
nomen ; see Trebius.

Garumna, -ae, m., the Garumna, a
river of southwestern Gaul, now
the Garonne.

Garumni, -orum, m. pi., the Ga-
rumni, an Aquitanian tribe near
the head waters of the Garumna
(Garonne) among the Pyrenees.

Gates, -ium, m. pi., the Gates, a tribe
in eastern Aquitania.

gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus, rejoice,
be glad.

Geidumm, -onim, m. pi., the Gei-
dumni, a small Belgic tribe, clients
of the Nervii.

Genava, -ae, f., Genava, Geneva,
an important city of the Allobroges.

gener, -eri, m., son-in-law.

generatim [genus], adv., by kinds,
by tribes.

gens, gentis [cf. gigno, pro-
d^tce}, f., race, tribe ; nation,
people.

*genus, -neris [cf. gigno', produce},
n., descent, race ; kind, sort ; class,
rank, order ; genus, species ; fam-
ily, house ; nation, people, tribe ;
method.

Gergovia, -ae, f., Gergovia, a city
of the Arverni near the Elaver
(Allier). It was not far from the
modern Clermont-Ferrand.

Germania, -ae [Germanus], f., Ger-
many, a country of indefinite ex-
tent lying east of the Rhine; see
Introd., p. 30.

Germanicus, -a, -um [Germanus],
Germanic, German.

Germanus, -I, m., a German; pi.,
the Germans; as adj., Germanus,
-a, -um, German.

*gero, gerere, gessi, gestus, carry ;
administer, manage, carry on, con-
duct; do, carry out, finish; hold;
pass., go on, take place ; bellum
gerere, -wage war; res gestae,
see res.

*gladius, -I, m., siuord.

glaeba, -ae, f., clod ; lump, mass.

glans, glandis, f., acorn; ball,
sling-bullet.

gloria, -ae, f. , renown, fame, praise,
glory.

462

VOCABULARY

glorior, -ari, -atus [gloria], boast,
pride oneself.

Gobannitio, -onis, m., Gobannitio,
an Arvernian, uncle of Vercin-
getorix.

Gorgobina, -ae, f., Gorgobina, a town
of the Boii, perhaps between
the Elaver (Allier) and the Liger
(Loire) .

Graecus, a, -um, Greek; as subst.,
m., a Greek.

Graioceli, -orum, m. pi., the Graio-
celi, a Gallic tribe in the Alps not
far from Mt. Cenis.

grandis, -e, large, massive, huge.

* gratia, -ae [gratus], f., gratitude,
thanks ; return, requital; favor,
friendship, good will; influence,
power, popularity ; gratiam
habere, feel grateful; gratiam
referre, make return; gratias
agere, express thanks; gratia,
with gen., for the sake of, for the
purpose of.

gratulatio, -onis [gratulor], f., re-
joicing, joy, congratulation.

gratulor, -ari, -atus [gratus], mani-
fest joy ; congratulate.

gratus, -a, -um, pleasing, satis-
factory, grateful, acceptable ; as
subst., n., pleasing thing, favor.

*gravis, -e, heavy, ponderous, bur-
densome; hard to bear, severe; seri-
ous, important, grave ; gravi5ris
aetatis, of maturer years.

gravitas, -atis [gravis], f., weight ;
importance, influence.

*graviter [gravis], adv., heavily;
seriously, forcibly ; bitterly, se-
verely, vehemently ; graviter f erre,
be troubled about, feel indignation
at, take hard.

*gravor, -ari, -atus [gravis], be un-
willing, hesitate.

Grudii, -orum, m. pi., the Grudii, a

small Belgic tribe, dependants of

the Nervii.
*gubernator, -oris [guberno, steer],

m., pilot, helmsman.
gusto, -are, -avi, -atus, taste.

H

*habe5, habere, habui, habitus,

have, hold, possess; regard, con-
sider, count; take (a census);
make (a speech); compertum
habere, to have {hold} discovered,
almost equivalent to comperisse ;
habere in animo, intend; aliter
se habere, be. different ; habere
Infamiam, involve disgrace ; gra-
tiam habere, see gratia ; satis
habere, deem sufficient.

Haeduus, -a, -um [Celtic, fiery],
Haeduan ; as subst., m., a Haed-
uan ; pi., the Haedui, a promi-
nent tribe of Gaul, usually friendly
to the Romans.

haesito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
haereS, cling\, stick fast.

hamus, -i, m., hook.

harpagd, -onis, m., hook, -wall-hook,
grapple.

Harudes, -um, m. pi., the Hariides,
a German tribe, originally perhaps
living in Jutland.

baud, adv., not, by no means.

Helveticus, -a, -um [Helvetius],
Helvetian.

Helvetius, -a, -um, Helvetian; as
subst., m., a Helvetian ; pi., the
Helvetii, a rich and powerful tribe,
whose country was nearly the
same as modern Switzerland.

Helvii, -orum, m. pL, the Helvii, a
small Gallic tribe in the Roman
province.

Hercynius, -a, -um, Hercynian.
The Hercynia silva was an im-

VOCABULARY

463

mense forest, or series of forests,
extending through southern Ger-
many.

hereditas, -atis [heres, heir], f.,
inheritance.

Hibernia, -ae, f., Hibernia, or Ire-
land.

*Mbernus, -a, -um [hiems], of -win-
ter, pertaining to winter ; as subst.,
hiberna, -orum (sc. castra), n.pl.,
winter camp, winter quarters ;
time spent in winter quarters.

*hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this, this
man, he; the following ; the latter
(contrasted with ille) ; such, of
this kind ; hoc, on this account, in
this respect, by this, the.

*hlC [hie], adv., here, in this place ;
at this time, hereupon.

*hiem5, -are,- avi, -aturus [hiems],
spend the winter, winter, be in
winter quarters.

*hiems, -emis, f., winter; -wintry
weather, storm.

*hinc [hie], adv., from this place,
from here, hence.

Hispania, -ae [Hispanus], f., Spain,
including the whole peninsula,
i.e. Spain and Portugal. Citerior
Hispania comprised the northern
and eastern parts of the peninsula.

Hispanus, -a, -um, Spanish.

*homo, -minis, m. and f., human
being, person, man; pi., men,
people.

honestus, -a, -um [honos], honored,
respected, honorable, noble.

honorificus, -a, -um [honos +
faci5], conferring honor, honor-
able.

honos (honor), -oris, m., honor,
repute, distinction; office; hono-
ris causa, out of respect (for).

*hora, -ae, f., hotir, a twelfth part of
the time between sunrise and sun-

set, consequently varying in length
according to the season.

horreo, horrere, horrui, bristle;
shudder at, dread.

horribilis, -e [horreo], terrible.

horridus, -a, -um [horreo], savage,
frightful.

*hortor, -an, -atus, urge, incite, en-
courage, impel.

*hospes, -pitis, m., stranger, espe-
cially one bound to another by ties
of hospitality, guest-friend ; guest,
host ; friend.

*hospitium, -l [hospes], n., tie of
hospitality, guest-friendship, hospi-
tality ; friendship.

*hostis, -is, m. and f., enemy
(public), foe ; pi., the enemy.

*huc [Me], adv., to this place,
hither ; to this, to these ; hue acce-
debat, to this was added.

humanitas, -atis [humanus], f.,
civilization, refinement.

humanus, -a, -um [homo], civilized,
refined.

*humilis, -e [humus, ground~\, low,
small; humble, insignificant,
weak.

humilitas, -atis [humilis], f., low-
ness ; insignificance.

iaceo, iacere, iacul [cf. iacio], lie, lie

prostrate, lie dead; pres. part, as

subst., iacentes, -ium, m. pi., the

fallen.
*iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, throw,

hurl, cast; throiv up, constriict ;

ancoras iacere, cast anchor.
iacto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of

iacio], throw with violence, hurl ;

toss about, shake ; discuss.
iactura, -ae [iaci5], f., throwing;

sacrifice ; outlay.
iactus, -a, -um, part, of iacio.

464

VOCABULARY

iaculum, -i [iacio], n., missile, dart,
javelin.

*iam, adv., by this time, already,
now ; at length ; even, in fact ;
with fut., presently, soon; with
neg., longer.

*ibi, adv., there, in that place; at
that time, then.

ibidem [ibi + -dem (cf. Idem)],
adv., in the same place.

Iccius, -1, m., Iccins, a leading man
among the Remi.

ictus, -us [ico, strike"], m., stroke,
blow, shot.

idcirc5 [id + abl. of circus, circle
(cf. circum)], adv., on that ac-
count, for this reason.

*idem, eadem, idem [is], dem.
pron., that same one, the same;
identical ; e5dem vestigio, in one
spot.

identidem [idem + itidem, so~\,
adv., again and again, repeat-
edly.

*idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, capable,
convenient, fit.

Idus, -uum, f. pi., the Ides, a fixed
date near the middle of each
month, being the fifteenth of
March, May, July, and October,
the thirteenth of the other
months.

*ignis, -is, m., fire; pi., beacon-
fires.

ignobilis, -e [in- + (g)nobilis], un-
known, insignificant.

ignominia, -ae [in- -f- (g)nomen],
f., disgrace, shame, ignominy.

ignor5, -are, -avi, -atus [ignarus,
ignorant], not know, be ignorant
of, misunderstand ; non ignorans,
knowing well.

*ignosc5, -gndscere, -gn5vi, -gnotus
[in- + (g)nosco], overlook, par-
don, excuse.

*ign5tus, -a, -um [in- + (g)notus],
unknown, strange.

*ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that,
that one ; he, she, it; the former
(contrasted with hie) ; the well-
known.

*illic [ille], adv., in that place,
there.

*il!6 [ille], adv., thither; to that
point.

Illyricum, -i, n., Illyricttm,\.\\e coun-
~try along the eastern shore of the
Adriatic, corresponding nearly to
the modern Istria and Dalmatia.
It was a part of Caesar's prov-
ince.

imbecillitas, -atis [imbecillus,
weak], f., weakness, feebleness.

imber, -bris, m., rain, storm.

imitor, -ari, -atus, copy, imitate.

immanis, -e, monstroiis, huge.

immine5, -minere, hang over ; be
close upon, threaten.

*immitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[in -f mitto], cause to go in, send
in ; insert, let down ; send against,
throw.

immolo, -are, -avi, -atus, sacrifice.

immortalis, -e [in- + mortalis, mor-
tar], deathless, immortal.

immunis, -e [in- + munus], free
from burdens, untaxed.

immunitas, -atis [immunis], f.,
freedom from obligation, exemp-
tion.

imparatus, -a, -um [in- + paratus],
unprepared, off guard.

*impedimentum, -i [impedio], n.,
obstruction, hindrance; pi., hig-
gage, baggage, baggage train,
pack-animals.

*impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [in +
pes], fetter; entangle, obstruct,
hinder.

*impeditus, -a, -um [part, of im-

VOCABULARY

465

pedio], shackled ; burdened, em-
barrassed, at a disadvantage ; oc-
cupied, busied; inaccessible, dijfi-
cult.

*impell6, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus
[in + pello] , drive in, drive on ;
urge on, influence.

impended, -pendere [in + pendeo,
be suspended^, hang over.

impensus, -a, -um [part, of im-
pendo, weigh out], heavy, exces-
sive.

imperator, -oris [impero], m.,
leader, general, commander-in-
chief. See Introd., p. 32.

*imperatum, -I [part, of impero],
n., order, command.

imperitus, -a, -um [in- + peritus],
not experienced, unskilled, igno-
rant ; unused to, unacquainted
with.

*imperium, -i [impero], n., mili-
tary authority, power; order,
command; government, control,
dominion, sway ; nova imperia,
see novus.

*impero, -are, -avi, -atus [in +
paro], be commander, rule ; com-
mand, order, direct; demand,
impose, levy.

*impetrd, -are, -avi, -atus [in +
patro, bring to pass~\, accomplish;
ask and receive, obtain on request,
get.

*impetus, -US [in + peto], m., at-
tack ; shock, force, violence ; fury.

impius, -a, -um [in- + pius, duti-
ful], undutiful, impious.

implied, -plicare, -plica vi or -plicui,
-plicatus or -plicitus [in + plico,
fold~\, enfold, entwine, connect
closely.

*imp!5ro, -are, -avi, -atus [in +
ploro, cry out\, beg, entreat.

*impono, -ponere, -posui, -positus

2H

[in -f- pono], put Tipon, place,
impose; mount.

imports, -are, -avi, -atus [in +
porto], carry in, bring in, im-
port.

impositus, -a, -um, part, of impono.

improbus, -a, -um [in- + probus,
estimable'], wicked, shameless.

*improvis6 [improvlsus], adv., un-
expectedly, on a siidden.

*impr5vlsus, -a, -um [in- + provT-
sus, part, of provideo], not fore-
seen ; de improvise, unexpect-
edly, suddenly.

imprudens, -entis [in- + priidens,
foreseeing^, adj., not expecting,
unaware, off one's guard.

imprudentia, -ae [imprudens], f.,
want of foresight, inconsiderate-
ness, ignorance.

impubes, -beris [in- + p\ibes,^rown-
up~\, adj., under age ; chaste.

impugno, -are, -avi, -atus [in +
pugno], fight against, assail, fight.

impulsus, -us [impello], m., strik-
ing against; impulse, influence.

impulsus, -a, -um, part, of im-
pello.

impune [impunis, unpunished~\,
adv., withoTit punishment, with
impunity.

impunitas, -atis [impunis, unpun-
ished'], f., freedom from punish-
ment.

*imus, -a, -um, equivalent to infi-
mus, which see; as subst., n.,
bottom, foot.

* in-, an inseparable prefix, not, in- t
tin-, -less.

*in, prep. : (i) with ace., into, to,
against; sometimes in with ex-
pressions which imply motion ;
among ; on, upon ; towards, in
the direction of; until, for ; ac-
cording to ; in Arvernos versus,

4 66

VOCABULARY

towards the Arverni : in tertium
annum, for the third year ; in
noctem, till night ; in perpetuum,
forever ; in dies, from day to day ;
in annos singulos, year by year,
yearly; in susplcionem, under
suspicion; in servilem modum,
like slaves; (2) with abl., in,
within; on; among, in the cotuitry
of; at ; in the case of; in the time
of, during ; in ancoris, at an-
chor ; in epulis, at feasts; in armls,
under arms ; in dicione, under the
sway ; in flumine, over a river ;
in praesentia, at the time, for the
present. In comp., in, into, at, on,
against, among.

inanis, -e, empty ; groundless.

incaute [incautus], adv., carelessly.

incautus, -a, -urn [in- + cautus,
part, of caveo], incautious, off
ones guard.

incendium, -i [incendo], n., fire,
conflagration.

*incend5, -cendere, -cendi, -census
[in -j- candeo, glow], set fire to,
burn ; arouse.

inceptus, -a, -um, part, of inci-
pio.

incertus, -a, -um [in- + certus], not
certain, undetermined, doubtful;
untried, unexpected ; in disorder.

*incido, -cidere, -cidi [in + cado],
fall upon; happen, occur; inci-
dere in, fall in with.

incido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [in +
caedd], cut into, notch.

*incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [in
+ capio], take hold of , enter upon,
begin.

incisus, -a, -um, part, of incido.

*incit5, -are, -avi, -atus [in + cito,
put in swift motion"], hurry on,
drive on; incite, rouse, excite;
se incitare, rush in; incitat5

equo, with his horse at full speed ;
cursu incitato, advancing at fttll
speed.

incognitus, -a, -um [in + cognitus,
part, of cognosce], not examined,
unknown.

*inco!5, -colere, -colui [in + colo],
inhabit ; dwell, live.

*incolumis, -e, uninjured, safe, un-
impaired.

incommode [incommodus, incon-
venient], adv., inconveniently, dis-
advantageously.

incommodum, -i [incommodus, in-
convenient], n., inconvenience,
disadvantage, trouble ; injury,
loss, defeat.

*incredibilis, -e [in- + credihilis,
worthy of belief], marvelous,
wonderful, incredible.

increpito, -are [freq. of increpo,
rebuke~], find fa^llt with, rebuke;
taunt.

incumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cubitus
[in + -cumbo, lie], lie upon; bend
one's energy, exert oneself.

incursio, -onis [incurro, run in], f.,
inroad, invasion, raid.

incursus, -us [incurr5, run in~], m.,
approach, charge, attack.

incuso, -are, -avi, -atus [in +
causa], bring a charge against,
accuse, censure.

*inde [is], adv., from there, thence ;
after that, next, then.

indicium, -i [indico, point out], n.,
information, disclosure, evidence ;
per indicium, through informa-
tion, i.e. through informers.

indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus [in
+ dico], declare publicly, pro-
claim ; appoint.

indictus, -a, -um [in- + dictus,
part, of dico], not said, unsaid;
indicta causa, without a hearing.

VOCABULARY

467

indigne [indlgnus], adv., undeserv-
edly, shamefully.

indignitas, -atis [indlgnus], f., im-
worthiness ; insult, outrage.

indignor, -ari, -atus [indlgnus],
deem unworthy; be indignant,
chafe.

indlgnus, -a, -um [in- -f dignus],
unworthy, unbecoming.

indiligens, -entis [in- -f dlligens,
industriotts~\, adj., careless, negli-
gent.

indllig enter [indiligens], adv., care-
lessly, negligently.

indiligentia, -ae [indlligens], f.,
carelessness, neglect.

*inducd, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [in
+ duco], lead in ; induce, influ-
ence ; pellibus inducere, cover
with skins.

indulgentia, -ae [indulgens, part,
of indulgeo], f., indulgence, for-
bearance, favor.

*indulgeo, -dulgere, -dulsi, -dultus,
be kind to, indulge, favor.

induo, -duere, -dui, -dutus [cf.
exuo], put on, impale.

Industrie [industrius, active'], adv.,
energetically.

indutiae, -arum, f. pi., armistice,
truce.

Indutiomarus, -i, m., Indutiomarus,
a chief of the Treveri.

*ineo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus [in + eo],
go into ; enter upon, begin ; make,
take, form ; gain ; pass., begin
(in intrans. sense).

*inermis, -e [in- + arma], unarmed.

iners, -ertis [in- + ars], adj., -with-
out skill ; lazy.

infamia, -ae [Tnfamis, disreputa-
ble'], f., evil repute, disgrace, dis-
honor.

infans, -antis [in- -f part, of for,
speak~\, adj., not speaking; as

subst., m. and f., little child,
infant.

infectus, -a, -um [in- + factus,
part, of facio], not done, imac-
complished.

* inferior, -ius [comp. of inferus,
below], lower; below, beneath,
farther down; inferior, weaker ;
lower part of; ab inf eri5re parte
and ad inferiorem partem flu-
minis, on the doiun-stream
side.

*infero, mferre, intuli, inlatus [in
+ fero], bring in, import, bring;
place tipon ; inflict, cause; bring
forward, allege; slgna Inferre,
charge; conversa signa Inferre,
wheel and charge; spe inlata,
hope being inspired ; bellum In-
ferre, make war.

infestus, -a, -um, unsafe, hostile,
threatening, dangerous.

inficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [in -f
facio], stain, paint.

infidelis, -e [in- + fidelis], faith-
less, untrustiuorthy.

infigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixus [in +
fTg5, fix], drive in, fasten.

*infimus, -a, -um [sup. of Inferus,
below], lowest, at the bottom; low-
est part of, bottom of; as subst., n.,
bottom, foot.

infinitus, -a, -um [in- + finltus,
part, of finio], endless, measitre-
less, countless, vast.

infirmitas, -atis [Inflrmus], f., wani
of strength, feebleness ; inconstancy.

infirmus, -a, -um [in- + flrmus],
not strong, weak; infirmiores
animo, less courageous.

inf ixus, -a, -um, part, of infigS.

inflecto, -flectere, -flexi, -flexus [in
+ flecto], bend down, bend.

influo, -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxus [in -f-
fluo], flow in, empty into.

4 68

VOCABULARY

Infodio, -fodere, -f5di, -fossus [in

+ fodio], dig into, bury.

Infra [Inferus, below'] : (i) adv.,
below, farther on ; (2) prep, with
ace., below, smaller than.

ingens, -entis [in- + gens], adj., not
natural ; enormous, vast.

ingratus, -a, -urn [in- -f gratus],
displeasing, unsatisfactory.

ingredior, -gredi, -gressus [in +
gradior, step~\, enter ; advance.

*inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [in +
iacio], throw in, throw on; put
on; inspire, cause.

inimicitia, -ae [inimlcus], f., en-
mity, hostility.

ininricus, -a, -um [in- + amlcus],
unfriendly, hostile ; as subst., m.,
personal enemy, opponent.

iniquitas, -atis [iniquus], f., uneven-
ness ; unfavorableness, inequality ;
unfairness.

iniquus, -a, -um. [in- + aequus],
uneven, unequal; unfavorable,
disadvantageous; unfair, hard.

*initium, -I [ineo], n., going in,
entrance ; beginning, start; first
part ; initium capere, begin.

initus, -a, -um, part, of ineo.

iniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunctus
[in -f- iungo"], join to, impose on.

*iniuria, -ae [in- + ius], f., injus-
tice; insrilt, wrong, outrage, in-
jury ; iniuria, unfairly, ttnjustly.

(iniussus, -us) [in- -J- iussus], m.,
found only in the abl. sing,
iniussu, without orders.

inlatus, -a, -um, part, of inf er5.

inligo, -are, -avi, -atus [in + ligo,
tie~\, tie to ; tie, fasten together.

inlustris, -e [in + lux], brilliant;
noble, noteworthy.

innascor, -nasci, -natus [in + nas-
cor], be born in; spring up, be
roused.

innatus, -a, -um [part, of innascor],
inborn, innate.

innitor, -nitl, -nixus or -nisus [in
-j- nitor], lean on, rest on.

innocens, -entis [in- + nocens], adj.,
harmless ; innocent.

innocentia, -ae [innocens], f., harm-
lessness ; integrity.

*inopia, -ae [inops, without re-
sources~\, f., lack, need, scarcity;
poverty, destitution.

inopmans, -antis [in- + oplnans,
part, of opinor, suppose], adj., not
expecting, s^t.rprised.

inquam, defective verb, say ; inquit,
said, said he, commonly inserted
parenthetically after one or more
words of a direct quotation.

inrideo, -ridere, -risi, -risus [in +
rldeo, laugli\, laitgh at; laugh

sneeringly.

inridicule [in- + ridicule, laughably],
adv., without wit.

inrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptus
[in + rumpo, break~\, break in,
rush in.

inruptid, -onis [inrumpo], f., break-
ing in ; incursion, attack.

insciens, -entis [in- + sciens, part,
of scio], adj., not knowing, un-
aware.

inscientia, -ae [insciens], f., igno-
rance, inexperience.

inscius, -a, -um [in- + scio], igno-
rant, unaware.

*insequor, -sequi, -secutus [in +
sequor], follow on, follow up, fol-
low closely, pursue, press upon.

insero, -serere, -serui, -sertus [in +
sero, bind together"], put in, insert.

*insidiae, -arum [InsideS, sit ^lpon~\,
f. pi., snare, trap, ambush ; plot,
stratagem; treachery.

insidior, -an, -atus [insidiae], lie
in ambush.

VOCABULARY

469

*insignis, -e [in -j- signum], remark-
able, conspicuotis ; as subst, n.,
mark, emblem, ornament ; signal.

insilio, -sillre, -silui [in + sali5,
leap], leap against, leap.

insimulo, -are, -avi, -atus [in +
simulo], make suspected, charge,
accuse.

msinuo, -are, -avi, -atus [in +
sinuo, bend], wind in ; se in-
sinuare, wind one's way in.

*msisto, -sistere, -stiti [in + sisto,
cause to stand~\, take a stand upon ;
stand upon, stand; rationem in-
sistere, purstie apian ; in bellum
insistere, devote oneself to war.

insolenter [Insolens, unaccustomed"],
adv., in an umisiial way ; hazigh-
tily, insolently.

inspecto, -are [freq. of Inspicio, look
into~\, look on, watch.

instabilis, -e [in- + stabilis, firm~\,
unsteady.

Instar, indecl., n., resemblance; with
gen., equal to, like.

instigo, -are, -avi, -atus, goad on,
incite.

*instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus
[in+statuo], jfo^ in position, mar-
shal, draw up ; begin ; decide upon,
determine; establish; build, con-
strtict ; furnish, provide, prepare,
procure, organize; teach, train.

*institutum, -I [part, of Instituo], n.,
design ; custom, habit ; institution.

*insto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus [in +
sto] , push on, press on ; approach,
impend, be near.

instructus, -a, -urn, part, of instruo.

instrumentum, -I [Instruo], n.,
implement; equipment.

*instruo, -struere, -struxl, -structus
[in + struo, pile up], build in ; set
tip, prepare ; marshal, draiv up ;
Jit out, equip, rig.

insuefactus,- a,- um [Insuesco, habit-
uate + facio], accustomed, trained.

insuetus, -a, -um [in- + suetus,
accustomed], ^lnaccustomed, ttn-
trained,

*msula, -ae, f., island.

insuper [in + super, above], adv.,
above, on the top.

integer, -gra, -grum [in- -f tango],
not touched, unhurt; entire, fresh,
vigorous; re integra, at the be-
ginning.

integ5, -tegere, -texi, -tectus [in -j-
tego], cover over.

*intelleg5, -legere, -lexi, -lectus
[inter + lego, gather], distingztish ;
find out, come to know, perceive ;
know, understand, see.

intentus, -a, -um [part, of intends,
stretch out to~\, fixed, intent.

*inter [in], prep, with ace., be-
tween ; among, in the midst of,
with ; dtiring, within ; inter se,
in a reciprocal sense, with (to, for,
from, etc.) each other or one an-
other, together; cohortari inter
se, encourage one another. In
comp., between, among, apart;
sometimes, to destruction.

*intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
[inter + cedo], come between, be
between; intervene, pass; occur,
be.

intercipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus
[inter + capio], take on the way,
intercept, catch rip ; cut off.

*intercludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusus
[inter + claudo], shut off, cut off,
hinder, prevent.

interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus
[inter + dlco], interpose by an
order, forbid, prohibit, interdict,
exclude.

interdiu [inter + dies], adv., in the
daytime, by day.

470

VOCABULARY

*interdum [inter +dum], adv., some-
times, at times.

*interea [inter + is], adv., mean-
while, in the meantime.

intereo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus [inter +
eo], perish, be killed, be destroyed.

*interficio, -figere, -feel, -fectus
[inter -f facio], put out of the way,
destroy, kill.

intericio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [inter
-f iacio], throw between, put
among, scatter in, plant {set, put)
between; intersperse ; brevispatio
interiect5, after a short interval.

*interim [inter], adv., meanwhile.

interior, -ius [comp. from inter],
inner, interior, interior of;
farther inland, inland ; interi-
5res, those 'within.

interitus, -us [intereo], m., fall,
destruction, death.

*intermitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sus [inter + mitt5], let go between,
leave between; omit, stop, leave,
leave off ; leave vacant ; allow to
intervene; neglect; interrupt,
separate ; intermisso spati5, at a
distance, after an interval.

internecio, -5nis [inter + neco], f.,
slaughter, annihilation.

interpello, -are, -avi, -atus, inter-
rupt, interfere with.

*interpon5, -ponere, -posui, -positus
[inter -f- pono], put between, inter-
pose, introduce ; cause ; put for-
ward, allege ; promise, pledge.

interpres, -etis, m. and f., mediator ;
interpreter.

interpreter, -an, -atus [interpres],
explain, interpret.

interrogo, -are, -avi, -atus [inter +
rogo], ask, question.

interrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi,
-ruptus [inter -f rumpo, break},
break apart, break down, destroy.

interscindo, -scindere, -scidi, -scis-

sus [inter + scindo], cut through,

break down.
intersum, -esse, -fui, -f uturus [inter

-f- sum], be between; be present,

take part ; attend to ; interest, it

concerns, it matters, it is of ad-
vantage.
*intervallum, -i [inter + vallus], n.,

space between palisades; space,

distance, interval.
intervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus

[inter + veni5], come between,

arrive.
interventus, -us [inter veniS], m.,

coming between, coming in, coming

on, intervention.
intexo, -texere, -texui, -textus [in

+ texo, weave~\, weave in, make

by weaving.
intoleranter [intolerans, not endur-

ing~\, adv., immoderately, violently.
*intra [inter], prep, with ace. , within,

among, inside ; during ; before.
intritus, -a, -urn [in- + trltus, part.

of tero, wear aiuay~\, not worn,

^lnwearied.

intro, -are, -avi, -atus, go in, enter.
introduce, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus

[intro, to the inside + dfico], lead

in, bring in.
introeo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus [intro,

to the inside + eo] , go in, enter.
introitus, -us [introeo], m., en-
trance.
intr5mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus

[intro, to the inside + mitto], let

in, send in, admit.
intrSrsus [intro, to the inside +

versus], adv., within, inside; to

the interior.
introrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi,

-ruptus [intro, to the inside +

rumpo, break~\, break in, force a

way in.

VOCABULARY

471

intueor, -tuerl, -tuitus [in + tueor],
look upon.

intuli, see Infero.

intus [in], adv., within, inside.

inusitatus, -a, -um [in- + usitatus],
unusual, uncommon, strange.

inutilis, -e [in- -f utilis], useless,
unserviceable.

invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus [in
+ venio], come upon, find; learn,
find out.

inventor, -oris [invenio], m., dis-
coverer, author.

inventus, -a, -um, part, of inveniS.

inveterasco, -veterascere, -veteravl
[inchoative of invetero, make old~\,
grow old ; get a footing, become
established.

invicem [in + vicis, change'], adv.,
in turn.

invictus, -a, -um [in- + victus, part,
of vinco], imconquered, invincible.

invideo, -videre, -vidi, -visus [in
+ video], look askance at, envy.

invidia, -ae [invidus, envious'}, f.,
envy, ill will.

inviolatus, -a, -um [in- + violatus,
part, of vio!5], not treated with
violence, inviolate, inviolable.

*invito, -are, -avi, -atus, invite, urge,
induce, attract.

*invitus, -a, -um, against one's will,
Tinder compulsion, unwilling;
sometimes to be trans, as adv.,
unwillingly.

*ipse, ipsa, ipsum [is], intensive
pron., self, himself, etc. ; very ; he
himself, he in person, he (the prin-
cipal person mentioned) ; the very
man. Distinguish carefully the in-
tensive self (ipse) from the re-
flexive self (sui).

iracundia, -ae [iracundus], f., in-
clination to anger, quick temper,
violence.

iracundus, -a, -um [Trascor, be
angry'}, easily made angry, quick-
tempered.

*is, ea, id, dem. pron., that, that one,
this, this one, the one ; he, she, it,
they; often as antec. of a rel.
pron., the man (lie) who, etc. ;
such ; eo, for this reason or pur-
pose, explained by a following
clause introduced by quod or
ut ; with comp., the (by this}, e.g.
e5 magis, the more, all the
more.

iste, ista, istud [is], dem. pron.,
this, that (of something near the
person addressed or connected
in some way with him), that of
yours ; such ; sometimes used with
contemptuous force.

*ita [is], adv., thus, so, in this way,
as follows; so far ; therefore ; n5n
ita magnus, not very large ; ita
\A.,just as.

Italia, -ae, f., Italy. Caesar some-
times includes Cisalpine Gaul in
Italy. See Introd., p. 21.

*itaque [ita + -que], conj., and so,
therefore, accordingly, conse-
quently ; sometimes it is equiva-
lent to et ita.

*item [is], adv., also, besides, like-
wise, in the same way, too.

*iter, itineris [eo], n., going, way,
journey, march; route, course,
road; distance; magnum iter,
forced march.

*iterum, adv., a second time,
again.

Itius, -I, m., properly an adj. (used
with portus ),///*/ Portus Itius
was a harbor on the northwest
coast of Gaul, probably either
Boulogne or Wissant.

iuba, -ae, f., mane.

*iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus, order,

472

VOCABULARY

command, direct, tell; munire
iussit, gave orders to fortify.

iudicium, -I [iudico], n., judgment,
decision, opinion, sentence ; trial ;
iudicio, purposely, designedly.

*iudico, -are, -avi, -atus [ifidex,
judge}, judge, form an opinion,
decide; have an opinion, think,
suppose; declare.

*iugum, -I [iungo], n., yoke; ridge,
summit, hill.

iumentum, -I [iugum], n., yoke-
animal, draft-animal, pack-
animal, horse, imile.

iunctura, -ae [iungo], f., uniting,
joining; cross-tie.

*iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus,
join, put together.

iunior, -ius [comp. of iuvenis,
young~\, younger ; as subst., iuni-
ores, -urn, m. pi., men of mili-
tary age.

lunius, -I, m., Junius, a Roman
nomen; Quintm Junius, a man
in Caesar's army, either a Span-
iard or a Roman born in Spain.
See also Brutus.

luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, son
of Saturn, chief among the
gods of the Romans. Caesar
identifies a Gallic divinity with
Jupiter.

lura, -ae, m., Jura, a range of
mountains forming the boundary
between the Helvetii and the
Sequani.

*iuro, -are, -avi, -atus [ius], take
oath, swear ; ius iurandum, gen.
iuris iurandi", oath.

*ius, iuris, n., that which is bind-
ing; constitution, law; rights,
privilege, authority; right, jus-
tice; ius iurandum, see iuro.

iussus, -a, -um, part, of iubeo.

(iussus, -us) [iubeo], m., found j

only in the abl. sing, iussu, by
order, by command.

*iustitia, -ae [iustus], f., justice,
uprightness.

iustus, -a, -um [ius], just, lawful;
proper, suitable, complete, exact;
due.

iuventus, -utis [iuvenis, young~\, f.,
yorith (time of life) ; in a collective
sense, young men, men of mili-
tary age.

*iuvo, iuvare, iuvl, iutus, help, aid,
assist.

iuxta [cf. iungo], adv., close by.

K

Kalendae, -arum, f. pi., the Calends,
the first day of the month.

L., the abbreviation for the prae-
nomen Lucius, Lucius.

Laberius, -I, m., Laberius, a Roman
nomen ; Qziintus Laberius Durus,
a tribune of the soldiers.

Labienus, -i, m., Labiemis, a Roman
cognomen; Tfais Atius Labienus,
Caesar's most trusted legate dur-
ing the Gallic War. He fought
against Caesar in the Civil War.

labor, labi, lapsus, glide ; fall into
error, be disappointed ; waver (in
allegiance).

*labor, -5ris, m., work, toil, exertion,
labor ; stiff er ing.

*labor5, -are, -avi, -atus [labor],
exert oneself, strive, labor ; labor
for; be in danger, be troubled, suffer.

labrum, -i, n., lip ; edge, brim.

*lac, lactis, n., milk.

*lacesso, lacessere, lacessivl, laces-
situs [lacio, entice~\, provoke;
challenge, harass, attack.

*lacrima, -ae, f., tear.

VOCABULARY

473

lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atus [lacrima],
shed tears, weep.

*lacus, -us, m., lake.

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus, in-
jure ; break, violate.

laetitia, -ae [laetus], L,joy, exulta-
tion, delight.

laetus, -a, -um, joyful, exttltant.

languide [languidus], adv., slowly,
with little vigor.

languidus, -a, -um [langueo, be
fainf\, faint, listless.

languor, -oris [langued, be faint],
m., fatigue.

*lapis, -idis, m., stone.

lapsus, -a, -um, part, of labor.

laqueus, -I [lacio, entice}, m.,
noose.

largior, -m, -itus [largus, abun-
dant], give generotisly ; bribe.

*largiter [largus, abundant], adv., in
abimdance ; largiter posse, have
great aitthority or influence.

largitio, -onis [largior], f., lavish
giving, bribery.

Iassitud5, -dinis [lassus, faint], f.,
exhaustion.

*late [latus], adv., widely, exten-
sively; longe lateque, far and
wide.

latebra, -ae [lateo], f., hiding-place,
lurking-place.

*lateo, latere, latui, lurk; escape
notice.

*latitud6, -dinis [latus], f., -width,
extent ; in latitudinem, in width ;
sideways.

Latobrigi, -orum, m. pi., the Lato-
brigi, a Gallic tribe dwelling not
far from the Helvetia, perhaps east
of the Rhine, near the source of
the Danube.

latro, -onis, m., freebooter, robber.

latrocinium, -I [latrocinor, rob~\,n.,
brigandage ; raid.

*latus, -a, -um, -wide, broad, exten-
sive.

latus, -a, -um, part, of fer5.

*latus, -teris, n., side ; flank, wing
(of an army).

laudo, -are, -avi, -atus \\sx&\, praise.

laus, laudis, f., praise, glory, fame ;
merit, excellence.

lavo, lavare, lavl, lautus or lotus,
wash; pass., bathe.

laxo, -are, -avi, -atus [laxus, wide'],
extend, open out.

*legatio, -onis [lego, commission],
f., embassy, legation; members of
an embassy.

*legatus, -I [part, of lego, commis-
sion'], m., ambassador, envoy,
messenger ; legate, lieutenant,
commander's assistant, deputy.
See Introd., p. 32.

*legio, -onis [lego, gather], f., body
of troops, legion. See Introd., p.

3i-

*legionarius, -a, -um [legio], be-
longing to a legion, legionary.
See Introd., p. 34.

Lemannus, -I, m., with lacus, Lake
Geneva.

Lemovices, -um, m. pi., the Lemo-
vices, a Gallic tribe west of the
Arverni. The name appears in
the modern Limoges.

lenis, -e, soft, gentle, favorable.

lenitas, -atis [lenis], f., smooth-
ness, gentleness.

leniter [lenis], adv., gently, moder-
ately ; lenius, with less vigor.

Lepontii, -orum, m. pi., the Lepontii,
a tribe dwelling among the Alps.

lepus, -poris, m., hare.

Leuci, -orum [Celtic, bright], m. pi.,
the Leuci, a Gallic tribe near the
head waters, of the Mosa (Meuse)
and Mosella (Moselle).

Levaci, -orum, m. pi., the Levaci,

474

VOCABULARY

a Belgic tribe, clients of the
Nervii.

*levis, -e, light; slight, trifling; ca-
pricious, untrustiuort/iy ; levis
armaturae, of light equipment,
light-armed; leve proelium, skir-
mish.

levitas, -atis [levis], f., lightness;
changeableness, inconstancy.

levo, -are, -avi, -atus [levis], .lift
up; relieve, free.

lex, leg is, f., statute, law, regulation,
enactment.

Lexovii, -orum, m. pi., the Lexovii,
a Gallic tribe on the coast.

libenter [libens, willing'}, adv.,
willingly, gladly.

*llber, -era, -erum, free; unre-
stricted, unhindered.

liberalitas, -atis [liberalis, relating
to freedom"}, f., characteristic of
a free man ; liberality, generosity.

*llberaliter [Hberalis, relating to
freedom"} , adv., like a free man ;
courteously, liberally.

*libere [liber], adv., freely, unre-
strictedly ; openly, boldly.

*liberi, -orum [liber], m. pi., chil-
dren.

libero, -are, -avi, -atus [liber], set
free, free, release ; exempt.

*libertas, -atis [liber], f., freedom,
liberty, independence ; lack of re-
straint, permission.

llbrflis, -e [libra, found'}, of a
pound, weighing a pound ; f undae
libriles, slings throwing stones
weighing a pound.

licentia, -ae [licet], f., boldness, pre-
sumption, license.

liceor, liceri, licitus, bid.

*licet, licere, licuit or licitum est,
impersonal verb, it is permitted,
it is allowed ; with inf. often to
be translated by may, etc. .

Liger, -eris, ace. -im, abl. -i, m., the
Liger, one of the principal rivers
of Gaul, now the Loire.

lignatio, -onis [lignor, get wood"},
f., getting wood.

lignator, -oris [lignor, get wood"}, m.,
man sent to get wood, wood-cutter.

Hlium, -l, n., lily, lily-cup.

linea, -ae [linum], f., string, line ;
rectis lineis, in straight lines.

Lingones, -um, m. pi., the Lingones,
an important tribe of northeastern
Gaul, across the Arar (Saone)
from the Sequani. The name
survives in the modern Langres.

*lingua, -ae, f., tongue ; language.

lingula, -ae [dim. of lingua], f.,
tongue of land, cape.

linter, -tris, f., boat, skiff.

linum, -i, T\.,flax.

Us, litis, f., dispute; Ktem aesti-
mare, assess damages.

Liscus, -I, m., Liscus, a Haeduan,
who held the chief magistracy of
his tribe in 58 B.C.

Litaviccus, -I, m., Litavicctts, a
young Haeduan noble.

*littera, -ae, f., letter (of the alpha-
bet) ; pi., epistle, letter, message,
despatch; records, writing.

*lltus, -toris, n., shore, beach, strand.

*locus, -1, m., pi. loci (not in Caesar),
m., or more commonly loca, n.,
place, position, space, station ;
rank, degree; condition, state;
injluence, importance; oppor-
tunity, occasion, room; esp. in
pi., country, region, district.

locutus, -a, -um, part, of loquor.

*longe [longus], adv., far, at a dis-
tance ; very much, by far ; longe
abesse, be far from, be of no
avail; comp. longius, farther,
longer, for a longer time.

*longinquus, -a, -um [longus], dis-

VOCABULARY

475

tant, remote ; long-continued, pro-
tracted.

longitude, -dinis [longus], f., length;
in longitudinem, in length.

longurius, -I [longus], m., long pole.

*longus, -a, -um, long (in extent or
duration) ; distant, late ; tedioits ;
navis longa, ship of -war, galley.
See Introd., p. 51.

*loquor, loqui, locutus, talk, speak,
say.

lorica, -ae [lorum, thong], f., coat of
mail ; defense, breastwork.

Lucanius, -I, m., Lucanius, a Ro-
man nomen ; Quintus Lucaniiis,
a centurion.

Lucterius, -I, m., Lucterins, a Ca-
durcan.

Lugotorlx, -igis, m., Lugotorix, a
British noble.

luna, -ae [cf. lux], f., moon; moon-
goddess, Diana.

Lutetia, -ae, f., Lutetia, a town of
the Parisii, on an island in the
Seine, now Paris.

*lux, lucis, f., light, dawn, daylight ;
sub lucem, just before daybreak.

luxuria, -ae [luxus, excess~\, f.,

luxury, high living, extrava-
gance.

M

M., the abbreviation for the praeno-
men Marcus, Marcus, Mark.

maceria, -ae, f., wall.

machinatio, -onis [machinor, con-
trive^, f., mechanical contrivance,
machine, engine.

maestus, -a, -um [maereo, be sad~\,
sad, despondent.

Magetobriga, -ae, f., Magetobriga,
a town near which Ariovistus de-
feated the Haedui and their allies.
It was, perhaps, west of Vesontio

on the Saone, but its site is un-
certain.

*magis [magnus], comp. adv.,
more, in greater degree ; rather ;
in comparison of adjectives, more.

*magistratus, -us [magister, mas-
ter], m., magistracy, public office;
municipal officer, magistrate ; body
of magistrates.

magnificus, -a, -um [magnus +
facio], splendid.

*magnitudo, -dinis [magnus], f.,
greatness, size; extent, force,
might; amount, magnitude;
magnitude corporum, great
stature; magnitud5 animi, great
cotcrage or spirit.

*magnopere [magnus + opus], adv.,
very much, greatly; earnestly,
urgently ; particularly.

*magnus, -a, -um, large, great,
high, extensive ; long; numerous,
abundant; important; intense;
magna voce, in a loud voice;
magnl habere, consider of great
importance; magni interest, it
is of great importance ; magno
fletu, -with many tears.

maiestas, -atis [maior], f., great-
ness; dignity, sovereignty.

*maior, -ius, comp. of magnus ;
maior natu, older; as subst.,
maiores, -um, m. pi., ancestors,
forefathers; maiores natu, elders.

malacia, -ae, f., calm.

male [malus, bad~\, adv., badly ; un-_
successfully, ill.

*maleficium, -I [maleficus, wicked\\,
n., wicked deed, mischief, harm.

malo, malle, malui [magis + volo],
wish rather, like better, prefer,
choose.

malus, -I, m., ^lpright pole, mast,
post.

*mandatum, -I [part, of mando], n.,

VOCABULARY

charge, injunction, order, commis-
sion.

*mando, -are, -avi, -atus [manus -f
do], give into one's hands, com-
mit, consign, intrust; command,
charge, order ; fugae sese man-
dare, take to flight.

Mandubil, -orum, m. pi., the Man-
dubii, a Gallic tribe, within whose
territory Alesia was situated.

Mandubracius, -I, m., Mandubra-
cius, a young prince of the Trino-
vantes.

mane, adv., in the morning.

*mane5, manere, mansi, mansus,
stay, remain; abide (in or by).

manipularis, -e [manipulus], be-
longing to a maniple ; as subst.,
m., soldier of a maniple; com-
rade.

manipulus, -i [manus + V PLE > c ^-
plenus], m., handful (of hay);
maniple, the standard of which
was originally a wisp of hay. See
Introd., p. 31.

Manlius, -i, m., Manlius, a Roman
nomen; Lticius Manlius, a pro-
consul, who was defeated by the
Aquitani in 78 B.C.

mansuefaci5, -facere, -feci, -factus
[mansuesco, tame -f- facio], make
tame, tame.

mansuetudp, -dinis [mansuetus,
tamed\, f., kindness, mercy.

*manus, -us, f., hand; hold, grasp,
power ; band, force, division of
an army; manu, by hand, arti-
ficially ; per manus, from hand
to hand; in manibus nostrls,
close upon us; manus dare,

' yield.

MarcomannI, -orum, m. pi., the
Marcomanni, a tribe of Germans.

*mare, -ris, n., sea, the sea; mare
Oceanum, the (Atlantic) Ocean;

marl uti, sail a sea; nostrum
mare, the Mediterranean.

*maritimus, -a, -um [mare], belong-
ing to the sea, maritime, naval ;
bordering on the sea; ora mari-
tima, sea-coast.

Marius, -I, m., Marius, a Roman
nomen ; Gaius Marius, a fa-
mous Roman, born near Arpinum
in 157 B.C., died in 86 B.C. He
was the conqueror of the Cimbri
and Teuton!.

Mars, Martis, m., Mars, the war-
god of the Romans ; aequ5
Marte, on an equal footing, with
equal chance of siiccess. Caesar
identifies a Gallic deity with the
Roman Mars.

mas, maris, adj., masculine; as
subst., m., male.

matara, -ae, f., a Gallic javelin or
pike.

*mater, -tris, f., mother; mater
familiae, matron.

*materia, -ae (-ies, -iei) [mater],
f., timber.

materior, -ari, -atus [materia], get
timber.

Matisco, -onis, f., Matisco, a town
of the Haedui, now Macon.

matrimonium, -I [mater], n., mar-
riage ; in matrimonium dare,
give in marriage; in matrim5-
nium ducere, marry, take as .
wife.

Matrona, -ae, m., the Matrona, an
important river of northern Gaul,
now the Marne.

*mature [maturus],adv., in season;
early, soon, quickly.

maturesco, maturescere, maturul
[maturus], grow ripe, ripen.

*maturo, -are, -avi, -atus [matu-
rus], hurry, make haste.

maturrime, sup. of mature.

VOCABULARY

477

*maturus, -a, -um, ripe ; early.

*maxime [maximus], adv., most ; in
the highest degree, especially, ex-
ceedingly, chiefly, very; in com-
parison of adjectives, most ; cum
. . . turn, maxima, not only . . .
but most especially.

*maximus, -a, -um, sup. of mag-
nus ; maximus natu, oldest.

Maximus, -I, m., Maximus, a
Roman cognomen; see Fabius.

medeor, -eri, relieve, provide against.

mediocris, -e [medius], moderate,
ordinary, ' inconsiderable ; non
mediocris, extraordinary.

mediocriter [mediocris], adv., mod-
erately ; non mediocriter, not a
little.

Mediomatrici, -orum, or Medioma-
trices, -um, m. pi., .the Medioma-
trici, a tribe of northern Gaul,
east of the Remi.

mediterraneus, -a, -um [medius +
terra], inland.

*medius, -a, -um, middle, mid, in the
middle; middle part of, midst;
half-way between ; in medio COlle,
half-way up the hill.

Meldi, -orum, m. pi., the Meldi, a
Gallic tribe near the Marne ; pos-
sibly Caesar applies this name to
a different tribe. See note on

P- 147. 1- 19-

melior, -ius, comp. of bonus.

melius, comp. of bene.

membrum, -l, n., limb, member.

memini, meminisse [cf. mens],
found only in the perf. system, re-
member, keep in mind.

*memoria, -ae [mem or, mindful], f.,
calling to mind, recollection, re-
membrance ; memory; tradition;
the remembrance of future genera-
tions ; memoria tenere, remem-
ber; memoriam

haec memoria, memory of the
present generation.

Menapii, -orum, m. pi., the Menapii,
a Belgic tribe, which possessed
lands on both sides of the
Rhine.

mendacium, -l [mendax, false~\, n.,
falsehood.

mens, mentis [cf. memini], f., mind,
thought, sense.

*mensis, -is [cf. metior], m., month.

mensura, -ae [metior], f., measure-
ment, measure, extent.

menti5, -onis [cf. memini], f., men-
tion.

*mercator, -oris [mercor, trade~\, m.,
trader, traveling merchant.

mercatura, -ae [mercor, trade"], f.,
trade; pi., commercial transac-
tions.

merces, -edis [merx, goods ; cf. mer-
cor, trade'] , f., pay.

Mercurius, -i [cf. merx, goods, and
mercor, trade'}, m., Mercury, the
god of trade and gain, patron of
merchants. He was also the mes-
senger of the gods, especially of
Jupiter. Caesar identifies a Gallic
divinity with this god.

*mereo, merere, merui, meritus, de-
serve,' merit, earn ; serve in the
army ; also as dep., mereor, me-
reri, meritu's, merit, deserve, earn,
be entitled to; optime merens
(meritus), most deserving.

merldianus, -a, -um [merldies], of
midday, of noon.

meridies, defective, ace. -em, abl. -e
[medius + dies], ni., midday,
noon; south.

*meritum, -I [part, of mereo], n.,
worth, merit, deserts ; kindness,
service ; faiilt.

meritus, -a, -um, part, of mereo.

Messala, -ae, m., Messala, a Roman

47 8

VOCABULARY

cognomen ; Marcus Valerius Mes-
sala, consul in 61 B.C.

-met, enclitic, used with many forms
of personal pronouns, -self.

metior, metiri, mensus, measiire,
measure out.

Metiosedum, -I, n., Metiosedum, a
town of the Senones, situated on
an island in the Seine, now Mehin.

Metius, -I, m., Mei^^ts, a Roman
nomen ; Marcus Metius, a man
whom Caesar sent as an envoy to
Ariovistus.

meto, metere, messul, messus,
reap, harvest.

metus, -us, m., fear, dread, terror ;
metu territare, alarm.

meus, -a, -um [meT, gen. of ego],
my, mine.

*miles, -litis, m., soldier.

milia, see mille.

*militaris, -e [miles], of a soldier ;
belonging to military service, mili-
tary ; res militaris, art of war.

militia, -ae [miles], f., military
.service, warfare.

*mille (M), indecl. adj. in sing.,
thousand; as subst., milia, -ium,
n. pi., thortsands; mille passus,
a thousand paces (double steps),
mile ; duo milia, with or'without
passuum, two miles. The Roman
mile, consisting of 5000 Roman
feet, was equal to about 4854 feet
in English measure.

Minerva, -ae [cf. mens], f., Minerva,
goddess of wisdom and mental
activity. Caesar identifies a Gallic
goddess with Minerva.

*minime [minimus], adv., sup. of
parum, least, in the smallest de-
gree ; by no means; minime
saepe, very seldom.

*minimus, -a, -um, sup. of parvus,
smallest, least ; quam minimum

spatl, the shortest possible time ;
minimum posse, have very little
influence.

*minor, minus, comp. of parvus ;
minus valere, have less power.

Minucius, -l, m., Minucius, a Roman
nomen ; Luciiis Minucius Basi-
lus, one of Caesar's officers, per-
haps a cavalry commander, though
some think he was a legate.

*minuo, minuere, minui, minutus
[minus], lessen, reduce; settle;
grow less, run out, ebb.

*minus [minor], adv., comp. of
parum, less ; not; nihilo minus,
no less, still, nevertheless.

mirandus, -a, -um [part, of miror],
to be -wondered at, wonderful,
strange.

miror, -an, -atus [mlrus], wonder,
wonder at.

*mirus, -a, -um, wonderful, strange.

miser, -era, -erum, wretched, un-
happy ; poor, insignificant.

misericordia, -ae [misericors, tender-
hearted^, f., pity, compassion,
mercy.

miseror, -an, -atus [miser], de-
plore, lament.

missus, -a, -um, part, of mitto.

missus, -us [mitto], m., sending;
missu Caesaris, sent by Caesar.

mitissime [mltis, gentle"], sup. adv.,
most kindly, very gently.

*mitto, mittere, misi, missus,
cause to go, let go, send; throw,
hurl.

m5bilis, -e [moved], easy to move ;
easily influenced, changeable.

mobilitas, -atis [mobilis], f., ease
of movement, quickness ; change-
ableness.

mdbiliter [mol)ilis], adv., easily.

moderor, -ari, -atus [modus], guide,
control ; check.

VOCABULARY

479

modestia, -ae [modestus, moderate],
f., moderation, discretion.

*modO [modus], adv., -with a limit,
simply, only, merely, even; just
now, lately, a little while before;
non modo . . . sed etiam, not
only . . . but also.

*modus, -l, m., measure, extent,
limit ; capacity; style, manner,
method; kind, sort; nullo modo,
by no means ; omnibus modis, in
every way; cuiusque modi, of
every kind; eius (huius) modi,
of that (this) sort, of such a kind,
such; ad hunc modum, see ad.

moenia, -ium [cf. miiniS], n. pi.,
walls of defense, city -walls, -walls.

*m61es, -is, f., mass ; mole, dam, dike.

moleste [molestus, troublesome],
adv., with, difficulty, with vexa-
tion ; moleste ferre, be annoyed
at, be indignant.

molimentum, -i [molior, exert one-
self], n., great exertion, effort.

molitus, -a, -um, part, of molo.

mollio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [mollis],
make easy.

*mollis, -e, soft, gentle ; weak.

mpllitia, -ae (-ies, -iei) [mollis], f.,
softness, lack of endurance.

molo, molere, molui, molitus,
grind; molita cibaria, meal.

momentum, -l [moved], n., weight,
importance.

Mona, -ae, f., Mona, an island be-
tween England and Ireland. By
Mona Caesar probably meant the
Isle of Man, though the name was
later applied to the island now
called Anglesey.

*moneo, monere, monui, monitus
[cf.' memim], remind, warn, ad-
vise, direct.

*mons, mentis, m., mount, moun-
tain, mo^lnta^n-range ; cliff.

*mora, -ae, f., delay, hesitation, pause.

morbus, -i [morior], m., illness, dis-
ease.

Morini, -orum [Celtic, dwellers by
the sea~], m. pi., the Morini, a tribe
of the Belgae dwelling on the
coast.

morior, mori (moriri), mortuus
(fut. part, moriturus), die.

Moritasgus, -l, m., Moritasgus, a
king of the Senones.

*moror, -ari, -atus [mora], de-
lay, wait, stay, remain; kinder,
check.

*mors, mortis [morior], f., death;
sibi mortem consciscere, commit
suicide.

mortuus, -a, -um, part, of morior.

*mos, moris, m., way, habit, fashion,
cristom ; often in pi., manners,
character.

Mosa, -ae, m., the Mosa, an im-
portant river of Belgic Gaul, now
the Meuse.

motus, -a, -um, part, of moveo.

*m5tus, -us [moveo], m., moving,
motion, action; political move-
ment, disturbance, uprising.

*moveo, movere, mdvl, mdtus, set
in motion, move ; influence, affect;
castra movere, break camp; se
movere, stir; often in pass., be in
motion.

*mulier, -eris, f., woman.

mulid, -onis [mfilus], m., mule-
driver.

*multitudo, -dinis [multus], L,g)-eat
number, multitude, throng; com-
mon people, crowd.

multo, -are, -avi, -atus [multa,
fine], deprive.

*mult6 [multus], adv., much, by far.

*multum [multus] , adv. , much, great-
ly ; much of the time, often; non
ita multum, not very long.

480

VOCABULARY

*multus, -a; -um, much, great;
pi., many ; multa, many things;
multa nocte, late at night; (lin-
gua) multa iitl, speak fluently ;
multum posse (valere), have
much power.

mulus, -I, m., mule.

Munatius, -I, m., Munatius, a Ro-
man nomen ; Lucius Munatius
Planciis, one of Caesar's legates.

mundus, -I, m., world, universe.

munlmentum, -l [munio], n., de-
fense, fortification.

*munio, -ire, -Ivi, -itus [cf. moe-
nia], fortify, strengthen; protect,
secure, guard; build, iter mu-
nire, construct a road.

*muniti5, -onis [muni5j, f., fortify-
ing, building of defenses ; fortijica-
tions, ramparts; material for for-
tifying; defensive strength.

*munitus, -a, -um [part, of munio],
fortified, protected, safe; sup. mu-
nitissimus, -a, -um, strongly for-
tified.

*munus, -neris, n., service, function,
duty; favor, kindness, gift.

muralis, -e [murus], of a -wall, wall-,
mural.

*murus, -l [cf. munio], in., wall, city
wall; earthwork.

musculus, -I [mus, mouse~\, m., mus-
culus, mantelet, shed, used in siege
operations. See Introd., p. 48.

mutilus, -a, -um, maimed, mutilated,
broken.

N

nactus, -a, -um, part, of nanciscor.

*nam, conj., for ; as enclitic, ap-
pended to interrogatives, pray.

Wammeius, -i, m., Nammeiits, a
Helvetian noble.

Namnetes, -um, m. pi., the Namnetes,

a Gallic tribe north of the Loire.
The name survives in the modern
Nantes.

*namque [nam + -que], conj., for
indeed, for, and in fact.

*nanciscor, nancisci, nactus or
nanctus, get, obtain, secure, meet
with, find.

Nantuates, -ium, m. pi., the Nantu-
ates, a Gallic tribe living among
the Alps, probably south of Lake
Geneva.

Narbo, -onis, m., 'Narbo, an impor-
tant city of southern Gaul, the
capital of the Roman province,
now Narbonne.

*nascor, nascl, natus (old gnascor,
etc.), be born, be produced, grow ;
arise, spring lip, originate; be
found.

Nasua, -ae, m., Nasua, a leader of
the Suebi.

natalis, -e [natus], of birth; dies
natalis, birthday.

*natio, -onis [nascor], f., race, tribe,
people, nation.

nativus, -a, -um [nascor], produced
by nature, natural.

*natura, -ae [nascor], f., nature,
natural sittiation ; natural dis-
position, temperament, character ;
human nature; shape, appear-
ance; natura, naturally ; natura
fluminis, course of the river, cur-
rent.

natus, -a, -um, part, of nascor.

* (natus, -us) [nascor], m., found
only in the abl. sing, natu, by
birth, in age; see maior and
maximus.

*nauta, -ae [for navita, from navis],
m., sailor.

nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], of sailors,
of ships, nautical, naval.

navalis, -e [navis], of skips, for

VOCABULARY

481

ships, naval; castra navalia, see
castra.

navicula, -ae [dim. of navis], f.,
small vessel, skiff, boat.

*navigatio, -onis [navigo], f., sail-
ing, navigation ; voyage.

navigium, -i [navigo], n., vessel,
boat.

*navigd, -are, -avi, -atus [navis +
ago], sail, cruise, make a voy-
age.

*navis, -is, f., ship ; navis oneraria,
transport; navis longa, ship of
war, galley (see Introd., p. 51);
navis actuaria, see actuarius.

navo, -are, -avi, -atus [navus, busy\
do earnestly ; operam navare, do
one's ^^tmost.

*ne: (i) adv., not; used with qui-
dem, with the emphasized word or
words between, not even, not . . .
either ; ndn modo . . . sed ne . . .
quidem, not only not . . . but not
even; (2) conj., that . . . not, lest ;
after verbs and other expressions
of fearing, that ; sometimes to be
translated from ; ne quis, that no
one.

ne-, inseparable prefix, not, un-, in-.

-ne, enclitic inter rog. : (i) adv.,
in direct questions, equivalent
merely to a mark of interrogation
and untranslatable ; (2) conj., in
indirect questions, -whether ; in the
second member of a double (dis-
junctive) question, or.

nec, see neque.

*necessari5 [necessarius], adv., in-
evitably, from necessity, nec-
essarily.

*necessarius, -a, -um [necesse], nec-
essary, indispensable, requisite ;
pressing, urgent; tempus neces-
sarium, time of need, critical time ;
as subst., m., connection, kinsman.

21

necesse, indecl. adj., necessary, need-
ful, inevitable.

necessitas, -atis [necesse], f., ur-
gency, exigency, necessity ; force,
compulsion ; need.

necessitudo, -dinis [necesse], f.,
close connection, friendship.

necne [nec + -ne], conj., used in the
second member of a double (dis-
junctive) question, or not.

*neco, -are, -avi, -atus [nex], kill,
slay, destroy.

necubi [ne + cubi (ubi)], conj., that
nowhere, lest somewhere.

nefarius, -a, -um [nefas], execrable,
abominable.

nefas, indecl. [ne- -f fas], n., some-
thing contrary to divine law, im-
pious act, sin.

*neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectus
[nec- = ne- + lego, gather'], dis-
regard, neglect, overlook, be indif-
ferent to.

negd, -are, -avi, -atus, deny, say no,
say . . . not; refuse; negat se
posse, says he cannot.

negotior, -ari, -atus [negotium],
carry on business, traffic.

*negotium, -1 [neg- = ne- -f- otium],
n., business, affair ; concern, inter-
est ; trouble, difficulty; dare ne-
gotium, intrust . -s a task, order.

Nemetes, -um, m. pi., the Nemetes,
a tribe of Germans, living probably
on the left bank of the Rhine.

*nemo, dat. nemini, ace. neminem
[ne- + homo], m. and f., no one,
nobody, not one ; non nemd, some-
body, some ; for gen. and abl. .sing,
and all pi. cases the proper form
of nullus is regularly used.

nequaquam [ne -f quisquam], adv.,
in no way, by no means, not at all.

*neque or nec [ne- + -que], conj.,
and not, nor, but not; nor yet ;

482

VOCABULARY

neque (nee) . . . neque (nee),
neither . . . nor.

nequiquam [ne + quisquam], adv.,
to no purpose, without a reason, in
vain.

Nervicus, -a, -um [Nervius], per-
taining to the Nervii, with the
Nervii.

Nervius, -l, m., a Nervian; pi., the
Nervians, the Nervii, a powerful
tribe of the Belgae.

nervus, -I, m., sinew, muscle; pi.,
power, resources.

neu, see neve.

*neuter, -tra, -trum [ne + uter],
neither ; as subst, m. pi., neither
party, neither army.

*neve or neu [ne + -ve], conj., and
that . . . not, and lest, and not, nor.

nex, necis, f., death, murder,
slaughter.

*nihil, indecl. [nihilum],n., nothing ;
often trans, as adv., not, not at all;
non nihil, somewhat ; nihil agri,
no land; nihil reliqui, no re-
mainder, nothing left.

*nihilum, -I [ne- + hllum, shred],
n., nothing; nihilo, by nothing;
nihilo magis, none the more ; ni-
hild minus, none the less, never-
theless ; nihilo setius, no less,
nevertheless.

nimius, -a, -um [nimis, beyond meas-
ure], excessive, too great.

*nisi [ne- + si], conj., if not, unless ;
with ellipsis of verb, except, save,
but.

msus, -a, -um, part, of nltor.

Nitiobroges, -um, m. pi., the Nitio-
broges, an Aquitanian tribe on the
Garonne.

*nltor, niti, nixus or msus, strive,
struggle, endeavor ; relyon,trustto.

nix, nivis, f., snow.

*nobilis, -e [nosco], well-known,

noted, famous; of high birth,

noble; as subst., m. pi., nobles.
*nobilitas, -atis [nobilis], f., nobil-
ity, rank; in a collective sense,

nobles, aristocracy.
*nocens, -entis [part, of noceo],

adj., harmful; guilty.
*noce5, nocere, nocui, nociturus,

injure, harm, hurt, do injiiry.
*noctu [nox], adv., by night, in the

night.
nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], of night,

nocturnal, night; during the

night.
nodus, -l, m., knot ; protuberance,

knuckle.
*nolo, nolle, nolui [ne- + volo], not

wish, be unwilling, wish . . . not;

the imperative with an infinitive

expresses a prohibition, e.g. nolite

exspoliare, do not deprive.
*nomen, -minis [nosco], n., name,

title ; reptttation, renown ; su5

nomine, in his (their} own name,

on his (their) own account.
*nominatim [nomen], adv., by

name, expressly.
nomino, -are, -avi, -atus [nomen],

name, call ; mention.
*non, adv., not, not at all, by no

means.
*n5naginta (XC) [novem], indecl.

adj., ninety.
*nondum [non + dum], adv., not

yet.
*nonus, -a, -um [for novenus, from

novem], ninth.
N5reia, -ae, f., Noreia, a city of the

Norici, identified with the modern

Neumarkt in Styria.
Noricus, -a, -um, pertaining to the

Norici, Norican ; as subst., f., a

Norican woman ; m. pi., the

Norici, a tribe living near the

Danube.

VOCABULARY

483

nos, pi. of ego;

*nosc5, noscere, novi, notus, get

knowledge of, learn ; novi, / have

\ learned, hence / knoiv, I under-
stand.

nosmet, see -met.

*noster, -tra, -trum [nos], our,
ours ; as subst, m. pi., our men.

notitia, -ae [notus], f., acquaintance,
knowledge.

*ndtus, -a, -um [part, of n5sco],
known, well-known, familiar.

*novem (VIIII or IX), indecl. adj.,
nine.

Noviodunum, -I [Celtic, New-town^,
n., Noviodunum, the name of sev-
eral towns in Gaul. Caesar men-
tions: (i) a town of the Haedui,
probably the modern Nevers ; (2)
a town of the Bituriges, situation
unknown ; (3) a town of the
Suessiones, located perhaps about
three miles northwest of the mod-
ern Soissons.

*novissimus, -a, -um, sup. of novus,
last, latest; novissimum agmen,
rear ; as subst., m. pi., soldiers in
the rear, rear guard.

novitas, -atis [novus], f., newness,
strangeness.

*novus, -a, -um, new, fresh, recently
acquired; novel, strange, unusual ;
novae res, nova imperia, change
in government, revolution.

*nox, noctis, f, night; prima nocte,
at nightfall; multa nocte, see
multus.

noxia, -ae [noxius, harmful ], f.,
injurious act, harm, offense,
crime.

nubo, nubere, niipsi, nuptus, veil
oneself, be married (said of the
woman) ; nuptum conlocare,^z'w
in marriage.

*nud5, -are, -avi, -atus [nudus],

strip, uncover; expose, leave
unprotected.

nudus, -a, -um, naked; bare ; un-
protected (by a shield).

*nullus, -a, -um [ne- + ullus], not
any, no, none ; non nullus, some ;
as subst., m., no one, nobody (cf.
nem5) .

num, interrog. : (l) adv., introduc-
ing a direct question and implying
an expected negative answer; (2)
conj., whether, if, introducing an
indirect question.

numen, -minis [-nu5, nod~\, n., di-
vine will, divinity.

*numerus, -I, m., number, quantity ;
enumeration ; rank, class ; repute,
position, importance; ad nu-
merum, to the required_mtmber.

Numida, -ae, m., a Numidian, na-
tive of Numidia, a country of
northern Africa.

nummus, -i, m., piece of money,
money, coin.

numquam [ne- + umquam], adv.,
never ; non numquam, sometimes.

nunc, adv., now, under these circum-
stances.

*nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [nuntius],
bring news ; announce, report, re-
late; command.

*nuntius, -I [novus + venio], m.,
messenger ; message, news.

nuper [novus], adv., lately, recently.

nuptum, supine of nubo.

*nutus, -us [-nuo, nod~\, m., nod,
signal ; will.

*ob, prep, with ace., before; on ac-
count of, because of, for ; quam
Ob rem, wherefore, therefore, why?
In comp., toward, against, before.

obaeratus, -a, -um [ob + aes], in
debt; as subst., m., debtor.

4 8 4

VOCABULARY

obduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [ob

+ duco], lead to meet, extend in

front of; carry out, dig a trench.

obeo,-ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus [ob + eo],

go to meet ; attend to.
*obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ob +

iacio], throw before, cast in the

way; interpose; expose.
*obiectus, -a, -um [part, of obicio],

opposite, intervening.
Obitus, -us [obeo], m., destruction,
. death.

oblatus, -a, -um, part, of offerS.
Oblique [obliquus], adv., aslant,

obliquely.

Obliquus, -a, -um, slanting, obliqiie.
obliviscor, -livisci, -litus, forget, be

forgetful of.
obsecro, -are, -avi, -atus [ob +

sacro, consecrate^, beseech, im-
plore, beg.

Obsequentia, -ae [obsequens, yield-
ing^, f., compliance, complaisance.
observe, -are, -avi, -atus [ob +

servo], observe, take note of, -watch;

respect, regard.
*obses, -sidis [ob + sedeo, sit], m.

and f., hostage.
obsessio, -onis [obsideo], f., siege,

blockade.
obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus [ob

+ sedeo, sit] , beset, besiege, block-
ade ; occupy, obstruct.
*obsidio, -onis [obsideo], f., siege,

investment; oppression.
obsigno, -are, -avi, -atus [ob + slg-

no, mark~], seal, attest.
obsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus [ob

+ sisto, cause to stand~\, make a

stand against, withstand.
Obstinate [obstinatus, resolved'},

adv., firmly, resolutely.
obstringo, -stringere, -strinxi,

-strictus [ob + stringo, draw

tight], bind ; lay under obligations.

obstruo, -struere, -struxi, -structus

[ob + struo, pile up~\, build
against, stop up, obstruct.

obtemper5, -are, -avi, -atus [ob +
tempero], obey, yield to.

obtestor, -ari, -atus [ob + testor,
call as a witness'], call as a wit-
ness ; appeal to, beseech, entreat.

*obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus
[ob + teneo], hold against (an-
other), hold fast, hold, possess, keep,
occupy; preserve, maintain; get
possession of, gain.

obtuli, see offero.

obvenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus [ob
+ venio], come up to, come against,
meet ; come by chance, be allotted.

Obviam [ob + via], adv., in the way
of, toward, against ; obviam pro-
ficisci, start to meet.

*occasi5, -onis [occido], f., oppor-
tunity, jit time, convenient mo-
ment ; surprise.

*occasus, -us [occido], m., going
down, setting; occasus solis, sun-
set, west.

occidS, -cidere, -cidi, -casus [ob +
cado], fall, be killed; set.

*occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [ob +
caedo], cut down, kill, destroy.

occultatio, -5nis [occulto], f., con-
cealment.

*occulte [occultus], adv., secretly.

occulto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
occulo, cover], hide, conceal.

*occultus, -a, -um [part, of occulo,
cover~\, covered up, hidden, secret ;
ex occult5, in (from} ambush;
se in occultum abdere, go into
hiding; in occulto, in a secret
place', secretly.

occupatid, -onis [occupo], f., busi-
ness, engagement, employment ; OC-
cupati5nes rei publicae, affairs
of state.

VOCABULARY

485

*occupatus, -a, -um [part, of oc-

cupo], busy.
*occup5, -are, -avi, -atus [ob +

capio], take, seize, take possession

of, master ; take up, Jill, occitpy.
*occurro, -currere, -curri or -cu-

curri, -cursus [ob + currS, run'],

run against, fall in with, meet ;

run to; resist, face ; be involved

in ; obviate, counteract ; siiggest

itself, occur (to the mind).
*0ceanus, -I, m., the ocean; Caesar

applies the word to the Atlantic,

including the North Sea. See

mare.
Ocelum, -i, n., Ocehim, a town of

Cisalpine Gaul, on the eastern

slopes of the Alps.
*octavus, -a, -um [octo], eighth.
*octingenti, -ae, -a (DCCC) [octo +

centum], pi. adj., eight hundred.
*oct5 (VIII), indecl. adj., eight.
Octodurus, -l, m., Octodnrus, a. town

of the Veragri, on the Dranse,

now Martigny.
octogeni, -ae, -a [octoginta], pi.

adj., eighty each, eighty in every

instance.
*0ctoginta (LXXX) [octo], indecl.

adj., eighty.
octoni, -ae, -a [octo], pi. adj., eight

apiece, by eights, eight.
OCUlus, -l, v m., eye.
odi, odisse, osurus, defective verb,

hate.
Odium, -1 [odi], n., hatred, animosity,

odium.
offendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensus

[ob -f- -fendo, strike^, dash against,

hit ; offend, hurt ; suffer disaster,
offensio, -onis [offendo], f., striking

against; offense; offensio animi,

wounding the feelings.
offerd, offerre, obtuli, oblatus [ob

+ fero], bear to ; present, put in

one's power, offer, proffer, confer,
bestow; se offerre, offer oneself,
rush against, expose oneself to.

*officium, -l [ops + facio], n., duty,
official duty, business; sense of
duty, obligation, allegiance; serv-
ice, favor.

Ollovico, -onis, m., Ollovico, one of
the Nitiobroges, father of Teuto-
matus.

omitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[ob + mitto], let go, lay aside;
give up, neglect.

*omnlnd [omnis], adv., wholly,
entirely, utterly; in all; only;
at all.

*omnis, -e, every, all ; the whole.

*onerarius, -a, -um [onus], of bur-
den, for freight; navis oneraria,
transport.

onero, -are, -avi, -atus [onus], load.

*onus, -neris, n., load, burden,
weight; cargo.

*0pera, -ae [opus], f., exertion,
effort, pains, work; services,
agency ; dare operam, exert one-
self, do one's utmost.

*0pmi5, -onis [opinor, suppose~\, f.,
opinion, szipposition, belief, guess ;
expectation ; reputation, renown ;
celerius omni opinione, more
quickly than any one would have
thought.

*oportet, oportere, oportuit, imper-
sonal verb, it is necessary, it is
proper, it behooves; ought, shoiild.

oppidanus, -a, -um [oppidum], of a
town; as subst., m., townsman,
inhabitant of a town.

*0ppidum, -l, n., town (fortified),
stronghold.

oppono, -ponere, -posui, -positus
[ob + pono], set against, oppose.

*0pp0rtune [opportunus], adv., sea-
sonably, opportunely.

4 86

VOCABULARY

opportunities, -atis [opportunus],
f., convenience, fitness ; occasion,
opportunity ; advantage.

*opportunus, -a, -um [ob + por-
tus], fit, convenient, seasonable,
opportune ; iiseful, advantageous,
fortunate.

oppositus, -a, -um [part, of op-
pono], set against, lying in the
way.

*opprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres-
SUS [ob + premo], weigh down,
burden, press upon ; oppress, over-
throw, subdue; fall upon, stir-
prise.

*oppugnatio, -onis [oppugno], f.,
assault, siege ; method of attacking.

*oppugno, -are, -avi, -atus [ob +
pugno], fight against, attack, be-
siege.

ops, opis, f., aid, assistance ; pi., re-
sources, wealth, power, ability, in-
fluence.

optatus, -a, -um [part, of opto,
wis/i], longed for, welcome.

optime, sup. of bene ; optime
merens (meritus), see mereo.

optimus, -a, -um, sup. of bonus.

*0pus, -peris, n., work, labor ; un-
dertaking; structure ; fortifying,
fortification, works.

*0pus, indecl., n., necessity, need;
opus esse, be necessary.

5ra, -ae, f., shore, coast.

*oratio, -onis [oro], f., speech, plea;
orationem habere, make a speech.

orator, -oris [oro], m., speaker;
ambassador, envoy.

orbis, -is, m., circle; see Introd.,
p. 45; orbis terrarum, the whole
earth or world.

Orcynia, -ae, f. adj., Orcynian, the
name given by the Greeks to the
Hercynia silva.

*6rd6, -dinis, m., row, line ; order ;

series; layer; rank, position,
class ; company of soldiers, cen-
tury ; primi ordines, first centu-
rions ; see Introd., p. 34.

Orgetorix, -igis, m., Orgetorix, a
Helvetian nobleman.

*0rior, oriri, ortus, rise, arise, ap-
pear ; spring, begin ; be descended,
be born ; orta luce, at daybreak.

ornamentum, -i [orno], n., honor,
distinction, ornament.

ornatus, -a, -um [part, of orno],
fitted out; sup. ornatissimus, -a,
-um, fully equipped.

orno, -are, -avi, -atus, fit out;

. honor.

*oro, -are, -avi, -atus, speak, plead;
beg, implore.

ortus, -a, -um, part, of orior.

Ortus, -US [orior], m., rising.

5s, oris, n., mouth, face.

Osismi, -orum, m. pi., the Osismi, a
tribe on the northwestern coast of
Gaul.

*ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus
[obs- = ob + tendo], stretch to-
ward, expose to view, point out,
show ; declare, make known, men-
tion.

ostentati5, -onis [ostento], f., exhi-
bition, display ; ostentation, pride ;
ostentationis causa, to attract
notice, for show.

ostento, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
ostendo], present to view, exhibit,
display.

otium, -i, n., leisure; quiet, peace.

ovum, -i, n., egg.

P., the abbreviation for the praeno-
men Publius, Piiblius.

pa.bula.tio, -onis [pabulor], f., col-
lecting of fodder, foraging.

VOCABULARY

487

pabulator, -oris [pabulor], m., for-
ager.

pabulor, -an, -atus [pabulum], for-
age, get fodder.

pabulum, -I [pasco, feed'}, n., food
for cattle, fodder.

*pacatus, -a, -um [part, of paco],
pacified, conquered ; peaceful, ^tn-
distttrbed.

paciscor, pacisci, pactus, agree,
agree upon; the perf. part, often
has passive force.

*paco, -are, -avi, -atus [pax], make
peaceful, quiet ; subdiie, conqiier.

pactum, -1 [part, of paciscor], n.,
agreement; way, manner.

pactus, -a, -um, part, of paciscor.

Padus, -l, m., the Padus, a large
river of northern Italy (Cisalpine
Gaul), now the Po.

*paene, adv., nearly, almost.

*paenitet, paenitere, paenituit,
impersonal verb, it grieves, it re-
pents ; used with ace, of the per-
son, but to be translated personally,
e.g. eos paenitet, they repent.

*pagUS, -l, m., district, canton ;
people of a canton.

palam, adv., openly, publicly.

palma, -ae, f., palm, hand.

*palus, -Mis, f., swamp, marsh;
marshy stream.

paluster, -tris, -tre [palus], marshy,
swampy.

*pando, pandere, pandi, passus,
spread out, extend; passus capil-
lus, disheveled hair.

*par,paris, adj., equal, well matched;
like, same.

*paratus, -a, -um [part, of paro],
prepared, ready ; fitted, equipped.

parce [parcus, sparing}, adv., spar-
ingly.

parco, parcere, peperci, parsus
[parcus, sparing'], use sparingly ;

spare, protect, not injure, treat
with care.

parens, -entis, m. and f., parent.

parento, -are, -avi, -atus [parens],
offer sacrifice in honor of dead
kindred ; avenge.

pareo, parere, parui, obey, submit,
comply.

pario, parere, peperi, partus, pro-
duce; gain, accomplish, effect.

Parisii, -orum, m. pi., the Parisii,
a Gallic tribe, on the Sequana
(Seine). The name survives in
the modern Paris.

*paro, -are, -avi, -atus, prepare,
make ready, prepare for, provide ;
arrange ; procure.

*pars, partis, f., part, division,
section ; party, faction ; side, di-
rection ; respect, particular;
maximam partem, for the most
part, chiefly; quam in partem,
in what direction; una ex parte,
on one side ; maior pars, the ma-
jority ; ex parte, in part; tres
partes, three fourths.

*partim [pars], adv., partly, in
part; partim . . . partim,/r/^
. . . partly, some . . . others.

partior, -iri, -itus [pars], divide,
distribute, share; the perf. part,
often has passive force.

partus, -a, -um, part, of pario.

*parum [parvus], adv., too little.

parvulus, -a, -um [dim. of parvus],
very small; petty, slight ; very
young.

*parvus, -a, -um, small, little ; in-
considerable, slight, trifling; young.

*passim [pand5], adv., in every
direction.

passus, -a, -um, part, of pando and
of patior.

*passus, -us [pando], m., step, pace;
double step (five Roman feet);

VOCABULARY

mllle passus, mile; duo mflia

passuum, two miles. See mille.
patefacio, -facere, : feci, -factus

[pateo + facio], lay open, open.
patefI5, -fieri, -factus, pass, of

patefacic.
*patens, -entis [part, of pateo], adj.,

open ; accessible, passable.
*pate5, patere, patui, stand open,

be open; be accessible, be free;

stretch out, extend.
*pater, -tris, m., father ; pi., fore-
fathers, ancestors.
*patienter [patiens, part, of patior] ,

adv., with fortitude.
patientia, -ae [patiens, part, of

patior], f., endurance, suffering;

submissiveness, patience.
*patior, patl, passus, bear, endure,

undergo, suffer ; permit, allow, let.
patrius, -a, -um [pater], of a father,

ancestral.
patronus, -I [pater], m., protector,

patron.
patruus, -i [pater], m., paternal

uncle.
*pauci, -ae, -a, pi. ad]., few, only a

few.
paucitas, -atis [pauci], f., small

number, fewness.
*paulatim [paulus, little'], adv.,

little by little, by degrees ; a few

at a time.
*paulisper [paulus, little'}, adv.,

for a short time.
*paulo [paulus, little'], adv., by a

little, a little, somewhat ; paulo

post, just after.
paululum [paululus, -very little, dim.

of paulus, little'], adv., a -very little.
*paulum, -i [paulus, little~], n., a

little; often used adverbially, a

little, somewhat.

*pax, pacis [cf. padscor], f., com-
pact, treaty of peace ; peace.

pecco, -are, -avi, -atus, do wrong.

pectus, -toris, n., breast.

pecunia, -ae [pecii, cattle'], f., prop-
erty, wealth; money.

*pecus, -coris, n., cattle, used of all
domestic animals kept for food or
service ; flesh.

pedalis, -e [pes], afoot in measure.

*pedes, -ditis [pes], m., foot-soldier ;
pi., infantry.

*pedester, -tris, -tre [pedes], of
foot-soldiers, of infantry ; on foot,
overland; pedestres c5piae, in-
fantry.

peditatus, -us [pedes], m., foot-sol-
diers, infantry.

Pedius, -i, m., Pedius, a Roman
nomen ; Quintus Pedi^^s, one of
Caesar's legates. He was the
grandson of one of Caesar's sisters.

peior, -ius, comp. of malus, bad; as
subst., n., greater misfortune,
worse fate.

peius, comp. of male.

*pellis, -is, f., skin, hide, leather ;
sub pellibus, in tents.

*pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus,
drive, drive away ; rotit, put to
flight, defeat ; expel.

*pendo, pendere, pependi, pensus,
hang, weigh, weigh out; pay;
poenas pendere, pay the penalty,
stiffer pimishment.

penitus [penes, witJi], adv., far
^vith^n ; penitus ad, all the way
to.

*per, prep, with ace., through,
across ; of time, through, during,
for; over, along, on; by means of,
by the agency of; on account of, be-
cause of, by; per manus, see
manus ; per vim, by violence;
per se, of himself (themselves), of
his (their) own accord, in itself,
so far as he is concerned. In

VOCABULARY

489

comp., through, along, thoroztghly,

very.
*perago, -agere, -egi, -actus [per +

ago], carry through, go through

-with, finish.
perangustus, -a, -urn [per + an-

gustus], very narrow.
percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [per

+ capio], _?/, receive ; reap ; per-
ceive, hear, learn.
percontatio, -onis [percenter, ask

partictilarly\, f., questioning, in-
vestigation.
percurro, -currere, -cucurri or

-cum, -cursus [per + curro, run},

rttn through ; rim along.
percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus

[per + quatio, shake"], strike

thro^lgh, transfix.
perdisco, -discere, -didici [per +

disco], learn thoroughly, get by

heart.
perditus, -a, -um [part, of perdo,

destroy], lost, desperate, corrupt,

abandoned.
*perduco, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus

[per + duco], lead through, bring,

conduct; win over, persuade;

draw out, prolong, contimie ; ex-
tend, construct.
perendinus, -a, -um [perendie, on

the day after to-morrow], after

to-morrow.
pereo, -ire, -ii, -iturus [per + eo],

pass away, be killed.
perequitd, -are, -avi, -atus [per +

equito, ride~], ride through, drive

through.
perexiguus, -a, -um [per + exi-

guus], very small, insignificant.
perfacilis, -e [per + facilis], very

easy.

perf ectus, -a, -um, part, of perficio.
*perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [per +

fero], bear through, bear ; endure,

' sztbmitto, suffer ; carry, announce,
report.

*perfici5, -ficere, -feel, -fectus [per
+ facio], make thoroughly, bring
about, accomplish; finish, com-
plete; arrange; construct.

perfidia, -ae [perfidus, /#,/?.?/], f.,
faithlessness, treachery.

perfringo, -f ringere, -fregi, -f ractus
[per + frango], break through,
force a way through.

perfuga, -ae [perfugio], m., deserter,
fugitive.

perfugio, -fugere, -fugi [per +
fugio], flee for refttge, go over,
escape, desert.

perfugiunij -I [perfugio], n., refuge,
place of safety.

*pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrec-
tus [per + rego], press on, proceed.

periclitor, -an, -atus [periculum],
try, make trial of, put to the test,
try to find out ; be put in peril, be
endangered.

pericu!5sus, -a, -um [periculum],
dangero^ls.

*perlculum, -I [cf. experior], n.,
trial, attempt, experiment; test,
proof; danger.

*peritus, -a, -um [cf. experior],
experienced, acquainted with ;
skilled, skilful.

perlatus, -a, -um, part, of perferS.

perlego, -legere, -legl, -lectus [per
+ lego, gather], read through.

perluo, -luere, -lui, -lutus [per +
-luo, wash], wash, bathe ; the pas-
sive is used in a reflexive sense,
like the Greek middle voice.

permagnus, -a, -um [per + mag-
nus], very large.

permaneo, -manere, -mansi, -man-
surus [per + maneo], stay, re-
main ; continue, hold out.

permisceo, -miscere, -miscui, -mix-

49

VOCABULARY

tus [per + misceo, mix], mingle,
intermingle.

*permitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[per + mitto], give up, yield, sur-
render ; intrust; permit.

permixtus, -a, -um, part, of per-
misceo.

*permoveo, -movere, -movi, -motus
[per-f moveo], move deeply, rouse,
influence, induce; disturb; dis-
courage, frighten ; anger.

permulceo, -mulcere, -mulsi, -mul-
sus [per + mulceo, stroke\, soothe,
appease.

pernicies, -ei [perneco kill out-
right], f., destruction, overthrow,
ruin.

perpauci, -ae, -a [per + paucT],
pi. adj., very few.

perpendiculum, -I [per + pendo],
n., weight, plummet ; ad perpen-
diculum, perpendicularly.

perpetior, -peti, -pessus [per +
patior], bear resolutely, endure.

*perpetuo [perpetuus], adv., con-
tinually, forever.

*perpetuus, -a, -um [per -f peto],
continuous, unbroken, uninter-
rtipted ; whole, entire; lasting,
enduring, perpetual ; in perpe-
tuum, forever.

perquir5, -quirere, -quisivi,
-quisitus [per + quaero] , ask
earnestly about, inquire about.

perrumpo, -rump ere, -rupi, -ruptus
[per + rumpo, break"], break
through, penetrate, force a passage.

perscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip-
tus [per + scribo^, write in full,
write out, recount in detail.

persequor, -sequi, -secutus [per
+ sequor],y0//0w up, chase, hunt
down; press upon, proceed
against; resent, avenge.

persever5, -are, -avi, -atus [perse-

verus, very strict"], persist, perse-
vere.

persolvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solutus
[per + solvo],/<zj/ in full, suffer.

*perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus
[per + specie, look], look through ;
look at carefully, see clearly, exam-
ine, inspect ; perceive^ learn, find
out; understand.

persto, -stare, -stiti,-staturus [per
+ sto], stand firmly, persist.

*persuade5, -suadere, -suasi,
-suasus [per + suadeo, urge"],
persuade, induce, prevail upon;
convince.

*perterreo, -terrere, -terrui, -territus
[per + terreo] , frighten thoroughly,
fill with terror.

*perterritus, -a, -um [part, of per-
terreo], panic-stricken.

pertinacia, -ae [pertinax, persever-
ing\, f., persistence, obstinacy.

*pertine5, -tinere, -tinui [per +
teneo], reach, extend; belong,
pertain, tend; pertinere ad, con-
cern.

pertuli, see perfero. -

perturbatiS, -onis [perturbo], ~f.,
confusion, alarm.

*perturbo, -are, -avi, -atus [per +
turbo, disturb"], throw into con-
fusion, disturb, alarm.

pervagor, -ari, -atus [per + vagor],
roam about.

*pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus
[per + venio], come through, ar-
rive, come.

*pes, pedis, m., foot; a foot, as a
measure, slightly shorter than the
standard English foot ; pedibus,
on foot; pedibus transire, ford;
pedibus aditum habere, have an
approach by land ; pedem ref erre,
fall back, retreat.

*peto, petere, petivi, petitus, strive

VOCABULARY

491

for, seek; try to reach; beg, be-
seech, ask ; aim at, attack ; fugam
petere, tak$ to flight.

Petrocorii, -orum, m. pi., the Petro-
corii, a tribe of southwestern Gaul.

Petronius, -i, m., Petronitis, a Ro-
man nomen; Marcus Petronius,
a centurion of the eighth legion.

Petrosidius, -I, m., Petrosidius, a Ro-
man nomen; Lucius Petrosidius,
an eagle-bearer of Caesar's army.

*phalanx, -angis, i., phalanx, a com-
pact body of troops in battle array.

Pictones, -um, m. pi., the Pictones, a
tribe of Gaul, south of the Liger
(Loire).

pietas, -atis [pius, dutiftd~\, f., duti-
ful conduct ; patriotism.

*pflum, -I, n., javelin (see Introd.,
p. 35); murale pflum, wall-
javelin, a heavy javelin to be
hurled from fortifications.

pilus, -l [pilum], m., first maniple
(of a cohort) ; primus pilus, first
maniple (of a legion) ; priml pill
centurio, first centurion (of a
legion), chief centzlrion, often
called prlmipilus (see Introd.,

P- 34).
pinna, -ae, f., feather; battlement.

Pirustae, -arum, m. pi., the Pirus-
tae, a tribe in lllyricum.

piscis; -is, raffish.

Piso, -onis, m., Piso, a Roman cog-
nomen: (i) Lncizis Calpurnius
Piso, consul in 58 B.C., father-in-
law of Caesar; (2) Lucius Cal-
piirnius Piso, grandfather of (i) ;
(3) Marcus Pupius Piso, consul
in 6 1 B.C. ; (4) Piso, an Aquita-
nian of high rank.

pix, picis, f., pitch.

placed, placere, placui, placitus,
please, be pleasing ; seem best ; ei
placuit, he decided.

placid e [placidus, quiet], adv.,

qidetly.
placo, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. placeoj,

appease, propitiate.
Plancus, -I, m., Plaiwis, a Roman

cognomen; see Munatius.
*plane [planus], adv., plainly,

clearly ; quite.
planities, -el [planus], f., level

ground, plain.

*planus, -a, -um, even, level, fiat.
plebs, plebis (plebes, plebei), f.,

common people, populace.
plene [plenus], adv., fiilly, com-
pletely.
plenus, -a, -um [-pleo, fill~\, full,

complete.
*pleric[ue, -aeque, -aque [plerus,

#z0.tf-f- -que], pi. adj., most, the

most, the majority, a -very great

part.
*plerumque [plerlque], adv., for

the most part, mostly, usually.
Pleumoxil, -orum, m. pi., the Pleu-

moxii, a Belgic tribe, clients of the

Nervii.
plumbum, -I, n., lead; plumbum

album, (white lead}, tin.
*plurimum [plurimus], sup. of mul-

tum, adv., very much.
*plurimus, -a, -um [plus], sup. of

multus; pi., very- many, a great

many; quam plurimi, as many

as. possible ; as subst, plurimum,

-l, n., very much, a great

deal.
*plus, pluris, comp. of multus; in

sing, as subst., n., the greater

part; pi., plures, plura, gen.

plurium, more, a good many;

plus is sometimes used adverbially,
pluteus, -i, m., mantelet, breastwork,

parapet; screen.
poculum, -I [cf. potus, drunk], n.,

drinking-cup.

492

VOCABULARY

poena, -ae [cf. punio, punish~\, f.,

punishment, recompense, penalty.

pollex, -licis, m., thumb ; as adj. in

digitus pollex, (thumb finger},

thumb.

*polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus

[por- = pro + liceor], offer,

promise; liberaliter polliceri,

make generous promises.

pollicitatid, -onis [pollicitor, freq.
of polliceor], f., promise, pledge.

pollicitus, -a, -urn, part, of
polliceor.

Pompeius, -I, m., Pompeius, Pompey,
a Roman nomen: (i) Gnaeus
Pompeius Magnus, the friend and
son-in-law, later the rival and an-
tagonist, of Caesar, born in 106
B.C.; (2) Gnaeus Pompeitts, an
interpreter, probably an enfran-
chised Gaul.

*pondus, -deris [pendo], n., weight,
mass.

*pono, ponere, posui, positus, put,
place, station, set ; pitch ; assign ;
make depend {upon} ; lay down,
surrender; perf. pass., depend
(upon} .

*pons, pontis, in., bridge.

poposci, see posco.

populatio, -onis [populor], f., laying
waste, plundering.

*populor, -ari, -atus, lay waste,
pillage.

*pOpulus, -I, m., people, nation. '

porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [por-
= pro + rego], stretch forward,
exterid.

porro, adv., furthermore, then.

*porta, -ae, f., gateway, gate ; porta
decumana, see decumanus.

*porto, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. porta],
bring, carry, convey.

portorium, -I [cf. port5], n., tariff,
toll, tax on traffic, duty.

*portus, -US [cf. porta], m., harbor,

port.
*posco, poscere, poposci, demand,

reqiiest ; call for, need.
*positus, -a, -um [part, of pono],

situated.

possessio, -onis [possideo], f., pos-
sessing, occupation, possession,

owners/tip; property, farm.
possideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus
[por- = pro + sedeo, sit], have

and hold, occupy, own.
possido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus [por-

= pro + sido, sit dowtt], take

possession of, seize.
*possum, posse, potui [potis, able +

sum], be able, have the power, can

(with inf.) ; have influence, be pow-
erful; plurimum posse, be most

powerful; quid potest, what

power has he ?
*pcst: (i) adv., afterwards, after,

later ; (2) prep, with ace., after ;

behind, next to; less important

than.
*postea [post + is], adv., after that,

afterwards, later ; postea . . .

quam as conj., see posteaquam.
*posteaquam [postea -f quam],

conj., after; also postea . . .

quam.
*posterus, -a, -um [post], following,

next, later ; in posterum, to the

next day; as subst., m. pi.,

posterity.
postpone, -ponere, -posui, -positus

[post + pono], ptit after, deem less

important ; postpone.
*postquam [post -f quam], conj.,

after, when.
*postremo [postremus, sup. of pos-

terus], adv., at last, finally, last oj

all.
*postridie [posterus + dies], adv.,

on the next day, the day after.

VOCABULARY

493

*postulatum, -I [part.' of postulo]

n., demand.

*postulo, -are, -avi, -atus, demand,

request, require, call for ; make

necessary.

posui, see pono.

*potens, -entis [part, of possum],

adj., mighty, powerful, influential.

potentatus, -us [potens], m., power,
ascendancy, sway.

potentia, -ae [potens], f., power,
authority ; influence, eminence.

*pOtestas, -atis [potis, able], f.,
power, ability; dominion, civil
authority ; opportunity, possibility,
chance ; permission.

*pOtior, -In, -itus [potis, able], get
possession of, become master of.

potius [comp. of potis, able], adv.,
rather, more, sooner.

prae [cf.- pro], prep, with abl.,
before; in comparison with, in
view of; for, becaitse of. In comp.,
before, in front, rather.

praeacutus, -a, -um [part, of prae-
acuo, sharpen at the end~\, sharp-
ened at the end, pointed.

*praebeo, praebere, praebui, prae-
bitus [prae + habeo], hold out ;
show, furnish, offer, present ; cause.

praecaveo, -cavere, -cavi, -cautus
[prae -f- caveo], take care before-
hand.

praecedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
[prae + cedo],^ ahead of, sur-
pass.

*praeceps, -cipitis [prae + caput],
adj., headlong; steep.

praeceptum, -i [part, of praecipio],
n., order, command, injunction,
direction.

praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus
[prae + capio], take in advance ;
imagine beforehand, anticipate,
suspect ; enjoin, order, direct.

praecipit5, -are, -avi, -atus [prae-

ceps], throw headlong, hurl down.

praecipue [praecipuus], adv., chiefly^

especially.
praecipuus, -a, -um [prae + capio],

extraordinary, special.
praecludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusus

[prae + claudo], shut in one's

face ; shut off, close up.
praeco, -onis [prae + dico], m.,

crier, herald.
Praeconinus, -i, m., Praeconinus, a

Roman cognomen ; see Valerius,
praecurro, -currere, -cucurri or -cum

[prae + curro, run~\, run before,

hasten forward ; get ahead.
*praeda, -ae, f., spoil, booty, plunder.
praedico, -are, -avi, -atus [prae +

dico], announce, proclaim, assert;

report, declare ; boast.
*praedor, -ari, -atus [praeda], take

booty, phinder, spoil.
praeduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus

[prae + duco], lead forward; con'

struct before, construct.
*praefectus, -a, -um, part, of prae-

ficio ; as subst., m., overseer, com-
mander, prefect.
*praefer5, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [prae

+ fero], bear before, put before ;

prefer; se -praefene, ptace oneself

before, surpass.
*praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus

[prae + faci5], set over, piit in

command of.
araef Igo, -f Igere, -f ixi, -f ixus [prae

-f figo, Jix], fasten before, set up

in front.
DraemetuOj-metuere [prae + metuo,

fear~], fear beforehand, be appre-
hensive.
*praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus

[prae + mitto], send ahead, send

forward.
*praemium, -I [prae + emo], n.,

494

VOCABULARY

advantage, privilege ; reward, rec-
ompense, prize ; bribe.

praeoccupo, -are, -avi, -atus [prae
+ occupo], seize upon beforehand ;
seize, fill.

praeopto, -are, -avi, -atus [prae +
opt 6, wisJi\, choose rather, prefer.

praeparo, -are, -avi, -atus [prae +
paro], make ready beforehand,
prepare.

praepono, -ponere, -posui, -positus
[prae + pono], place in front of;
set over, put in charge of.

praerumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptus
[prae + rumpo, break~\, tear away
in front, break off.

praeruptus, -a, -urn [part, of prae-
rumpo], abrupt, steep, rugged,

praesaepio, -saepire, -saepsi, -saep-
tus [prae + saepio, hedge in~\, block
up.

*praescribo, -scribere, -scrips!,
-scriptus [prae + scrlbo], write
beforehand, direct, dictate.

*praescriptum, -i [part, of prae-
scribo], n., previous direction,
dictation.

*praesens, -entis [part, of praesum],
adj., present^ at hand ; existing.

praesentia, -ae [praesens], f., pres-
ence, readiness ; present ; in prae-
sentia, see in.

praesentio, -sentire, -sensf, -sensus
[prae + sentio], perceive in ad-
vance, have a presentiment of,
foresee.

*praesertim [prae -f sero, bind to-
gether^ adv., especially, chiefly,
particularly.

*praesidium, -l [praesideo,/ro^/],
n., defense, protection, aid ; guard,
garrison; post, station.

praesto, adv., at hand, present;
praesto esse, meet.

*praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitus

or -status [prae + sto], stand
before, excel, surpass; maintain,
perform ; reveal, exhibit, show ;
praestat, // is better.

*praesum, -esse, -fui [prae + sum],
be before, be set over, be in com-
mand of.

*praeter [prae], prep, with ace.,
past, beyond ; except, besides, in
addition to ; contrary to. In
comp., past, by, besides.

*praeterea [praeter + is], adv., in
addition, furthermore, besides.

praetered, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus
[praeter + eo]> go by, pass; omit,
disregard, pass over.

praeterita, -orum [part, of praeter-
eo], n. pi., the past, bygones.

praetermitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sus [praeter + mitto], let go by,
overlook, lose.

praeterquam [praeter + quam ] , adv.,
beyond, except, other than.

praetor, -oris [for praeitor, from
prae -f eo], m., leader, com-
mander ; praetor ; prd praetore,
acting as praetor, of praetorian
rank, propraetor.

praetorius, -a, -um [praetor], of the
praetor, praetorian; praetoria CO-
hors, {commander's') body-guard.

praeustus, -a, -um [prae + ustus,
part, of uro, burn~\, charred at
the end.

praeverto, -vertere, -verti [prae +
verto], attend to first, anticipate.

pravus, -a, -um, distorted ; -wrong,
vicious.

*premo, premere, pressi, pressus,
press, press upon, press hard,
crowd; urge, drive^ folloiv up;
oppress, weigh down, burden, im-
pede.

prend5 (for prehendo), prendere,
prendi, prensus, grasp, seize.

VOCABULARY

495

*pretium, -I, n., price, value.

*(prex, precis), used chiefly in pi.,
f., request, entreaty, prayer ; curse,
imprecation.

*pridie> [prae + dies], adv., on the
day before.

primipflus, -i [primus + pllus], m.,
first centrtrion (of a legion), chief
centurion ; see Introd., p. 34.

*prim5 [primus], adv., at first, in
the first place.

*primum [primus], adv., first, first
of all; cum primum and ubi
primum, as soon as; quam pri-
mum, as soon as possible.

*primus, -a, -urn [sup. from prae],

first, foremost; first part of;

as subst., m. pi., the van; in

primis, among the first things,

especially, chiefly.

*princeps, -cipis [primus + capio],
adj., foremost, first; chief, most
eminent, most noble ; as subst., m.,
leader, originator; noble, chief-
tain.

principatus, -us [prlnceps], m.,
first place; supremacy, leader-
ship.

*prior, prius [comp. from prae],
former ; in advance, ahead;
previotts, first ; as subst., m. pi.,
those in front, the van.

*pristinus, -a, -um [prior], former,
previous, preceding ; of old, origi-
nal, pristine.

*prius [prior], adv., before, earlier ;
prius . . . quam as conj., see prius-
quam.

*priusquam [prius 4- quam], conj.,
earlier than, sooner than, before ;
also prius . . . quam.

*privatim [privatus],.adv., in pri-
vate capacity, personally, pri-
vately.

*privatus, -a, -um [part, of privo,

deprive~\, private; personal, in-
dividual; as subst., m., private
person.

*pro [cf. prae], prep, with abl., before,
in front of; in behalf of, for, for
the benefit of; in place of; as, just
as ; becat(se of, in return for ; in
accordance -with, in comparison
with, in proportion to, in consider-
ation of. In comp. (prod- usually
before vowels), before, forward,
forth, away, for.

*probo, -are, -avi, -atus [probus,
estimable'], approve, esteem ; assent
to; commend ; assert ; show, prove.

*procedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
[pro + cedo], go forward, ad-
vance, proceed, march on.

Procillus, -I, m., Procillus, a Ro-
man cognomen ; see Valerius.

proclmo, -are, -avi, -atus [pro +
-cllno, bend~\, bend forward; perf.
part., already started.

proconsul, -ulis [pro + consul], m.,
proconsul, ex-consul, as governor
of a province.

procul, adv., at a distance, far
away ; from a distance.

*procumb5, -cumberer-cubui, -cu-
bitus [pro + -cumbo, lie], fall
forward, fall prostrate, sink down ;
lean forrvard, incline ; be beaten-
down ; lie down.

procure, -are, -avi, -atus [pro +
euro], take care of, attend to.

procurro, -currere, -cucurri or -cum,
-cursus [pro + curro, rzeti], run
forward, rush forward, charge.

*prodeo, -Ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus [prod-
= pro + &o~], go forward, advance,
go out.

prodesse, see prosum.

proditio, -onis [prodo], f., treason,
treachery.

proditor, -oris [prod5], m., traitor.

49 6

VOCABULARY

prodo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [pro +
do], give forth, divulge; hand
down, transmit ; give up, betray.

*produco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus
[pro -f duco], lead forward, bring
forward, produce ; prolong, pro-
tract.

proelior, -ari, -atus [proelium],
join battle, fight.

*proelium, -I, n., battle, combat;
proelium facere, fight a battle;
proelium committere, see com-
mitto.

*profectio, -onis [proficiscor], f.,
setting otit, departure.

profectus, -a, -um, part, of profi-
ciscor.

profectus, -a, -um, part, of pr5ficio.

profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [pro +
fero], carry oiit, bring out.

proficio, -ficere, -feel, -fectus [pro
-f- facio], forward, advance ; effect,
accomplish.

*proficlscor, -ficisci, -fectus [pro-
ficio], set out, start, depart;
march.

profiteer, -fiteri, -fessus [pro +
fateor, admit], declare piiblicly,
avow, profess ; promise, offer.

profligo, -are, -avi, -atus [pr5 +
fligo, strike~\, strike down, over-
throw, rout.

profluo, -fluere, -fluxi [pro + fluo],
flow forth, rise.

*profugio, -fugere, -fugi [pro +
fugio],y?^i? forth, escape.

profui, see prosum.

prognatus, -a, -um [pro + (g)na-
tus, part, of (g)nascor], descended,
sprung.

*progredior, -gredi, -gressus [pro
+ gradior, step~\, go forward, ad-
vance, proceed.

*proMbeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitus
[pro -f habeo], hold back, hinder,

check, impede, prevent ; keep off;

defend; cut off.
*pr5ici5, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [pro

+ iacio], hurl forward, throw,

throw down; abandon, reject; se

proicere, prostrate oneself; hurl

oneself, leap.

proinde [pro + inde], adv., there-
fore, accordingly, so.
promineo, -minere, -minui, lean

forward.
promiscue [promiscuus, mixed],

adv., in common, together.
promissus, -a, -um [part, of pro-
mi tto], long.
promitto, -mittere, -misi, .-missus

[pro + mitto], let go forward ; let

grow long.
promoveo, -movere, -movi, -m5tus

[pro + rnoveo], move forward,

push onward.
pr5mptus, -a, -um [part, of promo,

take forth~\, manifest; ready,

prompt.
promunturium, -i [cf. promineo], n.,

headland, promontory.
*prone [pronus, turned forward],

adv., leaning fonuard.
*pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [pro +

nuntio], make known publicly,

proclaim, announce ; pronounce ;

tell, relate, report; order.
*prope: (l) adv., almost, near,

nearly ; prope nulli, scarcely any ;

(2) prep, with ace., near.
propello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus

[pro + pello], drive away, keep

off, dislodge.
*properp, -are, -avi, -atus [properus,

quick], hasten.
propinquitas, -atis [propinquus], f.,

nearness, vicinity ; relationship.
*propinquus, -a, -um [prope], near,

neighboring, at hand ; related ; as

subst, m. and f., relative.

VOCABULARY

497

*propior, -ius [comp. from prope],
nearer.

*propius [propior], adv., nearer;
used sometimes with ace.

*propono, -p5nere, -posui, -positus
[pro + pono], place before; set
forth, display ; propose, offer, pre-
sent ; relate, recount, explain,
point out; intend.

proprius, -a, -um, special, individ-
ual, own ; peculiar, characteristic.

*propter [prope], prep, with ace.,
on account of, because of.

*propterea [propter + is], adv.,
therefore, on that accoztnt ; prop-
terea quod, for the reason that,
because.

prdpugnator, -oris [propugno], m.,
defender.

propugn5, -are, -avi, -atus [pro +
pugno], go forth to fight, fight on
the offensive, sally forth ; repel an
attack, resist.

propulso, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
propello], beat back, repel.

prora, -ae, f., bow, prom.

proruS, -ruere, -rui, -rutus [pro +
ruo, c ast down~\ , tear down, demol-
ish.

*prosequor, -sequi, -secutus [pro +
sequor], follow up, piirsiie ; escort,
honor ; liberaliter orati5ne prose-
qui, dismiss with gracious words.

prospectus, -us [prospicio], m., view,
prospect, sight.

prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, spectus
[pro + specio, look~\, look forward;
watch, provide, use foresight.

pr5sterno, -sternere, -stravi, -stratus
[pro -j- sterno, spread out\, over-
throw, ruin.

prosum, prodesse, prdfui [pro
sum], be of advantage, help.

proteg5, -tegere, -texi, -tectus [pr5
+ tego], cover over, protect, shield.

2 K

proterreo, -terrere, -terrui, -territus

[pro + terreo], frighten off,
terrify.

protinus [pro + tenus, stretching to;
cf. tendo], adv., straight onward,
forward; at once, without pause.
proturbo, -are, -avi, -atus [pr5 +
turbo, disturb~\, drive away, repel.
proveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus
[pro + veho, carry], carry for-
ward ; pass., advance, sail out.
prdvenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus
[pro + venio], come forth; be pro-
dziced, grow.
proventus, -us [proveni'5], m., issue,

result, outcome.

*provideo, -videre, -vidi, -visus [pro
+ video], see in advance, discern,
foresee ; take precautions, provide,
prepare.

*provincia, -ae, f., official dtity; prov-
ince, territory governed by a mag-
istrate from Rome ; Gallia pro-
vincia, see Introd., p. 23.
prSvincialis, -e [pr5vincia], belong-
ing to a province, of the province.
provisus, -a, -um, part, of provideo.
provolo, -are, -avi [pr5 + volo,y?>'],

hurry forth, rush out.
*proxime [proximus], adv., very
lately, most recently, last; used
sometimes with ace., nearest.
*proximus, -a, -um [sup. from
prope], nearest, next, adjoining;
last, latest, most recent ; following,
ensiling ; used sometimes with
ace., nearest.

prudentia, -ae [Tpmdens, foreseeing],
f., foresight, practical judgjnent,
wisdom, discretion.
Ptianii, -orum, m. pi., the Ptianii,

a tribe of Aquitania.
pubes, -beris, adj., groiun-up ; as
subst, puberes, -um, m.pl., adults,
men of military age.

498

VOCABULARY

*publice [publicus], adv., in the
name of the state, officially ; pub-
licly.

publico, -are, -avi, -atus [publicus],
make public, confiscate.

*publicus, -a, -um [pubes], of the
grown men, of the people, public,
official; as subst, n., piiblic place,
public view ; res publica, gen. rei
publicae, L, public interest, pub-
lic welfare, the state (especially
Rome).

pudet, pudere, puduit or puditum
est, impersonal verb, it makes
ashamed; used with ace. of person,
but to be translated personally,
e.g. eum pudet, he is ashamed.

pudor, -oris [pudet], m., sense of
shame, shame, conscientiousness.

*puer, -eri, m., boy; pi., children;
a pueris, from childhood.

puerilis, -e [puer], of a boy,
boyish.

*pugna, -ae [pugno], L, fight, fight-
ing, battle.

*pugno, -are, -avi, -atus [pugnus
fisf\, fight, give battle; used imper-
sonally in pass., e.g. pugnatur,
there is fighting.

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful;
honorable, illustrious.

Pullo, -5nis, m., Pullo, a Roman
cognomen ; Titus Pullo, a brave
centurion in Caesar's army.

pulsus, -a, -um, part, of pello.

pulsus, -us [pello], m., beating,
stroke; impulsion.

pulvis, -veris, m., dust, cloud of dust.

*puppis, -is, f., stern.

purgo, -are, -avi, -atus [purus+
ago], cleanse ; excuse, justify.

*puto, -are, -avi, -atus, think, con-
sider, believe, deem, judge.

Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, with montes,
the Pyrenees Mountains.

Q., the abbreviation for the praeno-
men Quinctus, Quinttis.

*qua [abl. f. of qui; sc. via], adv., by
which way, where ; on which side.

quadrageni, -ae, -a [quadraginta],
pi. adj., forty each.

*quadraginta (XL) [quattuor], in-
decl. adj., forty.

*quadringenti, -ae, -a (CCCC)
[quattuor + centum], pi. a.d].,four
hundred.

*quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quae-
situs, look for, seek; try to find out,
inquire, investigate, ask.

quaestio, -onis [quaero], f., ques-
tioning; judicial investigation.

*quaestor, -oris [quaer5],m., quaes-
tor; see Introd., p. 32.

quaestus, -us [quaero], m., gain,
profit.

qualis, -e [quis and qui], of what
sort? ivhat? of which kind.

*quam [quis and qui], adv., to what
degree? how? as; than, rather
than; quam with a superlative,
with or without some form of pos-
sum, in the highest degree, as . . .
possible; quam primum, see pri-
mum; quam diu, see diu; postea
. . . quam, prius , . . quam, see
posteaquam, priusquam.

*quamvis [quam + vis, from volo],
adv., as you will; however.

quando [quis], adv., when? after si,
at any time, ever.

*quantopere [quantus + opus], adv.,
how much ? how greatly ? as much
as, as.

*quantus, -a, -um [quis and qui],
how great? how much ? as great, as
much, as; as great as, as much
as ; tantus . . . quantus, as great
. . . as, as much . . . as; quanto

VOCABULARY

499

. . . tanto, by how much . . . by
so much, the . . . the,

quantusvis, -tavls, -turn vis [quan-
tus + vis, from volo], as great as
you please, however great.

*quare (qua re), adv., on what ac-
count? wherefore? why ? on which
account, and for that reason, and
so, wherefore, therefore.

*quartus, -a, -urn [quattuor],
fourth; quartus decimus,. four-
teenth.

quasi [quam + si], conj., as if, just
as if.

*quattuor (IIII or IV), indecl. adj.,
four.

*quattuordecim (Xim) [quattuor
+ decem], indecl. adj., fourteen.

*-que, enclitic conj., and ; and
finally, and in fact ; often, espe-
cially after a negative, bitt ; -que
. . . -que, both . . . and.

*queror, queri, questus, complain,
bewail, lament ; complain of.

*qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who,
which, that ; and this, and that ;
and he (she, if}, but he (she, it); he
(she} who, that which, what; as;
quo . . . eo, the . . . the ; quern ad
modum, after what manner, just
as; quam ob rem, for which
reason, therefore; quod SI, but if,
and if, noiu if.

*qui, quae, quod, interrog. adj.,
which? what? quern ad modum,
after what manner ? how ? quam
Ob rem, for what reason? why?
the form qui is sometimes used
as a substantive, who ?

*qui, quae or qua, quod, indef. adj.,
used chiefly after si, nisi, ne,
num, any, some ; the form qui is
sometimes used as a. substantive,
any one, some one.

quicquam, see quisquam.

*quicumque, quaecumque, quod-
cumque [qul], indef. rel. pron.,
whoever, whatever, whosoever ;
every one who, everything which t
all who.

*quidam, quaedam, quiddam and
(adj.) quoddam [quis], indef.
pron., a certain one, certain ; some-
body, something, some ; a sort of, a.

*quidem (postpositive), adv., as-
suredly, certainly, in fact, indeed;
yet, however ; ne . . . quidem,
see ne.

quies, -etis, f., repose, rest, sleep.

quietus, -a, -um [part, of quiesco,
resf\, at rest, peaceful, tranquil.

*quin [qui + -ne, not], conj., that
. . . not, bid that, but, than that,
that; who . . . not; quln etiam,
why even, nay more, in fact.

quinam, see quisnam.

quincunx, -uncis [quTnque], m.,
quinczinx, an arrangement like
that of the five of cards or dice.

*qumdecim (XV) [quTnque + de-
cem], indecl. adj., fifteen.

*qumgenti, -ae, -a (D) [quTnque +
centum], pi. adj., five hundred.

*quini, -ae, -a [qulnque], pi. adj.,
five each, by fives.

*qulnquaginta (L) [qulnque], in-
decl. adj., fifty.

*quinque (V), indecl. adj.,^^.

*quintus, -a, -um [quTnque], fifth.

*quis, quid, interrog. pron. (the
form quis is sometimes used ad-
jectively), who ? what? quid,
why ? how much ?

*quis, quid, indef. pron., used
chiefly after si, nisi, ne, num, any
one, anything; some one, some-
thing ; the form quis is sometimes
used adjectively, any, some.

quisnam and (adj.) quinam, quae-
nam, quidnam and (adj.) quod-

500

VOCABULARY

nam [quis + nam], interrog. pron.,
who, pray ? which, pray ? what,
pray? who? which? what?

quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam
and (adj.) quodpiam [quis],
indef. pron., any one, any, some
one, some; nearly equivalent to
aliquis, but rarer.

*quisquam, quicquam [quis +
quam], indef. pron., any one at all,
a single one, anything at all, any

. at all, any one, anything, any ;
used chiefly in negative sentences
or those implying negatives.

*quisque, quaeque, quidque and
(adj.) quodque [quis + -que],
indef. pron., each, every one, every-
body, all; decimus quisque, one
in ten; nobilissimus quisque, all
the highest nobles ; antiquissimum.
quodque tempus, each most an-
cient time, priority of time.

quisquis, quicquid or quidquid
[quis + quis], indef. rel. pron.,
whoever, whatever.

*quivis, quaevis, quidvis and (adj.)
quodvis [qui + vis, from volo],
indef. pron., any one you please ;
as adj., any you please, whatever.

quo, abl. of qui and of quis.

*quo [quis and qui], adv.: (i) rel.,
to which place, whither ; as far
as ; to whom ; to which ; (2) inter-
rog., whither? to what end? (3)
indef., after si, nisi, ne, num., to
any place, in any direction .

*quo [qui], conj., that thereby, in
order that, used in clauses of pur-
pose with comparatives ; in a
clause which gives a reason only
to deny it, quo often has the force
of because, for the reason that.

*quoad [quo + ad], conj., until; as
long as.

*quod [qui], conj., that, in that, be-

cause, since ; as to the fact that .
the fact that.

*quominus (qu5 minus), conj.,
whereby the less, that . . . not, but
that; terrere quominus, pre-
vent from ; recusare quominus,
refuse to.

*quoniam [quom = cum -j- iam],
conj., since now, since, because.

*quoque, adv. (placed after a word
to emphasize it), also, too.

quoque, for et qu5.

qu5que, abl. of quisque.

quoqueversus [quisque + versus],
adv., in all directions, everywhere.

quot [quis and qui], indecl. adj.,
how many ? as many as, as.

quotannis [quot + annus], adv.,
year by year, every year, annually.

quotiens [quot], adv., how often?
how many times ? as often as.

R

*radix, -ids, f., root; lower part,
base ; pi., foot of a hill or moun-
tain.

rado, radere, rasi, rasus, scrape,
shave.

raeda, -ae, f., wagon, four-wheeled,
sometimes covered ; traveling-
carriage.

ramus, -I, m., branch, bozigh ; prong.

rapiditas, -atis [rapidus, swiff], f.,
rush, swiftness, rapidity.

rapina, -ae [rapio, snatcK\, f., rob-
bery, plundering.

*rarus, -a, -um,far apart, scattered,
straggling; pi., few.

rasus, -a, -um, part, of rado.

*ratio, -onis [ratus, part, of reor,
reckon~\, f., reckoning, mim-
bering ; account, list, statement,
report; theory, knowledge, art,
science; method, plan, manner,

VOCABULARY

501

arrangement; conduct, fashion,
way; condition; motive, reason,
explanation; respect, regard.

*ratis, -is, f., raft, float.

Rauraci, -Drum, m. pi., the Raurad,
a Gallic tribe about the head
waters of the Rhine.

re- or red-, inseparable prefix, again,
back; against; not.

rebellio, -onis [re- + bellum], f., re-
newal of hostilities, revolt.

Rebilus, -i, m., Rebilus, a Roman
cognomen; see Canmius.

recede, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [re-
+ced6],0 back, withdraw, retire.

*recens, -entis, adj., recent, fresh ;
^lnwearied, vigorous.

recenseo, -censere, -censui, -cen-
sus [re- -f- censeo], count again,
number; review.

receptaculum, -i [recepto, freq. of
recipio], n., place of refuge, shelter,
retreat.

receptus, -a, -um, part, of recipio.

receptus, -us [recipio], m., retreat ;
way of retreat ; place of refuge,
shelter.

recessus, -us [recede], m., retreat ;
means of retreat ; chance to re-
treat.

recido, recidere, recidl or reccidi,
recasurus [re- + cad5], fall back,
be thrown back.

*recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [re-
+ capio], take back, recover ;
carry back, lead back; retreat;
take, admit, accept, receive; se
recipere, regain composiire, re-
cover ; betake oneself, retire, re-
treat, go.

recito, -are, -avi, -atus [re- + cito,
cite], read aloud.

reclino, -are, -avi, -atus [re- + -clino,
bend], bend back; pass., lean;
se reclinare, lean, recline.

recte [rectus], adv., rightly, well,

excellently, safely.
rectus, -a, -um [part, of rego],

straight, direct; recta regione, in

a straight line, parallel to.
recupero, -are, -avi, -atus [recipi5],

get back, recover.
*recuso, -are, -avi, -atus [re-

-f causa], make objections ; refuse,

decline, reject.
red-, see re-.

redactus, -a, -um, part, of redigo.
*reddo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [red- +

do], give back, restore, return ;

grant, assign, give; render,

make.

redemptus, -a, -um, part, of redimo.
*redeo, -ire, ivi (-ii), -iturus [red-

+ eo], go back, return ; sink

down ; be referred.
*redigo, -igere, -egi, -actus [red- +

ag5], drive back; bring down, re-
duce ; cause to be, render.
*redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus

[red- + emo], buy back, btiy up,

purchase.
redintegro, -are, -avi, -atus [red- +

integro, make whole], restore, re-

new, recruit ; begin again.
reditio, -onis [redeo], f., going back,

return.
reditus, -us [redeo], m., going back,

retttrn.
Redones, -um, m. pi., the Redones,

a tribe of northwestern Gaul.

The name survives in the modern

Rennes.
*reduc5, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [re-

+ duco], lead back, bring back ;

draw off, withdraw ; draw back,

extend back.

ref ectus, -a, -um, part, of reficid.
*refero, referre, rettuli, relatus

[re- -f- fero], carry back ; bring,

carry; report, annoimce ; refer;

502

VOCABULARY

gratiam referre, see gratia ;

pedem referre, see pes.
*reficio, -ficere, -feel, -fectus [re- 4-

facio], repair; recruit, refresh,

make strong again.
refringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractus

[re- + frango], break open, break

down; break.
refugio, -fugere, -fugi [re- + fugio],

flee back, flee for safety, escape.
Reginus, -I, m., Reginus, a Roman

cognomen ; see Antistius.
*regi6, -onis [reg5], f., direction,

line; region, territory, district;

country ; e regione, over against,

opposite.
regius, -a, -um [rex], of a king,

royal.
regno, -are, -avi, -atus [regnum],

be king, reign.
*regnum, -I [rex], n., kingly power,

royalty, sovereignty ; kingdom,

throne.
rego, regere, rexi, rectus,, make

straight ; direct, control; govern,

rule.
*reicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [re- -f

iacio], throiv back, hurl back;

drive back, drive away; thrjw

away, throw aside, reject.
relanguesco, -languescere, -langui

[re- + languesco, become fainf\,

become enfeebled, become weak, be

relaxed.

relatus, -a, -um, part, of refero.
releg5, -are, -avi, -atus [re- + lego,

commission^, send azvay, remove,

banish.

relictus, -a, -um, part, of relinquo.
religio, -onis, f., sense of duty ; duty

to the gods ; superstition; pi., reli-
gious matters, religious obliga-
tions.
*relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lictus

[re- + linquo, leave^, leave be-

hind, leave remaining, leave ; let
remain ; abandon, forsake ; pass.,
remain.

*reliquus, -a, -um [relinquo], re-
maining; the remainder, the rest
of, the rest ; the other ; else ; fu-
ture ; as subst., n., remainder ;
nihil ad celeritatem reliqui fa-
. cere, see facio.

*remaneo, -manere, -mansl [re- +
maneo], stay behind, be left, re-
main; stay, continue; last, con-
tinue to be.

remex, -migis [remus + ago], m.,
rower.

remigo, -are [remex], row.

remigro, -are, -avi, -atus [re- +
migro, remove'], go back, return.

reminiscor, -minisci [re- + me-
mim], recall to mind, remember.

*remissus, -a, -um [part, of re-
mitto], relaxed, gentle, mild.

*remitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[re- + mittS], let go back, send
back; release ; hurl back; relax,
slacken; remit, remove ; resign.

remollesco, -mollescere [re- + mol-
lesco, become soff\, lose strength,
become enervated.

*remotus, -a, -um [part, of re-
moveo], distant, remote, retired.

*removeo, -movere, -movi, -motus
[re- -f- moveo], move back; re-
move, take away, dismiss.

remuneror, -ari, -atus [re- + mu-
neror, give\, repay, reward.

*remus, -i, m., oar.

Remus, -i, m., Reman, one of the
]\emi ; pi., the Remi, a powerful
Btlgic tribe. Their chief city,
Durocortorum, is now Rheims.

reno, -onis, m., deerskin.

*renov5, -are, -avi, -atus [re- +
novo, make new\, renew, revive ;
begin again.

VOCABULARY

503

*renuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [re- -f.
nuntio], bring back word, an-
nounce, report ; declare elected.

*repel!5, repellere, reppuli, re-
pulsus [re- + pello], drive back,
repel, repulse; ab hac spe re-
pelli, be forced to abandon this hope.

repente [repens, sudden], adv.,
suddenly, zinexpectedly.

*repentinus, -a, -um [repens, s^^d-
den~], sudden, ^^nlooked for ; im-
pefuous, hasty.

*reperio, reperire, repperi, reper-
tus [re- + V PER, cf. comperi5],
find, meet with ; discover, hit upon,
devise ; ascertain, learn.

repetS, -petere, -petlvi, -petltus
[re- -|- peto], seek again, demand
again, ask back ; demand in com-
pensation, claim.

repleS, -plere, -plevi, -pletus [re-
+ -pleo, fill'], replenish, supply
fully.

reporto, -are, -avi, -atus [re- +
porto], carry back.

reposco, -poscere [re- -f- posco],
demand back ; demand, exact, re-
quire.

reppuli, see repello.

repraesentS, -are, -avi, -atus [re-
+ praesens], bring back into the
present ; do at once.

*reprehend5, -prehendere, -pre-
hendi, -prehensus [re- + pre-
hendo, grasp"], hold back; blame,
censure, rebuke.

reprimo, -primere, -press!, -pres-
SUS [re- + premo], press back,
drive back ; suppress, stop.

repudio, -are, -avi, -atus [re- +
pudet], reject, reftise, repudiate;
disdain.

repugnS, -are, -avi, -atus [re- +
pugno], fight back, resist, defend
oneself, oppose ; be an objection.

repulsus, -a, -um, part, of repello.
require, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisitus

[re- -j- quaero], demand, reqrtire,
need; ask, seek for.
*res, rei, f., thing; matter, object,
affair, event; business ; condition,
fact, circumstance; the proper
.translation of the word must often
be derived from the context ;
res gestae, deeds, occurrences;
novae res, see novus; res famili-
aris, private property; summa
res, highest interest; communis
res, mailer of common interest ;
secundae res, prosperity; ex-
tremae res, utmost peril; qua ex
re, from this state of things, there-
fore ; res publica, see publicus;
res mflitaris, art of war.

rescinds, -scindere, -scidi, -scissus
[re- + scindo], cut down, break
down, tear apart.

rescisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitus
[re- + scisco, inquire], find out,
learn.

rescribS, -scribere, -scripsi, -scrip-
tus [re- + scrlbo], write again;
transfer, enroll.

*reservo, -are, -avi, -atus [re- +
servo], keep back, reserve, keep.

resideo, -sidere, -sedi [re- + sedeo,
sit], be left, remain, linger, abide.

residS, -sidere, -sedi [re- + sido, sit
down], settle down again, become
calm.

*resistens, -entis [part, of resists],
adj., enduring, firm, resohite.

*resistS, -sistere, -stiti [re- + sis-
to, cause to stand~\, stay behind;
halt, stop ; make a stand, withstand,
resist, oppose ; resistitur, resistance
is offered.

*respicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus
[re- + specie, look], look back;
look at, give attention to, content-

504

VOCABULARY

plate ; regard, be mindful of, con-
sider.

*respondeo, -spondere, -spondi,
-sponsus [re- + spondeo, prom-
ise], answer, reply.

*resp6nsum, -I [part, of responded],
n., answer.

respuo, -spuere, -spui [re- + spud,
spit], reject, spurn.

restinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi,
-stmctus [re- + stinguo,/^ out],
put out, extinguish ; put out ajire
in.

restiti, see resists.

*restituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus
[re-+statuo], restore, renew,rein-
state ; begin again ; give back, de-
liver up, return ; rebuild.

*retine5, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus [re-
+ teneo], hold back, keep, retain,
detain; restrain, check, prevent;
memoriam retinere, keep a mem-
ory, remember.

retrahS, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus
[r e- + traho] , drag back, bring back.

rettuli, see refero.

revello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsus [re-
-f- vello, pluck], pull away, tear
away, tear out.

*revertor, -verti, -versus, perf. usu-
ally act. in form, reverti [re- +
verto], turn back, come back, go
back, return.

revincid, -vincire, -vinxi, -vinctus
[re- + vincio], bind back, fasten
back, fasten.

revoco, -are, -avi, -atus [re- +
voco], recall ; call ojf, call away,
withdraw.

*rex, regis [rego], m., king.

Rhenus, -i, m., the Rhine, a large
river forming the boundary be-
tween Gaul and Germany.

Rhodanus, -i, m., the Rhone, a large
river of southeastern Gaul.

*ripa, -ae, f., bank, margin.

rivus, -I, m., small stream, brook.

*r5bur, -boris, n., oak, oak-wood.

*rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask, beg, im-
plore; sacramento rogare, bind
by oath, enlist.

Roma, -ae, f., Rome.

Rdmanus, -a, -um [Roma], Roman ;
as subst., m., a Roman; pi., Ro-
mans, the Romans.

Roscius, -I, m., Roscius, a Roman
nomen; Lucius Roscius, one of
Caesar's legates.

*rostrum, -l [rodo, gnaw~\,T\., beak;
ship^s beak, ram.

rota, -ae, f., wheel.

rubus, -1, m., bramble.

Rufus, -l, m., Rufus, a Roman cog-
nomen; see Sulpicius.

*rumor, -6ris, m., report, hearsay,
rumor, common talk.

*rupes, -is [rumpo, break], f., cliff,
rock.

*rursus [reversus, part, of revertor],
adv., turned back ; back again,
again ; on the other hand, in
turn.

Ruteni, -orum, m. pi., the Ruteni,
a Gallic tribe, partly within and
partly without the boundaries of
the province.

Rutilus, -I, m., Rtttilus, a Roman
cognomen ; see Sempronius.

Sabinus, -i, m., Sabinus, a Roman

cognomen ; see Titurius.
Sab is, -is, ace. -im, m., the Sabis, a

river of Gaul, now the Sambre.
sacerd5s, -Otis [sacer, consecrated -\-

do], m. and L, priest, priestess.
sacramentum, -i [sacro, consecrate'},

n., oath ; sacramento rogare, see

rogo.

VOCABULARY

55

sacrificium, -i [sacrificus, sacri-
ficial}, n., sacrifice.

*saepe, adv., many times, often ;
minime saepe, very seldom ;
comp. saepius, more freqiiently,
too often ; sup. saepissime, -very
often.

*saepenumero [saepe + numerus],
adv., very often, again and again.

saepes, -is, f., hedge.

*saevio, -Ire, -ii, -itus [saevus,
fierce'}, be fierce, rage.

*sagitta, -ae, f., arrow.

Sagittarius, -I [sagitta], m., bow-
man, archer.

sagulum, -l [dim. of sagum, mili-
tary cloak~\, n., small military
cloak, cloak.

saltus, -us, m., pass, glen.

*salus, -Utis [salvus, well}, f., health ;
safety, preservation, deliverance;
welfare, prosperity ; place of safety.

Samarobriva, -ae [Celtic, bridge
over the Samara {Somme)~\, f.,
Samarobriva, the chief town of
the Ambiani, now Amiens.

sancio, sancire, sanxi, sanctus,
[cf. sacer, consecrated}, make sa-
cred; establish, ratify, confirm,
enact ; inter se sancire, solemnly
agree with one another.

sanctus, -a, -um [part, of sancio],
sacred, inviolable.

sanguis, -inis, m., blood.

sanitas, -atis [sanus], f., soundness ;
sanity, good sense.

sano, -are, -avi, -atus [sanus], heal,
cure; correct, repair.

Santones, -um, or Santoni, -orum,
m. pi., the Santones, or Santoni, a
tribe of western Gaul.

sanus, -a, -um, so^lnd, well; dis-
creet, sensible ; pro sano, as a rea-
sonable being, reasonably, sanely.

sanxi, see sancid.

sapio, sapere, sapivl, savor of, taste ;
have taste, be discreet, be wise.

sarcina, -ae [sarcioj, f., bundle,
pack, soldier's pack, bzirden. See
Introd., p. 40.

sarcio, sarcire, sarsi, sartus, mend,
repair, make good.

sarmentum, -I, n., light branch,
fagot ; pi., brush^vood.

*satis: (l) indecl. adj., only nom.
and ace. n., enoiigh, sufficient,
adeqiiate; it is often used substan-
tively; (2) adv., enough, suffi-
ciently, fully ; somewhat.

satisfacio, -facere, -feel, -factus
[satis + facio], do enough for, sat-
isfy; give satisfaction, make repa-
ration; make amends; make exczise,
apologize ; conciliate, placate.

satisfactio, -onis [satisfacio], f.,
apology, explanation.

satus, -a, -um, part, of sero.

*saucius, -a, -um, wounded.

*saxum, -l, n., large stone, rock.

scalae, -arum [scando, climb'], f.
pi., flight of steps, ladder, scaling-
ladder.

scapha, -ae, f., shifts boat, skiff.

sceleratus, -a, -um [part, of scelero,
pollute}, infamous, vicious, wicked.

scelus, -leris, n., wicked deed, crime,

sin.

scienter [sciens, part, of scio], adv.,
intelligently, skilfully, expertly.

scientia, -ae [sciens, part, of scio],
f., knowledge, intelligence, skill.

scindo, scindere, scidi, scissus, split,
cut ; tear up, break down.

*scio, scire, scivi, scitus, under-
stand, know.

scorpio, -onis, m., scorpion. See
Introd., p. 51.

scribo, scribere, scrips!, scriptus,
write.

scrobis, -is, in. and f., ditch, pit.

VOCABULARY

*scutum, -l, n., shield.

se- or sed-, inseparable prefix, apart.

se, ace. and abl. of sui.

sebum, -I, -a., fat, tallow.

seco, secare, secui, sectus, cut;
reap.

secreto [secretus, separated], adv.,
separately, apart, in private.

sectio, -onis [seco], f., booty.

sector, -an, -atus [freq. of sequor],
follow after, search for, hunt.

sectura, -ae [seco], f., excavation,
quarry, mine.

secundior, -ius, comp. of secundus ;
secundiores res, greater pros-
perity.

*secundum [secundus], prep, with
ace., following, along, beside ; in
addition to; secundum naturam
fluminis, down-stream (see na-
tura).

*secundus, -a, -um [part, of se-
quor], following ; second ; success-
ful ; favorable ; secundo fluorine,
down-stream.

securis, -is [sec5], f., ax; securibus
subiecta, subject to the authority
of^ Rome (axes carried by the
lictors were a symbol of Roman
power).

secutus, -a, -um, part, of sequor.

sed-, see se-.

*sed, conj., but, on the contrary;
yet, however ; biit in fact, but in-
deed.

*sedecim (XVI) [sex + decem],
indecl. adj., sixteen.

sedes, -is [sedeo, sit], f., seat, dwell-
ing, habitation, home.

seditio, -dnis [sed- + eo], f., dissen-
sion, civil discord, sedition, insur-
rection.

seditiosus, -a, -um [seditio],/?/// of
discord, factious, turbulent, sedi-
tious.

Sedulius, -i, m., Sedulius, a chief-
tain of the Lemovices.

Seduni, -orum, m. pi., the Seduni,
an Alpine tribe of Gauls.

Sedusil, -orum, m. pi., the Sedusii, a
German tribe.

seges, -etis, f., crop of grain, grain-
field.

Segni, -orum, m. pi., the Segni, a
German tribe, living in Belgic
Gaul.

SegontiacI, -orum, m. pi., the Segon-
tiaci, a tribe of Britain.

Segovax, -actis, m., Stgovax, a king
of Cantium (Kent).

Segusiavi, -orum, m. pi., the Segit-
siavi, a Gallic tribe, clients of the
Haedui.

*semel, adv., once; semel atque
iterum, again and again ; ut
semel, when once.

sementis, -is [semen, seetf], f., sow-
ing, seeding; sementis facere,
sow.

semita, -ae [se- + meo, go], i.,path,
byway.

semper, adv., always, ever.

Sempronius, -I, m., Sempronius, a
Roman noinen; Marcus Sempro-
nius Rutilus, an officer in Caesar's
army.

senator, -oris [senex], m., senator,
councilor.

*senatus, -us [senex], m., senate,
council of elders; the name usually
referred to the Roman senate, but
Caesar uses it also of other na-
tional councils.

senex, senis, m., old man.

seni, -ae, -a [sex], pi. adj., six each.

Senones, -um, m. pi., the Senones,
a Gallic tribe on the Sequana
(Seine). Their chief town, Age-
dincum, is now Sens.

*sententia, -ae [sentio], f., way of

VOCABULARY

507

thinking, feeling, opinion; fur-
port; decision, determination, pur-
pose ; official judgment, sentence;
vote.

sentes, -ium, m. pi., thorns, briers.

*sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus, per-
ceive, notice, Jind out, observe ; feel,
experience ; think, jitdge ; under-
stand, know.

separatim [separatus], adv., apart,
separately, individually.

separatus, -a, -um [part, of separo],
separate, distinct.

separo, -are, -avi, -atus [se- +
paro], separate, divide.

*septem (VII), indecl. adj., seven.

*septemtriones, -um [septem], m.
pi., seven plow-oxen, the seven
stars of the constellation 'Great
Bear*; north ; .sometimes sing, in
same sense.

*septimus, -a, -um [septem], sev-
enth.

*septingentf, -ae, -a (DCC) [sep-
tem + centum], pi. adj., seven hun-
dred.

*septuaginta (LXX) [septem], in-
decl. adj., seventy.

sepultura, -ae [sepelio, bury\, f.,
burial, obsequies.

Sequana, -ae, f., the Sequana, the
largest river of northern Gaul,
now the Seine.

Sequanus,.-a, -um, of the Sequani,
Sequanian ; as subst., m., a Sequa-
nian; pi., the SeqTianians, the Se-
quani, a tribe of eastern Gaul,
west of the Jura Mountains.

*sequor, sequi, secutus, follow ; fol-
low up, pursue; attend, accom-
pany ; conform to, attach oneself
to ; keep to.

Ser., the abbreviation for the prae-
7iomen Servius, Serviris.
jjp, -onis, m., talk, conversation.

sero, serere, sevi, satus, sow,

sero [serus, late'}, adv., late; too
late.

Sertorius, -I, m., Sertorius, a Ro-
man nomen; Quintus Ser tor his,
a Roman general, who took sides
with Marius in the First Civil
War. After the death of Marius,
Sertorius held Spain for a long
time against the forces sent from
Rome to recover it.

servilis, -e [servus], of a slave, of
the slaves ; slavish, servile.

servio, -ire, -Ivi, -itus [servus],
serve; labor for ; be ruled by, de-
pend on, have regard to.

*servitus, -utis [servus], f., servi-
tude, slavery, subjection.

servo, -are, -avi. -atus, make safe,
deliver; protect, keep, preserve,
maintain, save; observe, watch,
keep in view ; lay up, store.

servus, -I, m., slave, servant.

*sescenti, -ae, -a (DC) [sex + cen-
tum], pi. adj., six hundred.

sese, ace. and abl. of sul.

sesquipedalis, -e [sesqui, one and a
half-}- pes], a foot and a half in
measure.

setius, comp. adv.; less, see nihi-
lum.

seu, see sive.

severitas, -atis [severus, strict], L,
strictness, severity, sternness.

sevoc5, -are, -avi, -atus [se- +
voc5], call aside, call away, lead
aside.

*sex (VI), indecl. adj., six.

*sexaginta (LX) [sex], indecl. adj.,
sixty.

Sextius, -1, m., Sextius, a Roman
nomen : (l) Publius Sextius
Bacillus, a brave centurion of
Caesar's army ; (2) Titus Sextius,
one of Caesar's legates.

508

VOCABULARY

*si, conj., if; -whether ; quod si, but
if, now if, and if; si quidem, if
indeed, inasmuch as.

sibi, dat. of sui.

Sibusates, -um, m. pi., the Sibusates,
a tribe in Aquitania.

*S1C [si], adv., in this way, thus, so;
accordingly, under these circum-
stances ; as follows ; SIC . . . ut,
so . . . as, in the same way . . .
as; so . . . that, to such a degree
. . . that; ut . . . sic, as . . . so,
while . . . yet, though . . . still.

siccitas, -atis [siccus, dry'}, f., dry-
ness, drought.

*sicut or sicuti [sic + ut (utl)],
adv. , just as ; as if.

sidus, -deris, n., heavenly body, star ;
constellation.

signifer, -eri [slgnum -f fero], m.,
standard-bearer.

significatio, -onis [signified], f.,
sign, indication, signal; behavior.

significo, -are, -avi, -atus [slgnum
+ facio], make signs; shoiu by
signs, express, indicate, make
known.

*signum, -I, n., sign, token, signal ;
military standard. See Introd.,
p. 38.

Silanus, -I, m., Silamis, a Roman
cognomen ; Jlfarcus Junius Si-
lanus, one of Caesar's legates.

silentium, -I [silens, sileni\, n.,
silence, stillness.

Sllius, -I, m., Silius, a Roman
nomen ; Titus Silius, an officer
in Caesar's army.

*silva, -ae, f., wood, forest.

silvestris, -e [silva], of a forest ;
wooded.

similis, -e, like, resembling, similar.

similitude, -dinis [similis], f., like-
ness, resemblance.

*simul [similis], adv., at the same

time ; at once ; also, likewise ;
simul atque (ac), sometimes
simul alone, as soon as; simul
. . . simul, partly . . . partly, not
only ... but at the same time.

simulacrum, -I [simulo], n., likeness,
effigy, image; statue.

*simulatio, -onis [simulo], f., shoiv,
semblance, pretense, feint.

simu!5, -are, -avi, -atus [similis],
counterfeit, pretend.

simultas, -atis, f., rivalry, jealousy.

*sin [si + -ne, not], conj., but if, if
on the other hand, if however.

sincere [sincerus, ptire~\, adv.,
honestly, sincerely.

*sine, prep, with abl., without.

singillatim [singull], adv., one by
one, severally, singly.

singularis, -e [singull], single, one
by one; singular, matchless, ex-
traordinary.

*singuli, -ae, -a, pi. adj., one by one,
one at a time, separate, single ; one
apiece ; in annos singulos,.^?' by
year; inter singular legiones, be-
tween every two legions.

*sinister, -tra, -trum, left, on the
left; as subst., f. (sc. manus),
left hand.

sinistrorsus [sinister + versus], adv.,
toward the left. +

situs, -us, m., situation, position,
site.

*sive or seu [si + -ve], conj., or if,
or; sive (seu) . /. sive (seu) s
whether . . . or, either . . . or.

socer, -eri, \n., father-in-law.

societas, -atis [socius], f., associa-
tion, league, alliance, itnion.

*socius, -i [sequor], m., comrade;
confederate, ally.

*sol, solis, m., sun; occidens s51,
west; oriens sol, east; S51, the
Sun, personified.

VOCABULARY

509

solacium, -i [solor, comfort}, n.,
comfort, consolation, solace.

soldurii, -drum, m, pi., soldtirii,
retainers, vassals, liegemen.

soleo, solere, solitus, be wont, be
accustomed.

solitude, -dinis [solus], ,, loneli-
ness; lonely place, wilder ness.

sollertia, -ae [sellers, skilled'], f.,
skill, adroitness.

sollicito, -are, -avi, -atus [sollicitus,
agitated], stir, rouse, agitate ;
urge ; incite to revolt, tamper
with.

sollicitudo, -dinis [sollicitus, agi-
tated'], f., uneasiness, apprehension,
anxiety.

solum, -i, n., bottom; ground, soil.

*s61um [solus], adv., alone, only;
non solum . . . sed etiam, not
only . . . but also.

*SOlus, -a, -um, only, alone, single.

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus [se-
+ luo, loose], loose, cast off; sc.
navis, set sail.

sonitus, -us [sono, sound], m.,
sound, noise.

sonus, -i, m., sound, noise.

*soror, -oris, f., sister; soror ex
matre, half-sister (of the same
mother).

*SOrs, sortis, f., lot; decision by lot.

Sotiates, -ium, m. pi., the Satiates,
an Aquitanian tribe, on the Ga-
rumna (Garonne).

*spatium, -i, n., space, length, dis-
tance, interval, extent, room,
course ; used of both space and
time.

"'species, -ei [specio, look], f., ap-
pearance, spectacle, sight; pretense,
display, show ; form, shape.

*specto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
specio, look], look, face ; look to,
consider; lie, be situated.

speculator, -oris [speculor]-, m., spy.

speculatorius, -a, -um [speculator],
for observation ; speculatorium
navigium, spyboat.

speculor, -ari, -atus [specula, look-
out], observe, 'watch, spy.

*spero, -are, -avi, -atus [spes],
hope, look for, expect.

*spes, spei, f., hope, expectation;
ground for hope; in spem venire,
conceive the hope.

spiritus, -us [splro, breathe"], m.,
spirit, courage; pi., arrogance,
airs.

spoli5, -are,-avi, -atus[spolia, booty],
strip, rob, deprive.

*spontis, gen., found only in the
gen. and abl. sing, [spondeo,
promise], f.,free will ; suasponte,
of his (their} own accord, volun-
tarily ; also sometimes by his
(their) own influence.

stabilio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [stabilis,
firnt], make firm, support.

stabilitas, -atis [stabilis, firni], L,
firmness, stability.

*statim [sto], adv., at once, on the
spot.

*statio, -onis [sto], f., station, post;
guard, reserve, sentry, picket.

*statuo, statuere, statui, statutus
[status], set zip, set, erect ; decide,
determine ; decree, order, pass sen-
tence ; think.

statura, -ae [sto], f., height, statiire,

status, -us [sto], m., attitude, con-
dition, state.

stimulus, -i, m.,goad, spur.

stipendiarius, -a, -um [stlpendium],
paying tribute, tributary; as subst.,
TO.., payer of tribute, tributary.

*stipendium, -i [stips, contribution,
+ pendo], n., tax, tribute.

stipes, -pitis, m., trunk of a tree;
post, stake.

5 io

VOCABULARY

stirps, stirpis, f., stock, race.

sto, stare, steti, status, stand;
stand by.

stramentum, -i [sterno, spread out],
n., thatch ; pack-saddle.

*strepitus, -us [strepo, make a
noise], m., confused noise, din
rattle.

*stude5, studere, studui, give atten-
tion to, strive for ; wish, care for.

studiose [studiosus, eager~\, adv.,
eagerly ; carefully, earnestly.

*studium, -I [studeo], n., eagerness,
earnestness; enthusiasm, zeal;
endeavor, exertion, pursuit ; good
will, devotion, friendliness.

stultitia, -ae [stultus, foolish], f.,
folly.

*sub, prep. : (i) with ace., implying
motion, literally or figuratively,
under, beneath ; near to, zip to ;
- just before, toward, about; (2)
with abl., implying rest, under,
beneath; below, at the foot of,
near ; at the time of. In comp.,
under, below ; from below, up ;
as help; slightly.

subactus, -a, -urn, part, of subigo.

subdolus, -a, -urn [sub + dolus],
crafty, subtle, deceptive.

*subduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus
[sub + duco], lead up, with-
draw; 'draw up from below, draw
up on land, beach.

subductio, -onis [subdiico], i.,draw-
ing ashore, beaching.

subductus, -a, -um, part, of subdiico.

*subeo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus [sub 4-
eoj, go under, enter ; come up, ap-
proach ; press forward ; submit to,
accept, endure, undergo.

*subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [sub
+ iacio], hurl from below; place
under ; make subject, reduce ; ex-
pose.

subigo, -igere, -egi, -actus [sub +
ago], drive under, reduce, sub-
due ; constrain.

*subito [subitus], adv., suddenly,
immediately.

*subitus, -a, -um [part, of subeo],
sudden, unexpected, surprising^
quick.

sublatus, -a, -um, part, of tollo.

sublevo, -are, -avi, -atus [sub -j-
levo], raise up, lift from beneath;
hold up, support; lighten, lessen;
assist, sustain; se sublevare, rise.

sublica, -ae, f., pile.

subluo, -luere, -lui, -lutus [sub +
luo, wash], wash at the foot, flow
below.

subministro, -are, -avi, -atus [sub
+ ministro, serve], aid by giving,
hand; furnish, supply.

*submitt5, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[sub + mitto], send to help, fur-
nish as reinforcement ; send.

submoveo, -movere, -movi, -motus
[sub + moveo], drive off, drive
back.

subruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutus [sub +
ruo, cast down], dig under,
undermine.

*subsequor, -sequi, -secutus [sub
+ sequor],y^//0z/ up, follow after,
follow closely.

*subsidium, -I [sub + sedeo, sit],
n., support, aid ; protection ; pro-
vision; troops in reserve, reserve ;
aiixiliary troops.

subsido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus [sub
-}- sldo, sit down], settle down,
establish oneself ; stay behind.

subsists, -sistere, -stiti [sub +
sisto, cause to stand], make a
stand, stand firm, resist.

subsum, -esse [sub + sum], be near,
be at hand.

subtraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus

VOCABULARY

5 11

[sub + traho], draiv from below
remove secretly, take away, with
draw.

subvectio, -onis [subveho], f., car-
rying, conveyance, transportation
subveho, -vehere, -vexl, -vectus
[sub + veho, carry\, bring up,
transport.

subvenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus
[sub + venio],?;w to help, assist,
relieve ; rescue, save.
*succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
[sub + cedo], march up ; ap-
proach ; come next; succeed, take
the place of, relieve ; be sttccessful,
prosper.

succendd, -cendere, -cendi, -census
[sub + cande5, glow'], set on fire
below, set fire to.
SUCCessus, -us [succedo], m., ad-
vance, approach.
succido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [sub
+ caedo], ciit off below, ciit down;
reap.

succumbo, -cumbere, -cubul, -cubi-
tus [sub + -cumbo, lie\, yield,
succumb.

succurr5, -currere, -curri, -cursus
[sub + curro, run'], run to help,
rim up ; assist.
SUdis, -is, f., stake.
Suebus, -a, -um, Sueban; as subst.,
m. and f., a Sueban ; pi., the Sue-
bans, the Stielri. The Suebi lived
in Germany, but the exact lo-
cality is uncertain. Some think
that several different German
tribes were included under the
name.

Suessi5nes, -um, m. pi., the Sues-
siones, a tribe in the southern
part of Belgium.

sufficio, -ficere, -fed, -fectus [sub
-f facio], be sufficient, be adequate,
suffice.

suffodio, -fodere, -f5di, -fossus

[sub -J- fodio], stab underneath.
suffragium, -I [suffragor, vote for],

n., ballot, vote.
Sugambri, -orum, m. pi., the

S^tgambr^, a German tribe,
suggestus, -us [sub + gero], m. ;

raised place, platform, tribunal.
*sul, gen. (no nom.), reflex, pron.,
himself, herself, itself, themselves ;
him, her, it, them; inter se,
see inter ; inter se dare, ex-
change ; per se, see per.
Sulla, -ae, m., Sulla, a Roman cog-
nomen ; Lucius Cornelius Sulla
{Felix}, born 138 B.C., died 78
B.C. He was the bitter enemy of
Marius, and leader of the aristo-
cratic party.

Sulpicius, -I, m., Sulpicius, a Ro-
man nomen: (i)seeGalba; (2)
Publius Sulpicius Rufus, one of
Caesar's legates.

*sum, esse, fui, futurus, be ; come
to pass, happen ; be engaged ; with
gen., belong to, be the duty of;
with dat., serve (for} ; with dat.
of possessor, which is to be trans-
lated as subject, have, possess;
tantl esse, be worth so nnic/i.
'summa, -ae [summus], f., chief
place; leadership, general man-
agement, control; decision; whole,
amount, sum.

*summus, -a, -um [sup. of superus,
above~\, highest, greatest; highest
part of, top of, summit of; first,
best, utmost, extreme ; most impor-
tant, critical, momentous; exact,
perfect; as subst., n., top, end,
summit.

*sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus
[sub + em5], take, appropriate ;
obtain, get, proczire ; spend, con-
sume, use, employ; take on oneself,

512

VOCABULARY

assume, claim, arrogate,- suppli-
cium sumere, inflict pimishment.

sumptuosus, -a, -um [sumptus],
very expensive, sumptuous.

sumptus, -us [sumo], m., expense,
cost.

*superbe [superbus, proud~], adv.,
proudly, haughtily.

*superior, -ius [comp. of superus,
above"], higher, upper; former,
previous; more distinguished;
superior, better, stronger.

*supero, -are, -avi, -atus [superus,
above"], rise above, overtop, sur-
mount; surpass; conquer, over-
come, prevail ; be left, survive.

supersedes, -sedere, -sedi, -sessus
[super, above + sedeo, sit], re-
frain from , keep from .

*supersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus
[super, above + sum], be left, re-
main; survive.

suppeto, -petere, -petm, -petitus
[sub + peto], be at hand, be avail-
able ; be sufficient, hold out.

supplementum, -i [suppleo,yz///],
n., that ^vhic}l fills up; reinforce-
ments.

*supplex, -plicis [sub+placo], adj.,
humbly entreating, suppliant; as
subst., m., suppliant.

supplicatiS, -onis [supplico, humbly
entreat], L, public prayer ; thanks-
giving (for victory) .

*suppliciter [supplex], adv., sup-
pliantly, humbly.

supplicium, -l [supplex], n., pun-
ishment, penalty (especially the
death-penalty), torture, suffering.

supports, -are, -avi, -atus [sub +
porto], bring up, bring forward,
convey ; supply.

*supra [superus, above"} : (l) adv.,
above, befor e, previously ; (2) prep,
with ace., above ; before.

*suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus

[subs- = sub + capio], take up,
undertake, take, enter ttpon.

suspectus, -a, -um [part, of su-
spicio, look askance at], suspected.

*susp!cio, -5nis [sub + specio, look"],
L, mistrust, distrust, suspicion.

*suspicor, -an, -atus [cf. suspicio,
look askance at], suspect; sur-
mise, conjecture.

sustento, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
sustineo], sustain, endure; sus-
tentatur, the attack is sustained.

*sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus
[subs- = sub + teneo], hold up-
right, keep up, hold ; hold back,
check, -withstand ; sustain, endure ;
holdout; se sustinere, stand.

sustuli, see tollo.

*suus, -a, -um [suT], his (her, Us,
their) own; his, her, its, their;
his well-known ; favorable ; as
subst., m. pi., his (their~) people,
followers, soldiers, or fellow-coun-
trymen ; as subst., n. pi., his
(their) possessions.

T., the abbreviation for the praeno-

men Titus, Titus.
tabernaculum, -I [dim. of taberna,

hut], n., tent.
tabula, -ae, f., board, plank; tablet,

record, list.
tabulatum, -I [tabula], n., floor,

story.

taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitus, be si-
lent, keep silent ; be silent about,

keep secret.
tacitus, -a, -um [part, of taceo],

silent.

talea, -ae, f., stake, bar, rod, block.
tails, -e [cf. tarn], such, of siich a

sort; so extreme.

VOCABULARY

513

*tam, adv., so, so very, to such a
degree.

*tamen [tarn], adv., yet, however,
still, nevertheless.

Tamesis, -is, ace. -im, m., the Tame-
sis, the Thames, an important river
of southern Britain.

tametsi [tarn + etsi], conj., al-
though.

*tandem [tarn], adv., at length, fi-
nally ; quid tandem, what, pray?
what in the world?

tang5, tangere, tetigi, tactus, touch,
border on, reach.

*tantopere [tantus + opus], adv., so
much, so greatly, so earnestly;
just as much.

tantulus, -a, -um [dim. of tantus],
so little, so trifling ; unimportant.

*tantum [tantus], adv., so far, only.

tantummodo [tantum + modo],adv.,
only, merely.

tantundem [tantus + -dem; cf.
idem], a.(\v.,j-ust as much,J2ist the
same distance.

*tantus, -a, -um [tarn], so great, so
muck; tantum . . .- quantum, w
much (as much) . . . as; tanti,
of so great value, so important.

TarbelH, -drum, m. pi., the Tarbelli,

a tribe in Aquitania.

*tarde [tardus], adv., tardily, slowly,
late.

tardS, -are, -avi, -atus [tardus],
delay, hinder, check.

*tardus, -a, -um, slow, late.

Tarusates, -ium, m. pi., the Taru-
sates, a tribe in Aquitania.

Tasgetius, -i, m., Tasgetiits, a prince
of the Carnutes.

taurus, -i, m., bull.

Taximagulus, -i, m., Taximagulus,
a king of Cantium (Kent).

taxus, -l, i., yew, yew-tree.

Tectosages, -um, m. pi., Tectosages,

2L

a division of the Volcae, living in
the western part of the Roman
province.

tectum, -i [part, of tego], n., roof;
covered structure, house.

tectus, -a, -um, part, of tego.

tegimentum, -i [tego], n., covering,
cover.

tego, tegere, texi, tectus, cover;
shelter, protect ; conceal.

*telum, -i, n., missile, weapon, jave-
lin, spear.

temeraiius, -a, -um [temere], rash,
inconsiderate, liasty, imprudent.

*temere, adv., without plan, rashly,
inconsiderately ; easily.

temeritas, -atis [temere], f., rash-
ness, indiscretion, temerity.

temo, -onis, m., pole of a chariot,
tongue.

temperantia, -ae [temperans, part,
of tempero], f., moderation, self-
control.

*temperatus, -a, -um [part, of
tempero], moderate, temperate.

*tempero, -are, -avi, -atus [tern-
pus], observe proper measure, re-
strain oneself, forbear, abstain,
refrain.

*tempestas, -atis [tempus], f.,
weather ; stormy weather, storm.

*tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, try, at-
tempt; make trial of, attack ; in-
cite, tempt, tamper with.

*tempus, -poris, n., time; season;
occasion, opportunity ; circum-
stance, emergency, crisis ; ad tem-
pus, on time, punctually; pro
tempore, as the time allows, ac-
cording to circumstances ; in re-
liquum tempus, 'for the future.

Tencteri, -orum, m. pi., the Tencteri,
a tribe of Germans, living east of
the Rhine.

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus

VOCABULARY

[teneo], stretch out, extend;
spread out ; pitch (tents), encamp,
be encamped.

tenebrae, -arum, f. pi., shadows,
darkness.

*tene5, tenere, tenui, hold; keep, re-
tain; occupy, possess, control, be
master of; hold back, check, hin-
der ; hold under obligation; se
tenere, stay, remain; memoria
tenere, remember.

tener, -era, -erum, tender ; flexible,
young.

tenuis, -e [tendo], 'thin; meager,
trifling, slight ; feeble, poor.

tenuitas, -atis [tenuis], f., thinness;
poverty.

tenuiter [tenuis], adv., thinly.

*ter [tres], adv., three times.

teres, -etis [tero, rub'}, adj.,
rounded; round, smooth.

*tergum, -I, n., back ; a terg5, post
tergum, behind ; terga vertere,
turn in flight, flee.

*terni, -ae, -a [ter], pi. adj., three
at a time, three apiece.

*terra, -ae, f., earth, land; region,
country; ground, soil; orbis
terrarum, see orbis; in terns, on
earth.

Terrasidius, -l, m., Terrasidius, a
Roman nomen; Titus Terra-
sidius, an officer in Caesar's
army.

terrenus, -a, -um [terra], of earth.

terreo, terrere, terrui, territus,
frighten, terrify ; deter by fright-
ening, prevent.

territo, -are [freq. of terre5], alarm,
flll with terror ; threaten.

terror, -5ris [terreo], m., fear,
alarm, panic.

*tertius, -a, -um [tres], third; ter-
tius decimus, thirteenth.

testamentum, -I [tester, call as a

witness], n., will, ' last will and
testament?

testimonium, -I [testis], n., evidence,
testimony, proof.

testis, -is, m. and f., witness ; eye-
witness.

*testudd, -dinis [testa, shelf}, f.,
tortoise; testudo, shed. See In-
trod., pp. 46, 48.

Teutomatus, -i, m., Teutomatus, a
king of the Nitiobroges.

Teutones, -um, or Teuton!, -orum,
m. pi., the Teutones, Teutoni, or
Teutons, a German tribe. See
Introd., p. 4.

tignum, -i, n., piece of timber, log,
tree-trunk.

Tigurinus, -i, m., Tigurinm, the
name of one of the four cantons
of the Helvetii ; pi., the Tigurini,
the people of this canton.

*time6, timere, timui, fear, dread ;
be apprehensive.

*timide [timidus], adv., timidly,
hesitatingly.

*timidus, -a, -um [timeo], fearful,
timid, afraid ; cowardly.

*timor, -oris [timeo], m., fear,
dread, anxiety, apprehension ;
cowardice.

Titurius, -l, m., Titurius, a Roman
nomen; Quintus Titurius Sabi-
nus, one of Caesar's legates.

toler5, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. tolls],
end^^re, siipport ; hold out.

*tol!5, tollere, sustuli, sublatus
[cf. tull, perf. of fero], take 2ip,
lift up, raise; take on board,
weigh (anchor); cheer, encourage,
elate ; take away, carry off; put
out of the way, ruin, destroy ; an-
nul, interrupt, prevent.

Tolosa, -ae, i., Tolosa, a city of the
Roman province, now Toulouse.

Tolosates, -ium [Tolosa], m. pi,

VOCABULARY

515

the Tolosates, the people of Tolosa
and the surrounding country.

tormentum, -I [torqueo, tzvisi], n.,
windlass; engine (pi. may be
translated artillery, see Introd.,
p. 50) ; instrument of torture, tor-
ture.

torreS, torrere, torrui, tostus, dry ;
parch, scorch, burn.

tot, indecl. adj., so many.

*totidem [tot + -dem; cf. Idem],
indecl. ad]., just as many, the same
number.

*totus, -a, -um, whole, the whole,
entire ; all; often with the force
of an adv., -wholly, entirely.

*trabs, trabis, f., beam, timber.

tractus, -a, -um, part, of trah5.

*trado, -dere, -didi, -ditus [trans +
do], give over, hand over ; pass
along; give up, surrender, deliver ;
intrust; yield, leave; transmit;
propound, teach; relate.

*traducS, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus
[trans + duco], lead across, bring
over ; win over; transfer, pro-
mote.

tragula, -ae, f., dart, javelin, thrown
by a strap or thong.

*traho, trahere, traxi, tractus,
drag, drag along.

traicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [trans
+ iacio], throw across; strike
through, stab through, transfix.

traiectus, -us [traicio], m., crossing
over, passage.

tranS, -are, -avi [trans + n5,
swim~\, swim over, swim across.

tranquillitas, -atis [tranquillus,
still~\, f., stillness, calm.

*trans, prep, with ace., across, over,
to the further side of; beyond, on
the other side of; through. In
comp., across, over, through.

Transalpmus, -a, -um [trans +

Alpes], across the Alps, Trans-
alpine; Gallia Transalpina, see

Introd., p. 21.
transcendo, -scendere, -scendi

[trans + scando, climb~\, climb

over, pass over ; transcendere in

navis, board the ships.
*transeS, -ire, -Ivi (-ii), -itus [trans

+ eo~\,go across, crossover, cross;

march through ; pass by, elapse ;

be transferred, change; vado

transire, ford.
transfers, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [trans

+ fero], carry over, transfer.
transflgo, -figere, -fixi, -fixus

[trans + flgo,y?.r], pierce throtigh,

drive through, transfix.
transfodiS, -fodere, -fodi, -fossus

[trans + fodio], run through, stab

through.
transgredior, -gredi, -gressus [trans

+ gradior, step~\,step across; cross;

climb over, pass over.
transitus, -us [transe5], m..,. going

over, passage.
translatus, -a, -um, part, of trans-

fero.
transmarinus, -a, -um [trans +

mare], beyond-sea, foreign.
transmissus, -us [transmitto], m.,

crossing, passage.
transmitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus

[trans + mitto], send across, carry

over.
^transports, -are, -avi, -atus [trans

+ porto], carry over, take across,

transport.
Transrhenanus, -a, -um [trans +

Rhenus], beyond (on the German

side of) the Rhine ; as subst., m.

pi., the people dwelling beyond the

Rhine.

transtrum, -l [trans], n., cross-
beam.
trans versus, a, -um [trans + ver-

5 i6

VOCABULARY

sus, part, of verto], turned across,
crosswise, transverse, at an
angle.

Trebius, -I, m., Trebius, a Roman
nomen ; Marcus Trebius Galhts,
an officer in Caesar's army.

Trebdnius, -I, m., Trebonius, a
Roman 'nomen: (i) Gains Tre-
bonius, one of Caesar's legates ;
(2) Gains Trebonius, a Roman
knight.

*trecenti, -ae, -a (CCC) [tres +
centum], pi. adj., three hundred.

trepido, -are, -avi, -atus [trepidus,
restless'}, bustle about, hurry in
alarm, be agitated.

*tres, tria (m), pi. adj., three.

Trever, -eri, m., a Treveran; pi.,
the Treverans, the Treveri, a
Gallic tribe living near the Rhine.
The name survives in the modern
Treves.

Triboci, -orum, m. pi., theTribod, a
German tribe, perhaps dwelling
on both sides of the Rhine.

*tribunus, -I [tribus, tribe~\, m.,
head of a tribe; tribune; tribunus
militum, see Introd., p. 33.

tribuo, tribuere, tribul, tributus
[tribus, tribe}, assign, confer, ac-
cord; yield, grant, concede; at-
tribjtte, ascribe ; give credit; dis-
tribute.

tributum, -l [part, of tribuo], n.,
contribution, tribttte.

*triduum, -l [tres + dies], n., period
of three days, three days.

triennium, -I [tres + annus], n.,
period of three years, three years.

*triginta (XXX) [tres], indecl. adj.,
thirty.

*trim, -ae, -a [tres], pi. adj., three
at a time, three each; threefold;
three.

Trinovantes, -um, m. pi., the Trino-

vantes, a tribe of southeastern
Britain.

tripartite [tripartitus, divided into
three parts~\, adv., in three parts,
in three divisions.

*triplex, -plicis [tres + plango,
strike~\, adj., threefold, triple ; tri-
plex acies, see Introd., p. 44.

triquetrus, -a, -urn [tres], three-
cornered, triangular.

tristis, -e, sad, sorrowful, gloomy.

tristitia, -ae [tristis], f., sadness,
sorrow, dejection.

Troucillus, -I, m., Troucillus, see
Valerius.

truncus, -i, m., trunk of a tree.

tti, tul, pers. pron., thoti, you.

*tuba, -ae, f., twtmpet.

tueor, tuerl, tutus, watch, care for,
guard, defend.

tuli, see f ero.

Tilling!, -orum, m. pi., the Tulingi,
a small tribe, living perhaps across
the Rhine from the Helvetii.

Tullius, -i, m., Tullius, a Roman
nomen ; see CicerS.

Tullus, -l, m., Tullus, a Roman
cognomen ; see Volcacius.

*tum, adv., then, at that time ; next,
afterwards; besides; cum . . .
tum, while . . . also, as . . . so,
not only . . . but also, both . . .
and.

tumultuor, -ari, -atus [tumultus],
make a disturbance, be in tiproar.

tumultuose [tumultuosus, full of
uproar}, adv., noisily.

tumultus, -us [tumeo, swell}, m.,
uproar, noise, disturbance; out-
break, revolt.

*tumulus, -I [tumeo, swell}, m.,
mound, hill.

turma, -ae, f., throng, body ; troop
of cavalry, consisting of about
thirty men.

VOCABULARY

5*7

Turoni, -orum, m. pi., the Turoni,
a tribe of western Gaul, on the
Liger (Loire). The name sur-

- vives in the modern Touraine.

turpis, -e, unseemly; disgraceful,
scandalozts, dishonorable.

turpiter [turpis], adv., disgracefully,
basely.

turpitude, -dinis [turpis], f., dis-
honor, disgrace, baseness.

*turris, -is, f., tower ; see Introd.,
p. 48.

tutd [tutus], adv., safely.

tutus, -a, -um [part, of tueor, in
passive sense], safe, secure, free
from peril.

tuus, -a, -um [tu], thy, thine; your,
yottrs,

U

*ubi [for cubi, from quis and quT] :

(1) adv., where, in which place;

(2) conj., when, as; ubi primum,
as soon as.

Ubii, -5rum, m. pi., the Ubii, a
powerful German tribe ; Ubius, -a,
um, as adj., of the Ubii.

*ubique [ubi + -que], adv., every-
where, anywhere.

*ulclscor, ulcisci, ultus, take -ven-
geance on, pzinish ; avenge.

*ullus, -a, -um [dim. of unus],
any ; as subst., m. and f., any one,
anybody.

*ulterior, -ius [comp. from ultra],
farther, more distant; Gallia
Ulterior, Farther Gaul, Trans-
alpine Gaul.

*ultimus, -a, -um [sup. from ultra],
farthest, most remote.

*ultra [cf. ultr5], prep, with ace., on
the farther side of, beyond.

*ultr5 [cf. ultra], adv., to the farther
side ; besides, too ; of oneself, un-
asked, spontaneously, voluntarily,

without provocation; in spite of
himself; ultro citroque, back and
forth, to and fro.

ultus, -a, -um, part, of ulciscor.

ululatus, -us [ululo, howt\, m.,
howl, yell.

umerus, -l, m., upper arm, shoulder.

umquam [for cum-quam], adv., ever,
at any time.

*una [abl. f. of unus ; sc. via], adv.,
at the same time, together ; una
cum, together with.

*unde [for cunde, from quis and
qui], adv., from what place?
where ? from which place, whence.

*undecim (Xl) [unus + decem], in-
decl. adj., eleven.

undecimus, -a, -um [undecim], elev-
enth.

undeviginti (XVHIl) [unus + de +
vigintl], indecl. adj., nineteen.

*undique [unde + -que],adv.,yr<wj
all sides ; on all sides, all arotind,
everywhere.

universus, -a, -um [unus + versus,
part, of verto], all together, in a
body, in a mass ; whole, entire ; as
subst., m. pi., the whole body, all.

*unus, -a, -um (I), one, a single;
alone, sole, only ; a, an; one and
the same ; unus ex, one of; una ex
parte, on one side ; ad unum, to
a man.

urbanus, -a, -um [urbs], of the city,
used chiefly of Rome.

urbs, urbis, f., city, town, used
chiefly of Rome.

*urge5, urgere, ursi, press, push;
press hard, crozvd, beset.

urus, -l, m., wild ox, aurochs, urus.

Usipetes, -um, m. pi., the Usipetes,
a German tribe.

usitatus, -a, -um [part, of usitor,
freq. of utor], ^^sual, common, fa-
miliar.

5 i8

VOCABULARY

usque, adv., all the way, right on,
even; all the time, continually ;
usque ad, even to, quite up to,
until; usque 60, even to this
extent.

usus, -a, -um, part, of utor.

*USUS, -US [utor], m., use, -useful-
ness, utility ; employment ; expe-
rience, training, skill; practice,
custom, usage ; familiarity ; need,
necessity, occasion; usu venire,
take place, happen ; iisui esse, be
of use, be of service ; ex usu, to
the advantage, advantageous.

*ut or utl [for cut!, from quis and
qui] : (l) adv., how? in what
way? as, just as; as if; (2) conj.,
when, as soon as, as; although,
granting that; with subj. in clauses
of purpose, in order that, that, to ;
with subj. in clauses of result,
so that, that ; after expressions of
fear, that . . . not.

*uter, utra, utrum [for cuter, from
quis and qui], which (of two) ?
whichever one, the one (of two)
who ; uter . . . utri, which . . . to
the other.

*uterque, utraque, utrumque [uter
-j--que], each (of two), either,
both ; m. pi., each side, each tribe,
each party, both ; ab utroque la-
tere, on both sides ; in utramque
partem, in either direction, in
either case. As distinguished from
ambo, uterque is used of each
one separately ; see ambo.

utl, see ut.

utC'see utor.

*utilis, -e [utor], useful, profitable,
expedient.

utilitas, -atis [utilis], f., utility,
profit, expediency, advantage.

*utor, utl, usus, use, employ, make
use of; accept, adopt, abide by;

enjoy, find, have ; exercise, prac-
tise ; show, exhibit.

*utrimque [uterque], adv., from
each side ; on either side, on both
sides.

*utrum [uter], conj., -whether ; un-
translatable in the first part of
a direct double (disjunctive)
question.

uxor, -oris, f., -wife.

Vacalus, -I, m., the Vacalus, now the .
Waal, a branch of the Rhine,
which flows westward and unites
with the Mosa (Meuse).

vacatio, -onis [vaco], f., freedom,
exemption.

*vaco, -are, -avi, -atus, be empty, be
uninhabited, be vacant, lie waste.

*vacuus, -a, -um [vaco], empty,
deserted, unoccupied ; devoid of,
without.

*vadum, -I [cf. vado,^], n., shallow
place, shoal ; ford.

vagina, -ae, f., sheath, scabbard.

*vagor, -ari, -atus [vagus, wander-
ing~\, go to and fro, wander, roam.

*valeo, valere, valui, valiturus, be

strong; have influence, be effective,

' prevail ; have force, be able, avail.

Valerius, -1, m., Valeritis, a Roman
nomen : ( I ) Gains Valeritts
Flaccus, governor of Gaul in
83 B.C. ; (2) Gaius Valerius
Caburus, a Gaul who received
Roman citizenship from (i);

(3) Gaius Valerius Procillus and

(4) Gaius Valerius Domnotaurus,
sons of (2); (5) Lucius Valerius
Praecon'inus, a legate who was
Icilled in Aquitania a few years
before 56 B.C.; (6) Gaius Vale-
rius Troucillus, a prominent Gaul

VOCABULARY

5*9

of the province, friendly to Caesar.
See also Messala.

Valetiacus, -I, m., Valet incus, a
prominent Haeduan, brother of
Cotus.

valetudd, -dinis [valeo], f., state of
health, health.

*valles, -is, f., valley.

* vallum, -I [vallus], n., line of
palisades, rampart, intrenchment,
fortification, wall.

Vallus, -1, m., stake, palisade.

Vangiones, -urn, m. pi., the Van-
giones, a German tribe.

varietas, -atis [varius], f., differ-
ence, diversity ; variety of colors,
mottled coloring.

*varius, -a, -um, diverse, different,
various.

*vasto, -are, -avi, -atus [vast us],
make empty, lay waste, devastate,
make desolate.

vastus, -a, -um, empty, ^tnoccupied,
waste; vast.

vaticinatio, -onis [vaticinor, fore-
tell], f., soothsaying, prediction.

-ve, enclitic conj., or; -ve . . . -ve,
either . . . or.

vectigal, -alls [vectlgalis], n., pay-
ment to the state, tax, tribute ; in-
come, revenue.

vectlgalis, -e [veh.5, carry], paying
tribute, subject to tax ; as subst.,
m., tributary.

vectorius, -a, -um [veho, carry],
for transport, of burden, transport.

vehementer [vehemens, furious],
adv., furiously, eagerly, vigorously;
greatly, extremely, exceedingly.

*vel [volo] : (i) conj., or, or at
least, or if you will ; vel . . . vel,
either . . . or ; (2) adv., even.

Velanius, -i, m., Velanius, a Roman
nomen ; Quintus Velanius, an
officer in Caesar's army.

Veliocasses, -ium, or Veliocassi,
-orum, m. pi., the Veliocasses, or
Veliocassi, a Belgic tribe.
Vellaunodunum, -I [Celtic, Good-
town~], n., Vellaunod2mum, a
town of the Senones, the exact
situation of which is uncertain.
Vellavii, -orum, m. pi., the Vellavii,
a tribe of southern Gaul, north of
the province.

velocitas, -atis [ve!5x], f., swift-
ness, speed.
*velociter [velox], adv., swiftly,

quickly.

*velox, -6cis, adj., swift, fleet.
*velum, -I [for vexlum, from veh5,

carry], n., sail.
*velut [vel + ut], adv.,y// as, even

as, as.
venatio, -onis [venor, hunt], f.,

hunt, chase, hunting expedition.
venator, -oris [venor, Jmnf], m.,

hunter.
*vend5, -dere, -didi, -ditus [venum,

sale + -do, put], sell.
Venelll, -orum, m. pi., the Venelli, a
tribe on the northwestern coast of
Gaul.

Veneti, -orum, m. pi., the Veneti, an
important tribe on the north-
western coast of Gaul.
Venetia, -ae [Veneti], f., Venetia,

the country of the Veneti.
VenetlCUS, -a, -um [Veneti], per-
taining to the Veneti, of or with
the Veneti.
venia, -ae, f., indulgence, favor,

pardon.

*venio, venire, veni, ventus, come;
come up, arrive ; advance ; occur,
arise ; ubi ventum est, when he
{they} arrived ; venire in, with
ace., enter; in deditionem
venire, surrender; in spem
venire, conceive the hope; in

520

VOCABULARY

cruciatum venire, be put to tor-
ture; in eum locum venire . . .
utj come to the point . . . that; sub-
sidio veniri potest, help can come.

ventito, -are, -avi [freq. of venio],
come often, be in the habit of com-

. ing, keep coming.

*ventus, -i, m., wind.

ver, veris, n., spring.

Veragri, -orum, m. pi., the Veragri,
a tribe living among the Alps.

Verbigenus, -i, m., Verbigenus, the
name of a canton of the Helvetii.

*verbum, -i, n., word; facere
verba, make a speech, act as
spokesman ; contumelia verbo-
rum, verbal insults, taunts.

Vercassivellaunus, -i, m., Vercas-
sivellaunus, an Arvernian gen-
eral, cousin of Vercingetorix.

Vercingetorix, -igis [Celtic, mighty
king of warriors}, m., Vercinget-
orix, an Arvernian noble, com-
mander of the united Gallic
forces in 52 B.C.

*vereor, vereri, veritus, fear, be
afraid of, often involving the idea
of awe or reverence ; dread, be
anxious ; hesitate, shrink.

*vergo, vergere, turn, slope ; lie, be
situated.

vergobretus, -i, m., vergobret, the
title of the chief magistrate among
the Haedui.

veritus, -a, -urn, part, of vereor.

*vero (postpositive) [verus], adv.,
in truth, in fact, indeed, cer-
tainly, surely; but, but in fact ;
"while, however.

*verso, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
verto], keep turning, change the
circumstances of.

*versor, -ari, -atus [pass, of verso],
move about ; busy oneself, be en-
gaged, be busy ; live, dwell, exist; be.

versus, -a, -um, part, of verto.

versus, -us [verto], m., line, verse.

*versus [verto], prep, with ace., in
the direction of, toward ; it follows
its noun, (ad or in may stand
before the noun, but only versus
is to be translated).

Verticd, -onis, m., Vertico, a Nerv-
ian, friendly to the Romans.

*verto, vertere, verti, versus, turn,
turn about; terga vertere, see
tergum.

Verucloetius, -i, m., Verudoetius, a
Helvetian noble.

*yerum, -i [verus], n., truth, fact;
veri similis, probable, likely.

*verus, -a, -um, true; right, fitting,
jzist.

verutum, -I [verti, spif\, n., javelin,
dart.

Vesontio, -onis, m., Vesontio, the
principal town of the Sequani, now
Besan^on.

*vesper, -eri or -eris, m., evening ;
sub vesperum, toward evening.

vester, -tra, -trum [vos], your,
yours.

*vestigium, -i [vestlgo, trace"], n.,
footprint, footstep, track ; spot; in-
stant; in vestigid, on the spot, in-
stantly, immediately.

vestio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [vestis],
dress, clothe, cover.

vestis, -is, f., clothing.

vestitus, -us [vestio], m., clothing,
attire.

veteranus, -a, -um [vetus], old,
veteran, consisting of veterans.

veto, vetare, vetui, vetitus, not al-
low, forbid.

* vetus, -teris, adj., old; long estab-
lished, of long standing ; former,
earlier, ancient.

vexillum, -i [dim. of velum], n.,
banner, flag; see Introd., p. 39.

VOCABULARY

521

*vexo, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
veho, carry~\, disturb greatly,
harass, trouble ; ravage.

*via, -ae, f., way, road, path, pas-
sage, pass ; march.

viator, -oris [via], m., traveler.

vicenl, -ae, -a [vlgintl], pi. adj.,
twenty each, tiventy.

vicesimus, -a, -um [vlgintl],
tiventieth.

Vicies [viginti], adv., twenty
times.

Vicinitas, -atis [vlcinus, neighbor-
ing^, f., neighborhood, vicinity;
pi., neighbors.

victima, -ae, f., sacrifice, victim.

* victor, -oris [vinco], m., con-

queror, victor ; often used adjec-
tively, victorious, conquering.

* victoria, -ae [victor], f., victory.
victus, -a, -um, part, of vinco.
*victus, -us [vivo], m., that which

sustains life, food; way of living,
living ; degree of civilization.

*V1CUS, -I, m., village.

*video, videre, vidi, visus, see, ob-
serve, notice, perceive; often in
pass., seem, appear, be considered ;
seem suitable; seem good.

Vienna, -ae, f., Vienna, an impor-
tant town of the Allobroges, on
the Rhone, now Vienne.

*Vlgilia, -ae [vigil, awake], f., wake-
fulness, watching, keeping guard ;
guard; watch as a measure of
time, the time from sunset to sun-
rise being divided into four equal
watches.

*Vlgintl (XX), indecl. adj., twenty.

vimen, -minis [vieo, //?/], n., flex-
ible twig, osier.

*vincio, vinclre, vinxi, vinctus
[vieo, plait], bind, fetter.

*vinc5, vincere, vici, victus, con-
quer, subdue, overpower, vanquish;

surpass, outdo, be superior to ; pre-
vail.

vinctus, -a, -um, part, of vincio.

vinculum, -l [vincio], n., chain,
fetter, bond.

vindic5, -are, -avi, -atus, assert a
claim ; maintain ; take ven-
geance, inflict punishment; in
libertatem vindicare, claim for
freedom, declare to be free.

*Vinea, -ae [vinum], f., vine-arbor ;
vinea, shed, mantelet (see Introd.,

P. 47)-
vinum, -i [vieo, plait; cf. vltis,

vine], n., wine.

violo, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. vis], treat
with violence, injure ; ravage, in-
vade.

*vir, viri, m., man, husband.

vires, pi. of vis.

Virgo, -ginis, f., maid, maiden, girl,
young woman.

virgulta, -orum [virgula, little twig],
n. pi., brushwood, brztsh.

Viridomarus, -I, m., Viridomarus, a
leader of the Haedui.

Viridovix, -icis, m., Viridovix, a
commander of the Venelli and
their allies.

viritim [vir] , adv., man by man.

Viromandui, -orum, m. pi., the Vi-
romandui, a Belgic tribe, west of
the Remi.

*virtus, -utis [vir], f., manliness,
worth, uprightness ; courage,
valor, for tittide ; vigor ; pi., noble
qiialities, virtues.

*V1S, vis, f., strength, vigor, power,
energy ; force ; potency, influence ;
violence; sztpply, number, multi-
tude; pi., strength; summa vi,
with all one's might.

visus, -a, -um, part, of video.

vita, -ae [for vivita, from vivo], f.,
life ; mode of living.

522

VOCABULARY

vito, -are, -avi, -atus, avoid, shun,
evade.

vitrum, -I, n., woad, a plant furnish-
ing a blue dye.

vivo, vivere, vlxi, victus, live, be
alive ; support life.

Vivus, -a, -um [cf. vlv5], alive,
living.

*vix, adv., with difficulty, barely,
hardly, scarcely.

Vocates, -ium, m. pi., the Vacates, a
tribe of Aquitania, living probably
on the Garumna (Garonne).

Voccio, -onis, m., Voccio, a king of
the Norici.

voc5, -are, -avi, -atus [vox], call ;
call together; invite, summon;
challenge.

Vocontii, -orum, m. pi., the Vocontii,
a tribe in the eastern part of the
province, west of the Alps.

Volcacius, -l, m., Volcacius, a Ro-
man nomen ; Gaius Volcacius
Tulltis, an officer in Caesar's
army.

Volcae, -arum, m. pi., the Volcae,
a people of the province ; see
Arecomici and Tectosages.

*VOl5, velle, VOlui, will, be willing,
wish; plan, resolve; quid sibi
Vult, what does he mean? what
are his intentions ?

voluntarius, -a, -um [voluntas],
willing, voluntary ; as subst., m.,
volunteer.

*voluntas, -atis [volo], f., will,

wish, desire, inclination; good
will, friendliness, affection; vo-
luntate sua, of his (their} own
will, with his (their} consent.

VOluptas, -atis [volo], f., pleasure,
enjoyment, satisfaction .

Volusenus, -I, m., Volusenus, a
Roman name ; Gaius Volusenus
Quadratics, a tribune of the sol-
diers in Caesar's army.

Vorenus, -I, m., Voremis, a Roman
name; Lucius Vorenus, a brave
centurion of Caesar's army.

vos, pi. of tu.

Vosegus, -I, m., with mons, the
Vosegus Mountains, now the
Vosges, a range between the Rhine
and the Moselle.

vosmet, see -met.

voveo, vovere, vovi, votus, promise
solemnly, vow.

*VOX, vocis, f., voice; shotit, cry ;
utterance, word, speech; magna
VOCe, in a loud voice.

Vulcanus, -l, m., Vulcan, the god
of fire and of workers in metal.

*vulgO [vulgus], adv., generally,
commonly ; everywhere.

*vulgus, -l, n., multitude, crowd ;
[he people ; the common soldiers.

*vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus [vulnus],
wound.

*vulnus, -neris, n., wound, injury,
blow.

vultus, -us, m., countenance, face,"
appearance, looks, expression.

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